Effect of N-based Gases to C3F8/O2 on Global Warming during Silicon Nitride PECVD Chamber Cleaning Using a Remote Plasma Source

Ji Hwang Kim,G. Y. Yeom,C. H. Oh,N. E. Lee 한국물리학회 2003 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.42 No.III

Silicon nitride cleaning of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber was carried out by NF$_{3}$ and C$_{3}$F$_{3}$/O$_{2}$ using a remote plasma source. The effects of cleaning gases on the silicon nitride cleaning and perfluorocompounds (PFCs) emission properties were studied. To improve the cleaning properties with C$_{3}$F$_{8}$/O$_{2}$, N-based gases such as N$_{2}$, N$_{2}$O, and NO were added to an optimized condition of C$_{3}$F$_{8}$/O$_{2}$ (that is, C$_{3}$F$_{8}$ : O$_{2}$= 3:7).The silicon nitride cleaning rate was increased by about 70 \% from 260 to 440 nm/min by mixing 5 to 10 \% of N-based gases to C$_{3}$F$_{8}$(30 \%) /O$_{2}$(70 \%). Million metric tons of carbon equivalents (MMTCEs) were investigated and MMTCEs were decreased from $1.5\times 10^{-10}$ to $8 \times 10^{-11}$ by the addition of 5 to 10 \% N-based additive gases to C$_{3}$F$_{8}$(30 \% /O$_{2}$(70 \%). In the case of NF$_{3}$, silicon nitride cleaning rate was 900 nm/min and the MMTCE was lower than $5\times 10^{-11}$ at 600 sccm of NF$_{3}$. Even though N-based gas with added C$_{3}$F$_{8}$/O$_{2}$ shows a higher MMTCE and a lower silicon nitride cleaning rate than those by NF$_{3}$, it is believed that N-based gas with added C$_{3}$F$_{8}$/O$_{2}$ is replaceable to NF$_{3}$ due to such advantages as relatively low price and low F$_{2}$ emission.

Conversion of C2C12 Myoblast into Adipoblast with Thiazolidinediones - A Possible Basis for Intramuscular Fat Generation in Meat Animals

Singh, N.K.,Chae, H.S.,Hwang, I.H.,Yoo, Y.M.,Ahn, C.N.,Lee, H.J.,Park, H.J.,Chung, H.Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.3

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act as potent activators of the adipose differentiation program in established preadipose cell lines. TZD's have also been investigated in diabetic patients and reported to act as PPAR-${\gamma}$ ligands. In this report, the effects of TZDs on the differentiation pathway of myoblasts have been investigated. C2C12 mouse myoblasts were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles medium for 4-5 days until they reached almost 100% confluency. Post-confluent cells (day 0) were further exposed to adipogenic induction medium along with TZDs for 48 hours. Thereafter, cells were exposed only to TZDs every 48 h until day 10. The control was provided with differentiation medium without any treatment. Alterations in the cells during the differentiation programme were analyzed on the basis of fusion index, oil-red-o staining, adipocyte index, adipocyte stain uptake measurement, immuno-histochemistry and western blotting. Exposure of C2C12 mouse myoblasts to TZDs prevented the expression of myosin heavy chain with parallel increase in the expression of C/EBP-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ and acquisition of adipocyte morphology, thus abolishing the formation of multinucleated myotubes. TZDs exert their adipogenic effects only in non-terminally differentiated myoblasts; myotubes were insensitive to the compound. Continuous exposure (at least 4-5 doses) to inducers after the growth arrest was essential to provide a sustained environment to the cells converting to fully matured adipoctyes. The results indicate that TZDs specifically converted the differentiation pathway of myoblasts into that of adipoblasts.

