상권 : 형사제재로서 몰수와 추징에 관한 제안 -"몰수추징면탈죄"의 도입 논의를 중심으로-

하민경 ( Min Kyung Ha ) 안암법학회 2014 안암 법학 Vol.0 No.43

Forfeiture and confiscation exist as criminal sanction to collect all kinds of proceeds of crime. They are dealt by dual legal system under Korean Criminal Acts: criminal law as a general act and various special acts. Criminal Law clearly states that forfeiture comes under the pecuniary criminal punishment category. Confiscation should also be treated as de facto criminal punishment because it is just an alternative form that is applicable when criminal objects are impossible to be forfeited. Because forfeiture and confiscation have essential attributes as criminal punishment, laws dealing with them should accord with fundamental constitutional rules such as principle of presumption of innocence and principle of prohibition against double-jeopardy. This article suggests to legislate a Criminal Law provision called “evasion of forfeitureconfiscation crime” that would facilitate the government to punish a criminal who evades the nation`s enforcement of collection related law. And it also provides several other methods to support the effective performance of the provision.

사례연구를 통한 어린이집 만 2세 영아 식생활 행동의 특성과 의미

하민경 ( Minkyung Ha ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2021 인문사회 21 Vol.12 No.6

식생활은 영아의 건강 및 신체 발달뿐 아니라, 인지, 정서 발달에도 영향을 미치기에 영아의 식생활을 알아보는 것은 중요하다. 본 연구 목적은 어린이집 만 2세 영아들의 식생활을 이해하고 이를 바탕으로 바람직한 식생활 지도 방법을 모색하는데 있다. 본 연구는 사례연구 방법을 사용하였고, 연구대상은 만 2세 영아 30명과 교사 4명이다. 연구의 주요 내용은 만 2세 영아 식생활 행동의 특성과 의미를 살펴보는 것이다. 연구 결과로는, 첫째, 식생활 행동 특성은 제한적 언어 표현, 음식의 선호도에 따른 전략 사용, 식행동 중지하기, 식사 도구 사용 미숙, 음식에 대해 알아가기, 또래에게 자극받기로 나타났다. 둘째, 식생활 행동 의미는 받아먹기에서 스스로 먹기, 식사 예절과 규칙 알아가기, 또래와 상호교류로 나타났다. 본 연구의 후속연구로 가정에서의 만 2세 영아의 식생활에 대한 연구를 제안한다. It is important to recognize the dietary behavior of infant because dietary behavior has a great influence not only on the health and physical development of infant, but also on cognitive and emotional development. The purpose of this study is to understand the dietary life of a 2-year-old infant in daycare centers and to find a desirable guidance based on this understanding. This study used a case study method. The subjects of the study were 30 2-year-old infants and 4 teachers. The main content of this study was to examine the characteristics and meaning of dietary behavior of a 2-year-old infant. If you look at the results, first, there were characteristics of dietary behavior of a 2-year-old infant: limited language expression, use strategies based on food preferences, stop eating behavior, lack of ability to use meal tools, getting to know about food and get stimulated by peers. Second, there were meaning of dietary behavior of a 2-year-old infant: eating by yourself in accepting, learning table manners and rules, interaction with peers. As a follow-up study, a study on the dietary life of a 2-year-old infant at home is proposed.

