불법행위의 법경제학적 분석 - 교통사고사건을 중심으로 -

황규탁,김주한 한국상업교육학회 2009 상업교육연구 Vol.23 No.3

불법행위책임에서 사고의 총비용을 최소화하고 경제적 효율성을 높이기 위한 가장 중요한 요소는 주의의무수준과 더불어 입증책임의 부담이다. 입증책임이 전환되거나 가해자에게 입증책임을 부담시키는 경우에는 사실상 무과실책임을 부담시키는 것으로 가해자는 과실이 없다는 것을 입증하여야 한다. 이는 가해자의 주의수준을 높일 뿐만 아니라 주의비용이나 피해자의 손해를 부담하여야 하기 때문에 보다 적은 사고를 기대하여 효율적인 자원배분이 이루어 질 것이다. 우리는 이를 바탕으로 1976-2005년의 교통사고통계를 이용하여 교통사고의 추세와 원인을 비교 분석함으로써 불법행위에서 책임원리가 사고에 미치는 영향을 이론적 및 실증적 분석하였다. 이 분석을 통하여 책임원리 하에서 가해자의 주의기준이 사고에 영향을 준다는 결론을 얻었다. 이와 같은 분석은 그간 대부분의 법경제학적 분석이 비용편익을 바탕으로 한 최적수준을 이론적으로 제시하거나 혹은 개별 판례분석을 위주로 하는 단계에서 나아가 실증자료를 바탕으로 분석하였다는 더 의미가 있다. 우리는 이 논문의 분석을 통하여 사고와 총사고비용을 줄이는 방안으로 다음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 첫째, 법에 의한 사전규제를 통하여 특별방지로 주의의무수준을 높이는 것이다. 둘째, 가해자의 주의수준을 높이고 사고비용과 입증비용을 줄이는 방안으로 가해자에게 입증책임을 전환하거나 가해자에게 피해자의 손해를 부담케 함으로써 사고비용을 줄일 수 있다. 셋째, 불법행위법의 보상기능으로 손해배상의 보장을 위한 배상책임의 사회 분산은 소송사건을 줄일 수 있다. In this paper, the effects of the liability rule on accidents in tort are analyzed through Hand formula. Under the liability rule, the fact that wrongdoers' criteria of care affect accidents is consistent with most of preceding researches. For this, the trends and causes of traffic accidents are compared and analyzed using the traffic accident statistics in 1976-2005. The Minimization of total costs of accidents, which is one of the purposes of tort law, is the minimization of the sum of real costs of accidents itself and costs of avoiding accidents. As a method to enhance the level of care of wrongdoers, market approach and collective approach are used. Moreover, collective approach is more efficient method in enhancing the wrongdoers' care level and in reducing accident occurrence level. We find also that transfer of liability of proving one's innocence affects the numbers of accidents occurred and related judicial cases. The transfer of liability of proving one's innocence from the injured to the offender, not only reduces the numbers of accident and accident costs by enhancing the level of care of would-be wrongdoers but also imposes the cost of care and the cost of proving innocence on the offender. Thus, would-be offenders will make efforts to have their levels of care consistent with the optimum level. The empirical data indicate that along with the level of care, the transfer of liability of proving one's innocence exerts greater influence on the numbers of accidents and law suit cases.

1,1,1-Triphenyl-2-Chloroethane과 Pyridine 類의 反應에 關한 反應速度論的 硏究

황규탁,구천길,이정환 대구대학교 기초과학연구소 1987 基礎科學硏究 Vol.4 No.-

The rates of the reaction of 1,1,1-triphenyl-2-chloroethane with pyridines in acetonitrile have been measured at 40℃, 50℃ and 60℃ and the activation parameter and the effect of substituent of pyridines were discussed. The rates increased with electron-donating power of substituents, and the isokinetic relationship was shown between ΔH≠ and ΔS≠. In the Hammett plot except 4-amino group 4-cyano group, and in the plot between logk and pKa except 4-cyano group, they were found as good linearity as following equations. logk=O.18pKa-2.99 logk=-O.14σ-2.11 (electron-donating group) logk=-0.10σ-2.11 (electron-attracting group) From these results, this reaction was found as typical SN2 mechanism with the rate of reaction is determinated by C…N bound-formation at transition state.