Improvement of high-field J_c of MgB₂ wires by polymethyl-methacrylate doping

Park, G.C.,Hwang, S.M.,Lee, C.M.,Choi, J.H.,Joo, J.,Lim, J.H.,Kang, W.N.,Kim, C.J. North-Holland 2010 Physica. C, Superconductivity Vol.470 No.suppl1

We applied polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) as a new doping material for MgB<SUB>2</SUB> and fabricated C-doped MgB<SUB>2</SUB> wires by in situ powder-in-tube (PIT) process. With increasing PMMA doping level, the transition temperature (T<SUB>c</SUB>) decreased and the MgO content increased, whereas the magnetic field dependence of the critical current density (J<SUB>c</SUB>) weakened. The MgB<SUB>2</SUB> wires doped with 3-10wt.% PMMA showed significantly higher J<SUB>c</SUB> by more than one order of magnitude than that of the undoped wire at 5K and 6.6T. These results confirmed the potential of PMMA as a promising material for the effective substitution of B by C in MgB<SUB>2</SUB>.

2, 4-Thiazolidindion Induced Plasticity of Myoblast (C2C12) and Satellite Cells (Porcine) - A Comparative Study

Singh, N.K.,Chae, H.S.,Hwang, I.H.,Yoo, Y.M.,Ahn, C.N.,Lee, H.J.,Park, H.J.,Chung, H.Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.7

This study was conducted to determine the difference between satellite cells (porcine) and myoblasts (C2C12) in their differentiation under the influence of 2, 4-thiazolidindion. C2C12 myoblast cells and porcine satellite cells (isolated from 10 d old $Landrace{\times}Duroc$ piglets) were grown to absolute confluency. Post confluent cells (day 0) were further exposed to adipogenic induction medium along with 2, 4-thiazolidindion ($8{\mu}M$) for 2 d. Thereafter, cells were exposed to 2, 4-thiazolidindion alone every 2 d till day 10 and analysed. The control was cultured in differentiation medium without any treatment. Increased (p<0.05) expression of transcriptional factors i.e. C/EBP-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ and transition of cells to adipocyte morphology was noticed from 2 d and 4 d onwards in satellite cells (Porcine) and myoblasts (C2C12) respectively. Myogenesis was observed to be suppressed completely in case of satellite cells compared to myoblasts in response to 2, 4-thiazolidindion. Pax-7 (transcriptional factor) appeared as a sole entity to satellite cells only, as it was not identified in case of myoblasts. Although both the cells were converting to adipoblasts, the degree of their conversion was different in response to 2, 4-thiazolidindion. Therefore, the hypothesis that satellite cells contribute various domains to the growing myoblasts appeared obscured and found to be dependent on the proliferative energy/or degree of fusion. However, it revealed satellite cells as currency to myoblasts/muscle.

Molecular, structural, and functional comparison of N lobe and C lobe of the transferrin from rock bream, <i>Oplegnathus fasciatus,</i> with respect to its immune response

Perera, N.C.N.,Godahewa, G.I.,Hwang, Jee Youn,Kwon, Mun Gyeong,Hwang, Seong Don,Lee, Jehee Elsevier 2017 Fish & shellfish immunology Vol.68 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The iron-withholding strategy of innate immunity is an effective antimicrobial defense mechanism that combats microbial infection by depriving microorganisms of Fe<SUP>3+</SUP>, which is important for their growth and propagation. Transferrins (Tfs) are a group of iron-binding proteins that exert their antimicrobial function through Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> sequestration. The current study describes both structural and functional characteristics of a transferrin ortholog from rock bream <I>Oplegnathus fasciatus</I> (RbTf). The RbTf cDNA possesses an open reading frame (ORF) of 2079 bp encoding 693 amino acids. It has a molecular mass of approximately 74 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.4. <I>In silico</I> analysis revealed that RbTf has two conserved domains: N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain. Pairwise homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis revealed that RbTf shared the highest identity (82.6%) with <I>Dicentrarchus labrax</I> Tf. According to the genomic analysis, RbTf possesses 17 exons and 16 introns, similar to the other orthologs. Here, we cloned the N terminal and C terminal domains of RbTf to evaluate their distinct functional features. Results obtained through the CAS (chrome azurol S) assay confirmed the iron-binding ability of the RbTf, and it was further determined that the iron-binding ability of rRbTfN was higher than that of rRbTfC. The antimicrobial functions of the rRbTfN and the rRbTfC were confirmed via the iron-dependent bacterial growth inhibition assay. Tissue distribution profiling revealed a ubiquitous expression with intense expression in the liver. Temporal assessment revealed that <I>RbTf</I> increased after stimulation of LPS, <I>Edwardsiella tarda,</I> and <I>Streptococcus iniae</I> post injection (p.i.). These findings demonstrated that RbTf is an important antimicrobial protein that can combat bacterial pathogens.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Transferrin was identified from rock bream (<I>RbTf</I>). </LI> <LI> N terminal and C terminal domains of RbTf was separately cloned and evaluated their distinct functional features. </LI> <LI> CAS (chrome azurol S) assay confirmed the iron-binding ability of the RbTf. </LI> <LI> Transcriptional level of <I>RbTf</I> was modulated by pathological stress. </LI> </UL> </P>