샘터유치원 만 3세 새싹반의 규칙에 대한 질적 연구

하민경(Ha, Min Kyung),홍용희(Hong, Yong Hee) 이화여자대학교 교육과학연구소 2019 교육과학연구 Vol.50 No.1

This study analyzed kinds and characteristics of class rules for 3-year-olds in the Saessak class at the Saemteo kindergarten and determined reasons why young children violate rules. Research participants were composed of 21 young children and 2 teachers in the Saessak class for 3-year-olds and data collection/analysis were conducted by participant observation and in-depth interviews using qualitative methodologies. Research findings are as follows. Firstly, in the Saessak class, there were 7 rules including “getting along with friends”, “keeping order”, “arranging·organizing”, “staying in one"s seat”, “behaving safely”, “cleaning-up” and “observing table manners”. Secondly, rules of the Saessak class had 6 characteristics including “content similarity to basic daily habits”, “help for young children"s development”, “essential process for particular activity”, “exemption from compliance depending on the situation”, “standards for peer relationships”, and “a contradiction in time keeping rules among young children” Thirdly, analysis showed that there were 7 reasons why young children in the Saessak class violated the rules including “interpretation of a rule context from their perspective”, “lack of self-regulation”, “imitation of a friend"s behavior”, “personal reasons”, “maladjustment to class”, “lack of awareness of the need for compliance” and “thinking that violation may go unnoticed”. In the study, an understanding of the process by which 3-year-olds learn a rule and the meaning it has on their lives could be cultivated through analysis of rules in the Saessak class for 3-year-olds. Based on the understanding of class rules for 3-year-olds at a kindergarten, these research findings are expected to be helpful for teachers when teaching rules.

유아의 학습에 대한 태도 및 외현화 문제행동과 놀이단절이 학업능력에 미치는 영향

하민경(Min-kyung Ha),곽승주(Seung-Ju Kwak) 한국유아교육·보육복지학회 2023 유아교육·보육복지연구 Vol.27 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 유아의 학습에 대한 태도, 외현화 문제행동, 놀이 단절이 학업능력에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 육아정책연구소의 한국아동패널 7차 년도 자료를 사용하였고, 자료 분석을 위해 단계적 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과로는 첫째, 유아의 학습에 대한 태도, 외현화 문제행동, 놀이 단절은 학업능력에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이 중 학습에 대한 태도가 가장 높은 설명력을 보였고, 다음 순으로 외현화 문제행동과 놀이 단절 순이었다. 외현화 문제행동 하위 요인(주의집중문제, 공격행동)이 학업 능력에 미치는 영향을 보면, 주의집중 문제가 가장 큰 설명력을 가졌다. 둘째, 외현화 문제행동의 하위 요인(주의집중문제, 공격행동)이 유아 학업능력의 하위 요인(언어 및 문해능력, 수리적 사고)에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 외현화 문제행동의 하위 요인 중에서 주의집중문제만 언어 및 문해능력에 영향을 미쳤다. 다음으로 외현화 문제행동 하위 요인 중 주의집중문제만 수리적 사고에 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구를 통해 유아의 학업능력에 영향을 미치는 요인을 밝혀내어 유아의 초등학교 적응을 위한 기초학습능력 발달에 대한 교육적 시사점을 제공하려고 한다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of children’ approach to learning, externalizing problems and disconnection on academic skills. This study used 7th data from the Korean Children’s Panel, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were performed to analyze influence of variables. Research results were as follows. First, approach to learning, externalizing problems and disconnection of children were found to affect academic skill, and approach to learning showed the highest explanatory power. When looking at the effect of the sub-factors of externalizing problems(attention problem, aggressive behavior) on academic skill, the attention problem had the greatest explanatory power. Second, looking at the effect of the sub-factors of externalizing problems(attention problem, aggressive behavior) on the sub-factors of academic skill(language and literacy, mathematical thinking), only the attention problem among the sub-factors of externalizing problems affected language and literacy. Next, among the sub-factors of externalizing problem behavior, only the attention problem affected mathematical thinking. This study aims to provide educational implications for the development of basic learning skills for young children’ adaptation to elementary school by identifying factors that affect children’s academic skill.