상간이동촉매 존재하의 여러 유기용매에서 Phenethyl Bromide와 강염기와의 제거반응에 관한 연구

황규탁,문병배 대구대학교 기초과학연구소 1997 基礎科學硏究 Vol.14 No.1

The catalytic effcts and the degree of elimination for the reaction of phenethyl bromide with strong base in a solid-liquid two-phase system under phase transfer catalysts were investigated in aprotic nonpolar solvent(toluene) and in aprotic polar sovent(DMF) at 30t, 50℃ and 70℃. Teraabutylammonium hromide(TBAB), tetrapropylammonium bromide(TPAB), 18-crown-6(CR), dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6(DCHC) were used as phase transfer catalyst. In these reaction, the degrees of elimination were increased in aprotic polar sovent than in aprotic nonpolar solvent. TABA, DCHC showed more excellent catalytic effects than that of TABA, CR. The more increased temperture, the more increased the degree of elimination. These results was considered to be attributed to the hydrophobic interaction of the catalysts with in organic layer. Reaction of strong base is higher potassium hydroxide than sodium hydroxide.

β-bromoethylbenzene과 置換피리딘類의 反應에 關한 速度論的 硏究

황규탁,유영억,임태훈 大邱大學校附設 基礎科學硏究所 1989 基礎科學硏究 Vol.6 No.-

The rates and the activation parameters for the reaction of β-bromoethyl?benzene with. substituded pyridines have been measured in protic solvent (methanol) and aprotic solvents (DMF, acetonitrile, acetone) at 40℃, 50℃, and 60℃. The rates of reaction were increased with the electron donating power of substitutents, and the isokinetic relationships were seen between activation energy and activation entropy except for 4-amino pyridine in methanol. In the Hammet plot except 4-amino group, 4-cyano group and in the plot between logk and pKa except 4-cyano group, they were found as good linearity as following equations. log k=0.148pKa-6.605 (60℃ MeOH) log k=0.203pKa-6.198(60℃ DMF) log k=-0.763p-5.835(60℃ MeOH) log k=-1.084p-5.117(60℃ DMF) From all of the results for substitutent effects, solvent effects and application of Hammett plot, the reaction was found as a typical SN2 mechanism.

아세트니트릴 溶媒에서의 Phenacyl Bromide類의 加溶媒 分解

황규탁,여수동,김창진,이정환 대구대학교 산업기술연구소 1982 産業技術硏究 Vol.2 No.1

The Kinetics of the solvolysis of phenacyl bromides with water 10~50% in acetonitrile have been measured at 65℃ and 75℃. The effects of substituents and solvents on the solvolysis of p-substituted phenacyl bromides were discussed. The rates of reaction were increased with electron attracting power of substituents of phenacyl bromides and increment of water contents. The Hammett ρ values for the solvoysis of phenacyl bromides in water-accetonitrile mixtures were found to be 0.295~0.728 for 10~50% of water contents. The number of contrivetive water moleculars, n, were found to be 0.239, 0.415, 0.458, 0.675, and 0.881, respectively, for phenacyl bromides. It is considered that n is increased with electron-donating power of substituents because of hydrogen bonding of substituents with water moleculars. It is considered that this reaction is a SN₂ mechanism which nucleophile attacks α-carbon at transition state.

p-Bromophenacyl bromide와 피리딘과의 Menschutkin형 反應에 關한 溶媒效果

황규탁 한사대학 1981 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

(베타-디케토네이토) 옥소바나듐 (IV) 착물에서의 베타-디케톤 치환반응에 관한 속도론적 연구

황규탁,김정성,신한철,김인환,김기태,Hwang, Gyu Tak,Kim, Jeong Seong,Sin, Han Cheol,Kim, In Hwan,Kim, Gi Tae 대한화학회 1990 대한화학회지 Vol.34 No.4