Fabrication of ex situ processed MgB₂ wires using nano carbon doped powder

Lee, C.M.,Park, J.H.,Hwang, S.M.,Lim, J.H.,Joo, J.,Kang, W.N.,Kim, C.J. North-Holland 2009 Physica. C, Superconductivity Vol.469 No.15

We fabricated ex situ MgB<SUB>2</SUB> wires using C-doped MgB<SUB>2</SUB> powder as a precursor in order to improve the core density of the wires and their C doping content. The C-doped powder was prepared with Mg, B, and nano carbon (NC) powders by the in situ technique and then MgB<SUB>2-x</SUB>C<SUB>x</SUB> (x=0, 0.01, and 0.03) wires were fabricated by the ex situ technique using the powder-in-tube method. The phase formation, lattice change, and microstructure were characterized and correlated with the T<SUB>c</SUB> and J<SUB>c</SUB> variations. We observed that the ex situ wire had a higher core density than the in situ wire, however its morphology consisted of agglomerated particles, indicating that sintering and grain growth did not occur completely, even though the sintering was conducted at high temperature (1000<SUP>o</SUP>C). As the C content increased, T<SUB>c</SUB> decreased, while the decrease of J<SUB>c</SUB> with increasing magnetic field became smaller. The J<SUB>c</SUB> of MgB<SUB>1.97</SUB>C<SUB>0.03</SUB> wire made by the ex situ technique was 3.34kA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> at 6.6T and 5K which is comparable to that of the in situ wire (4.81kA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> at 6.6T and 5K).

Effects of cloned-cattle meat on reproductive physiology in rats.

Hwang, S,Lee, N-J,Hwang, J-S,Yang, B-C,Im, G-S,Ko, Y-G,Park, E-W,Park, S-B,Kang, J-K,Seong, H-H Cambridge University Press 2010 Animal Vol.4 No.2

<P>The influence of the cloned-cattle meat diets upon reproduction in mammals was rarely studied. This study was performed to analyze the effects of the diets containing cloned-cattle (Korean native beef, Hanwoo) meat on the reproductive physiology in rats. The male and female rats were fed with the diets containing 5% or 10% of normal- (N-5 or N-10) or cloned- (C-5 or C-10) cattle meat during test periods. The rats fed with commercial pellets were used as control. Lower food consumption in normal- and cloned-cattle meat diet groups is detected in both male and female rats compared with that of control (P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001). No signs of cloned-cattle meat diets on male reproductive parameters are found in all groups, except for lower sperm deformity in C-5 group (P < 0.05) and higher testosterone concentration in C-10 group (P < 0.05), respectively. There are no significant test substance-related differences of Caesarean section and delivery in dams and external examination and physiological development test in neonate compared with control and normal meat groups. Based on these results, it can be postulated that there are no obvious negative effects on the reproductive physiology in rats fed with cloned-cattle meat diets compared to their comparators.</P>