유아교육현장에서의 비대면 수업에 대한 유아교사의 인식

하민경(Ha, Min-Kyung),김은정(Kim, Eun-Jung) 한국영유아교원교육학회 2021 유아교육학논집 Vol.25 No.2

본 연구는 코로나 시대의 비대면 교육이 원활해진 시점에서 유아교사들은 영유아를 대상으로 한 비대면 수업에 대해 어떤 인식을 하고 있는지 살펴보는 것에 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 유아교사 177명을 대상으로 2020년 11월부터 12월까지 온라인 설문지를 사용하여 비대면 수업에 대한 인식을 조사하였다. 수집된 자료는 은유분석(metaphor analysis) 절차에 따라 분석하고, 은유 경향성과 은유 유형을 살펴보았다. 연구결과, 비대면 수업에 대해 유아교사들은 어쩔 수 없는 선택, 유아와 교사에게 긍정적 영향, 원활하지 않는 교류, 교사와 부모의 부담과 책임, 유아에게 부적절한 시도, 처음 경험하는 일, 시대의 변화, 비대면 수업의 양면성 등으로 인식하고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 유아교사들이 책무성, 효용성, 필요성, 현실성에 기반하여 비대면 수업을 바라보고 있음을 시사하며, 유아교육현장에서의 유아, 교사, 부모 모두에게 유용한 비대면 수업이 이루어지기 위해서는 좀 더 다각적인 지원이 필요하다고 판단된다. This study aimed to examine how early childhood education teachers perceived non-contact classes for children during the COVID-19, when non-face-to-face education was actively performed. Hence, the study conducted an online questionnaire regarding the perception of non-face-to-face classes for 177 teachers from November to December, 2020. The data collected were analyzed in accordance with the procedures of the metaphorical analysis, and the study investigated metaphorical tendencies and types. Research findings showed that early child education teachers perceived non-face-to-face classes as an unavoidable choice. They also perceived that it had, positive effects on children and teachers, led to poor exchanges, and placed additional burdens and responsibility on teachers and parents. They also noted that it was an inadequate attempt toward educating children, as well as a situation most people experienced for the first time, pointing out the changes in the times and ambivalence of non-contact classes. These findings suggest that teachers perceive non-face-to-face classes based on accountability, utility, and practicality. In addition, a wide range of support is required in order for non-face-to-face classes to be useful for children, teachers, and parents in the field of early childhood education.

예비유아교사의 모의수업 경험에 관한 연구

하민경 ( Ha Minkyung ),김민정 ( Kim Minjung ) 한국영유아교육보육학회 2024 영유아교육.보육연구 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구목적은 교육실습 경험이 없는 예비유아교사들이 인식하는 모의수업의 의미와 어려움을 분석하고, 모의수업의 바람직한 운영 방법을 모색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 2023년 9월에서 12월까지 유아교육과 2학년 60명을 대상으로 모의수업을 실시 후, 성찰지를 수집하였다. 수집된 성찰지를 바탕으로 범주화, 부호화하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 예비유아교사들이 생각하는 모의수업의 의미는 자신의 능력 파악, 동료와 교류, 추후 개선방법 모색, 예비유아교사로서 성장의 4가지로 나타났다. 예비유아교사들이 생각하는 모의수업의 어려움은 모의수업 전개에 대한 어려움, 교재교구 제작에 대한 어려움, 유아 발달 수준 파악에 대한 어려움, 유아-교사 상호작용의 어려움으로 구분되었다. 이러한 결과는 교육실습 경험이 없는 예비유아교사들이 모의수업을 수행하며 자신의 역량을 진단하고 수업 전문성을 증진 시킬 수 있음을 의미한다. 또한, 모의수업 과정에서 동료나 교수의 평가, 성찰지 등을 통해 반성적 사고를 할 수 있도록 돕는 것이 예비유아교사들의 수업 전문성 향상에 도움이 됨을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the meaning of and difficulties associated with mock teaching perceived by aspiring early childhood educators who have no experience in educational practicum, and to explore desirable methods of conducting mock teaching. To achieve this, mock teaching was conducted with 60 second-year students majoring in early childhood education from September to December 2023, and reflective journals were collected. The collected journals were categorized, coded, and analyzed. The research results revealed that the worth of mock teaching perceived by aspiring early childhood educators was categorized into four aspects: self-assessment of abilities, interaction with peers, seeking improvement strategies, and personal growth as aspiring educators. The difficulties perceived by aspiring early childhood educators in mock teaching were also classified into four categories: difficulties in conducting mock teaching, difficulties in developing teaching materials, difficulties in understanding children's developmental levels, and challenges in child-teacher interaction. These results mean that pre-service early childhood teachers without educational practicum experience can diagnose their own capabilities and improve their teaching expertise by conducting mock classes. Furthermore, it was noted that providing opportunities for reflective thinking through peer or instructor evaluation and reflective journals during mock teaching may help enhance the teaching professionalism of aspiring early childhood educators and build their teaching professionalism through mock teaching.