비스(아세틸아세토네이토)옥소바나듐(Ⅳ) 착물(VO (acac)$_2$)에서 하나의 아세틸아세톤(acac) 배위자가 디벤조일메탄(dbm)에 의해 치환되는 반응속도를 여러 가지 용매에서 분광광도법으로 측정했다. 반응조건을 [VO (acac)$_2$] 》[Hdbm]으로 했을 때 치환반응의 속도식은 다음과 같다. 속도 = k$_2$K[VO(acac)$_2$] [Hdbm] / (1 + K[VO(acac)$_2$])여기에서 평형상수 K는 [VO (acac)$_2$dbmH] / [VO(acac)$_2$][Hdbm]이며, 반응속도상수 k$_2$는 dbmH착물내에서 Hdbm으로부터 acac-로의 양성자 이동속도에 해당하는 값이다. Kinetic of substitution of dibenzoylmethanate (dbm) for one acetylacetonate (acac) in VO (acac)$_2$ have been studied in various solvents by spectrophotometry. Under the condition [VO (acac)$_2$] 》[Hdbm], the rate law for the substitution reaction is expressed as, rate = k$_2$K[VO(acac)$_2$] [Hdbm] / (1 + K[VO(acac)$_2$]) where K = [VO (acac)$_2$dbmH] / [VO(acac)$_2$][Hdbm] and the rate constant k$_2$ corresponds to that of proton transfer from coordinated Hdbm to leaving acac- in VO(acac)$_2$dbmH.

상간이동촉매 존재하의 여러 유기용매에서 Phenethyl Bromide와 칼륨염들과의 치환반응에 관한 연구

황규탁,김인환,김정성,임태훈 대구대학교 기초과학연구소 1996 基礎科學硏究 Vol.13 No.-

The catalytic effects and the degree of substitution for the reactions of phenethyl bromide with potassium salts in a solid-liquid two-phase system under phase transfer catalysts were investigated in aprotic nonpolar solvent (toluene) and in aprotic polar sovent (DMF) at 35 캜 Tetrabutylanmionium bromide(TBAB), tetrapropylammonium bromide(TPAB), 18-crown-6-ether-(CR), dicyclohexyl-18-crown -6-ether-(DCHC) were used as phase transfer catalyst. In these reactions, the degree of substitution were increased in a aprotic polar solvent than in aprotic nonpolar solvent. TBAB, DCHC showed more excellent catalytic effects than that of TPAB, CR. These results was considered to be attributed to the hydrophobic interaction of the catalysts with in organic layer. From all of the observed results, the strength of nucleophilicity showed the following trend: Cl-KOS > SCN- > CH3COO- > C6HsC0oo

삼차 알킬아민을 修飾한 非多孔性 Polymer 觸媒의 合成과 性質

黃圭卓,徐晳揆 대구대학교 기초과학연구소 1990 基礎科學硏究 Vol.7 No.-

Trialkylamine modified nonporous polymer-supported catalysts were prepared and investigated catalitic effects for the reaction of phenethyl bromide with potasium thioacetate in toluene. Increases in the number of carbon atoms in alkyl chain decreased the degree of substitution up to maximum at 4. According to the length of alkyl chain and the temperature, the degree of substitution produced yield of the about 70%. Polymer-supported catalysts is that their activity lower than that of soluble catalysts. However, when the polymer is insoluble, the catalysts can be separated from the reaction products by simple filtration. Ease of separation in batch reaction, suitability for use in flow reactors, and reuse of the catalyst make polymer-supported catalysts attractive for new industrial chemical procsss.

p-Bromophenacyl bromide와 피리딘과의 Menschutkin 型 反應에 關한 溶媒效果

黃圭卓 韓社大學 1981 대학논문집 Vol.11 No.-

The rates and activation parameters for the reaction of p-bromophenacyl bromide with pyridine were measured in various solvents, and the solvent effects on the reactivity were discussed. The rates of reactions were increased with the dielectric constants. However, in the case of methanol, the rate of reaction has been decreased, while the activation energy has been increased. These facts were considered that the nucleophilicity of base had been weakened by the hydrogen bonding, and the energy of solvation has been increased.