Dipeptidyl petidase-IV inhibitor (gemigliptin) inhibits tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and inflammation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes

Hwang, H.J.,Jung, T.W.,Ryu, J.Y.,Hong, H.C.,Choi, H.Y.,Seo, J.A.,Kim, S.G.,Kim, N.H.,Choi, K.M.,Choi, D.S.,Baik, S.H.,Yoo, H.J. North-Holland 2014 Molecular and cellular endocrinology Vol.392 No.1

The direct effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis and inflammation in cardiomyocytes have not been elucidated. H9c2 cell viability, which was reduced by tunicamycin, was increased after DPP-IV inhibitor gemigliptin treatment. Gemigliptin significantly decreased the tunicamycin-mediated increase in glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78) expression and ER stress-mediated signaling molecules such as protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/C-EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-p38. Furthermore, gemigliptin effectively induced Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Using flow cytometry and Hoechst staining, we showed that treatment with Akt inhibitor significantly blocked the anti-apoptotic effects mediated by gemigliptin. The reduction in tunicamycin-induced GRP78 level and PERK/CHOP pathway activity by gemigliptin was reversed after treatment with Akt inhibitor. In conclusion, gemigliptin effectively inhibited ER stress-induced apoptosis and inflammation in cardiomyocytes via Akt/PERK/CHOP and IRE1α/JNK-p38 pathways, suggesting its direct protective role in cardiovascular diseases.

중증 간경화증환자에 (肝硬化症患者) 동반된 난치성 (難治性) 복수의 (腹水) 초여과에 (超濾果) 의한 치료효과

기춘석(Chun Suk Ki),박경남(K N Park),이호채(H C Lee),황흥곤(H C Hwang),정병천(B C Chung),허동헌(D H Hur),박한철(H C Park) 대한소화기학회 1983 대한소화기학회지 Vol.15 No.1

N/A There had been a considerable trouble in the management of refractory acites combined with liver cirrhosis. Such refractory ascites in advanced liver cirrhosis does not respond to conventicnal therapy such as bed rest, salt restriction, massive diuretics and albumin infnsion. And there are also serious corrplications including hepatic encephalopathy, functicnal renal failure and hyponatremia with massive administration of diuretics. So peritoneovenous shunt(Leveen shunt) had been developed in order to promote effective circulatory volume with increased renal function. But relatively large and serious complications such as DIC, fever, infection, pulmonary edema and pulmonary embolism had limited its widespread use in the magement of refractory ascites. So we have experienced intraperitoneal reinfusion of ultrafiltered ascites for 20 patients with intractable ascites combined with liver cirrhosis. We had performed this procedure via ultrafilter which was usually used in hemodialysis and pump. And the following results werc acquired. 1. About 6200 cc of acites was ultrafiltered for average 4. 5 hrs. and loss of body weight was 6.7kg which was more than the amount of filtered ascites. 2, Increasing tendency in serum albumin concentration after ultrafiltration with peak concentration about 0. 5 gm/dl gain at 3rd after this procedure. There were significant increase in the amount of daily urine output but statisitically nonsignificant increase in creatinine clearance. 4, The complications of this procedure were light headache, hearing disturbance, dizziness and there was no more serious complication such as DIC, variceal rupture, pulmonary edema. There was no recurrence of reaccumulation of ascites within 3 months with one time procedure in a certain case. The repeated with average of 4-6 weeks interval had controlled such refractory ascites. In summary, above results supported that intraperitoneal reinfusion of ultrafiltered ascites have beneficial effect in the control of refractory ascites combined with far advanced liver cirrhosis. The advantages of this procedure are the followings. 1.Low cost. 2. Time saving. 3. Ambulatory control. 4 Less complication. 5. Corresponding effect to intravenous albumin infusion (4-5 bottles)