피고인의 형벌감수성이 양형에 미치는 영향에 관한 비교법적 연구

하민경(Ha, Minkyung),표현덕,강현주 사법정책연구원 2016 사법정책연구원 연구총서 Vol.2016 No.-

The defendant‘s particular degree of pain caused by collateral consequences following criminal sentencing is referred to as “sensibility to punishment” and it has been considered as a mitigating sentencing factor for a long period of time in Korea. In recent years, however, negative public opinion has been on the rise, stemming from the people’s distrust in the judiciary, based on the belief that courts are biased towards socially and economically successful defendants. This research examines how the foreign jurisdictions have been dealing with the issue using a comparative law method. Firstly, the present research establishes the notion and rationale of sensibility to punishment. Secondly, it analyzes model cases on the types of sensibility to punishment such as job loss or the prospect thereof, family’s suffering, special damage caused by defendant’s illness or age, etc. The subject of analysis also includes the results of the survey conducted among active judges. Thirdly, by means of a comparative law analysis, acts, court decisions, theories and systems of overseas jurisdictions such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, France, Japan are studied. For example, in the United States, the defendant’s sensibility factors are considered in sentencing as departure and variance elements. And, ‘social status’ which cannot be considered in departure evaluation is not synonymous with ‘job loss’ and therefore downward departure is allowed based on the possibility of defendant’s job loss. Also, there is a systemized website offering information on federal and state collateral consequences so that anyone can search for the consequences of sentencing. In the United Kingdom, considerable discretion is given to judges. So, even if a sentencing judge considers the particular sensibility to punishment of a defendant, it can still be a decision within the guideline. In Germany, there is a general provision in the Criminal Code that allows for considering the defendant’s sensibility to punishment and courts emphasize whether the factors are considered in the sentencing process. In Sweden, detailed types of sensibility to punishment are stated as downward and exemptive sentencing factors in the Criminal Code. In France, the effect of the defendant’s job loss depends on the individualization of punishment and whether the criminal record card states the sentencing. In Japan, the disbenefit and penalty that the defendant becomes subject to, as well as public sentiment towards punishing criminals, are all reflected in sentencing. Hopefully, the discussion and proposition made in this research will contribute to surmounting the danger of standardized sentencing guideline and to establishing a fair sentencing system in Korea. ‘형벌이 범죄자 개인에게 미치는 고유한 영향 및 고통의 정도’를 뜻하는 형벌감수성은 양형 과정에서 줄곧 고려되어 온 감경적 양형 요소이다. 그러나 최근 들어 특정 직업군 봐주기 판결을 한다는 사법 불신에서 비롯된 일반 시민들의 오해가 깊어지고 범죄인에 대한 사회적 처벌감정이 고조되면서, 피고인의 형벌감수성이 양형에 미치는 영향에 대한 부정적인 여론이 형성되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 우리 형사법 체계에 영향을 미치는 대표적인 국가들이 형벌감수성을 어떻게 다루고 있는지를 살펴보고 바람직한 양형 체계의 수립을 위한 형벌감수성의 활용을 위하여 각 국가의 시사점을 분석하는 작업을 수행하였다. 먼저, 형벌감수성의 정확한 개념과 인정 논거를 정립하였다. 그리고 우리 실무에서 고려하고 있는 형벌감수성의 유형들(양형 선고에 수반되는 불이익으로서, 피고인이 겪게 되는 형벌 외의 고통인 직업 상실이나 취업 기회의 박탈, 부양가족이 겪게 되는 불이익, 피고인의 건강상태나 연령의 문제로 인하여 초래되는 피고인에게 특수한 불이익등)을 중심으로 운영 현황을 살펴보았다. 여기에는 형벌감수성을 고려한 판례들의 소개와 현직 법관들을 대상으로 한 형벌감수성에 대한 설문조사 등이 포함되어 있다. 그 후, 미국, 영국, 독일, 스웨덴, 프랑스, 일본에서 각각의 법령, 판례, 학설, 제도가 이 요소를 어떻게 다루고 있는지를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 비교법적으로 검토해 본 결과 각국에서 우리 양형 체계에 제공해 주는 시사점 및 개선방안을 살펴보았다. 예를 들어, 미국에서는 획일화된 양형의 한계를 보완하기 위하여 형벌감수성 요소를 양형 이탈 요소로 삼고 있는데, 양형 이탈이 금지되는 ‘사회적 신분’ 요소가 ‘직업 상실’ 과 동의어가 아니라고 보는 판례의 태도에서 형벌감수성의 고려가 특정인들을 차별적으로 대우하는 것이 아니라 피고인의 개별적 사정을 고려하는 합리적 양형의 수단이라고 보는 입장임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 형벌에 수반되는 부수적 결과를 누구나 검색해볼 수 있도록 체계적으로 데이터베이스화하여 제도적으로도 피고인이 예상하지 못한 형벌외의 불이익을 받지 않도록 보장해주고 있다. 한편 영국은 개별 법관에게 형벌감수성을 고려할 수 있는 폭넓은 재량을 부여하여 양형가이드라인에 적시되지 않은 사항을 고려하더라도 기준을 벗어나는 작업으로 분류하고 있지 않다. 독일의 경우에는 형법 규정에서 형벌감수성을 고려하도록 하고 있고, 판례는 형벌감수성을 고려하지 않은 경우 그 이유를 명시하도록 강제하고 있다. 스웨덴에서도 형법 규정에서 형벌감수성과 그 유형의 명시를 함께 하면서 감경 또는 면제까지 할 수 있는 사유로 두고 있다. 프랑스에서는 형벌의 종류를 다양하게 두어 개별화를 실현하고 범죄기록카드에의 기재 여부에 따라 피고인의 직업 상실 등의 효과가 좌우되도록 하는 제도를 두고 있다. 일본에서는 사회적 처벌감정을 양형에서 반영하는 동시에, 피고인이 형벌 외에 겪게 되는 다양한 불이익 및 제재를 대체적 해악으로 산입하여 형을 선고하고 있다.형벌감 수성을 다양한 방식으로 고려하고 있는 외국의 비교법적 연구를 수행한 본 연구가 양형기준의 정형화가 주는 위험성을 극복하면서도 공정한 양형을 실현하는 체계를 수립하는 데에 기여할 수 있기를 바란다.

대법원 판결과 사회 변화

하민경 ( Ha Minkyung ),강민애 사법정책연구원 2017 연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.14

The present research examines 30 essential decisions delivered by the Supreme Court that had the greatest impact on our society since Korea gained independence on August 15, 1945. Exploring the state of our society before and after these decisions makes it possible to understand the changes that took place in Korea. Part II deals with matters of conflict between individual freedom and duty towards the nation, such as death with dignity and conscientious objection. Part III studies the questions concerning the changes in Korean tradition such as the legal capacity of female spouses, female membership in clan unions, changing the gender marker of transsexuals, freedom of changing names, protecting spouses in de facto marriages, recognition of marital rape, and welfare of adopted children. Part IV delves into the problems of protecting the rights of those in need, who as a result of rapid economic growth were left in the shadows of our society, i.e. peasants and tenants, victims of environmental pollution, female employees and temporary workers, small businesses. Part V looks at the position taken by the Court on political issues such as the constitutionality of statutes, unlawful court decisions and retrial, and state indemnification for victims. Part VI discusses the fundamental rights of suspects and defendants, professors denied the renewal of appointment, clients of attorneys in criminal cases, foreign workers, and victims of sexual harrassment. Finally Part VII deliberates on such everyday issues as copyright, scope of standing to sue and subject of judgment in administrative litigation, and taxpayer rights. Court proceedings reflect not only the position of litigants but also of members of our society not participating in litigation who share their ideas. This is why decisions delivered by the Supreme Court that are final in resolving disputes determine the direction of social policies. In an era of increasing social complexity and variety and of the Court adopting an active approach to resolving disputes, this research will hopefully serve as basic literature for shedding light on what the Korean society should strive for in the years to come.