군장병의 헌혈을 통한 말라리아 전파의 위험성에 대한 조사

임채승,김영기,이갑노,염용태,김순덕,김대성,황유성,오홍범,김두성 대한감염학회 1997 감염 Vol.29 No.2

목적:국내 헌혈 혈액에서 전염병 감염 방지를 위해 시행하는 감염표지자 중 말라리아를 검출하려는 노력은 최근의 비무장지대 내의 군장병에서의 말라리아 재발생에도 불구하고 활성화 되어 있지 않다. 일반적으로 말라리아가 토착화 된 지역을 거주하거나 여행한 사람 중 말라리아에 걸렸거나 치료한 경력 있는 사람은 치료가 끝난 후라도 3년내에는 헌혈을 금지하도록 규정하고 있다. 저자들은 국내 헌혈의 중요 부분(57.8%)을 차지하는 군인에서 헌혈시 말라리아 전파의 위험성을 파악하고자 본 조사를 실시하였다. 방법:1995년 5월에서 1996년 10월까지 군병원에 입원한 환자중 말라리아로 확진된 174명의 환자에서 면담 및 입원 기록을 추적하여 병력과 헌혈 기록을 확인 한 뒤 헌혈장소, 헌혈일, 헌혈 기록을 확인 한 뒤 헌혈장소, 헌혈일, 헌혈 횟수를 조사하여 환자의 증상 발병일과의 간격 및 연관성 분석하였고 이를 기준으로 공혈 혈액의 수혈시 말라리아의 전파 위험성을 평가하였다. 결과:전체 174명의 환자중에서 1회라도 헌혈을 시행한 사람은 70.7%인 123명에 해당하였고 환자의 증상 시작일과 헌혈일과의 간격은 2일에서 평균 2750일(평균 377알, 표준편차 488일)의 분포를 보였다. 증상시작일과 헌혈일의 간격이 3년 이내인 경우는 전체의 87.8%에 해당하였다. 말라리아 치료후 헌혈을 실시한 경우는 (n=18) 모두 치료 후 3년 이내에 헌혈을 하였다. 헌혈장소는 토착형 말라리아의 호발 지역과 동일하였는데 경기도 파주시(40%)와 연천군(29%) 및 철원(15.5%) 기타(15.5%)순이었다. 결론:한국에서 토착형 말라리아 군인 환자들의 병력조회에서 헌혈에 의한 전염가능성이 존재하는 기간 내에 헌혈이 적지 않게 실시되고 있어서 이들 지역에서의 군헌혈을 실시하는 경우 엄격한 헌혈자 선별기준 적용되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. Background: Screening of donor blood for malaria has not been activated in Korea yet in spite of the recent resurgence of tertian malaria among Korean army soldiers in Delimited Militarized Zone areas. Prospective donors(travellers, immigrants, refugees, citizens or residents) following a visit to or coming from and endemic area who have had malaria or taken antimalarial prophylaxis should be deferred for 3 years after cessation of therapy or after depature from malarial area. We studied the risk of the transmission of malaria, especially through army blood donation which comprised up to 57.8% of whole blood donation in Korea. Methods: The data were collected by personal interview and review of donation records of Korea Red Cross Center and medical records from 174 army soldiers with malaria who admitted to Army Hospital from May 1995 to October 1996. We analysed the time interval between onset of illness and blood donation, and geographic distribution of the patients. Results: About 70.7%(123/174) of the patients donated blood before the onset of illness, and the internal between blood donation and onset of illness ranged from 2 days to 2,750 days (mean 377, standard deviation488). Patients who donated blood within 3 years before onset of illness were 87.8%(n=108) of the total blood donation. All donation (n=18) after treatment were within 3 years from 46 days to 342 days(mean 138, standard deviation 80.7). The frequent of blood donations were from the prevalent areas of malaria such as Pajoo City(40%), Younchon Kun(29%), Cholwon Kun(15.5%) and others(15.5%). Conclusion: We showed that donated army blood a risk of malaria transmission. Therefore the blood bank needs to set strict guidelines for blood donation especially from Korean army soldiers to control malaria transmission.