각국의 정당방위 판단기준과 국민의 법의식

하민경 ( Ha Minkyung ),서용성,김성화 사법정책연구원 2019 연구보고서 Vol.2019 No.1

The modern legal system can be said to consist of legal rules, legal systems, and legal culture; and all legal rules and systems reflect respective country's legal culture and people's consciousness concerning the law. The present research delved into comparisons of legal systems in South Korea, the United States, Germany and Japan with a focus on rules, cases and public’s consciousness of the law. Before beginning the research, it was hypothesized that in Western culture, where individualism and liberalism are strongly rooted, would allow an expansive interpretation of self-defense, but Eastern cultures affected by collectivism would limit self-defense to a narrow interpretation. However, South Korea has actively embraced change to assert personal rights and call for justice through law since being exposed to Western liberalism and systems of law, so this study endeavored to look into whether public opinion has become critical of judicial precedents that does not actively allow self-defense. By limiting our research to South Korean self-defense trials with jury participation, an analysis showed that jury verdicts did not differ much from the court's final decisions, and the experimental study conducted to realize the South Korean public's legal consciousness concerning self-defense found that the percentage of the population that acknowledges defense was not high. In cases of South Korea and Japan, the statutes concerning self-defense used the term unfair/immoral invasion, showing that they were under the influence of traditional legal culture compared to the U.S. and Germany, which define self-defense as a response to unlawful attack. Moreover, the fact that there was a high percentage of people in the U.S. that admitted self-defense even when the pro forma requirements for its establishment were not met, coupled with precedents that admit Battered Woman Syndrome and allow for self-defense to be established by the strength of individual experience, points to how U.S. citizens' consciousness of law that judges by internal factors rather than external or circumstantial factors, under the influence of the values of liberalism. On the other hand, in the case of Germany, a parallel could be drawn to the fact that unlike judicial precedents that traditionally admit an expansive interpretation of self-defense, a sense of law is gradually forming among the people that reject an excessive admission of self-defense by methods such as weighing the benefit to the law itself in sentencing, and discussions to limit self-defense is gradually expanding. People's consciousness of the law is not fixed, but changeable. There's even a good probability that legal experts' and citizens' criticism toward judicial precedents on self-defense will gradually become a widely-held public consciousness on self-defense. Hopefully, this research can serve as a reference when courts set the criteria for judging self-defense that fits public consciousness of the law, by methods such as differentiating the criteria based on case types, in preparation for a changed public consciousness of the law concerning self-defense.

피고인의 형벌감수성이 양형에 미치는 영향에 관한 비교법적 연구

하민경 ( Ha Minkyung ),표현덕,강현주 사법정책연구원 2016 연구보고서 Vol.2016 No.13

The defendant‘s particular degree of pain caused by collateral consequences following criminal sentencing is referred to as “sensibility to punishment” and it has been considered as a mitigating sentencing factor for a long period of time in Korea. In recent years, however, negative public opinion has been on the rise, stemming from the people’s distrust in the judiciary, based on the belief that courts are biased towards socially and economically successful defendants. This research examines how the foreign jurisdictions have been dealing with the issue using a comparative law method. Firstly, the present research establishes the notion and rationale of sensibility to punishment. Secondly, it analyzes model cases on the types of sensibility to punishment such as job loss or the prospect thereof, family’s suffering, special damage caused by defendant’s illness or age, etc. The subject of analysis also includes the results of the survey conducted among active judges. Thirdly, by means of a comparative law analysis, acts, court decisions, theories and systems of overseas jurisdictions such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, France, Japan are studied. For example, in the United States, the defendant’s sensibility factors are considered in sentencing as departure and variance elements. And, ‘social status’ which cannot be considered in departure evaluation is not synonymous with ‘job loss’ and therefore downward departure is allowed based on the possibility of defendant’s job loss. Also, there is a systemized website offering information on federal and state collateral consequences so that anyone can search for the consequences of sentencing. In the United Kingdom, considerable discretion is given to judges. So, even if a sentencing judge considers the particular sensibility to punishment of a defendant, it can still be a decision within the guideline. In Germany, there is a general provision in the Criminal Code that allows for considering the defendant’s sensibility to punishment and courts emphasize whether the factors are considered in the sentencing process. In Sweden, detailed types of sensibility to punishment are stated as downward and exemptive sentencing factors in the Criminal Code. In France, the effect of the defendant’s job loss depends on the individualization of punishment and whether the criminal record card states the sentencing. In Japan, the disbenefit and penalty that the defendant becomes subject to, as well as public sentiment towards punishing criminals, are all reflected in sentencing. Hopefully, the discussion and proposition made in this research will contribute to surmounting the danger of standardized sentencing guideline and to establishing a fair sentencing system in Korea.