석독구결 ‘여(如)’구문의 의미와 논항구조

김지오 ( Kim Zi-o ) 국어학회 2016 국어학 Vol.79 No.-

석독구결의 ‘如’자에는 다섯 가지(這, 印, 八, I, 支)의 구결자가 현토된다. 본고에서는 이런 현상이 ‘如’의 의미와 구문적 차이에서 발생한다는 가정 하에 ‘如’구문을 살펴보았다. ‘如’에 현토 양상은 의미와 논항구조에 따라 두 가지로 나뉜다. 제1류는 ‘這’와 ‘印’와 ‘八’이고 제2류는 ‘I’와 ‘支’로, 문헌 계통에 따라 표기하는 구결자가 다르게 나타난다. 먼저 제1류 현토는 의미나 출현 환경이 매우 단조롭다. ‘如’의 의미 가운데 [동일함]만을 강조할 때 사용되며 ‘NP(法ㆍ理致류 명사)같이 어떠하다’의 형식에서 주로 쓰인다. 반면 제2류는 제1류에 비해 의미역과 출현 구문이 다양하다. ①비유구문, ②명사구 나열구문, ③반복지시구문에 ‘如’자가 나타날 때 사용되며, 의미는 [동일함], [한 부류에 속함], [유사함]까지 넓은 영역을 나타낼 수 있다. 결론적으로 ‘如’에 현토된 구결은 모두 ‘같다’의 의미로 귀결될 수 있지만, 의미를 세분화해보면 [동일함]을 강조하느냐, 아니면 [한 부류에 속함]이나 [유사함]의 의미까지 모두 아우르느냐에 따라 다른 현토 방식이 사용된 것이다. There are five Kugyeol characters(這, 印, 八, I, and 支) attached to ‘如’ in Seokdokkugyol. Focusing on that Hyeonto(懸吐) pattern, this study set out to investigate the reasons why various Kugyeol characters were Hyeontoed for a single Chinese character. ‘這, 印, 八, I, and 支’ attached to ‘如’ can be divided into two groups according to their meanings and argument structures. The first group includes ‘這’, ‘印’, and ‘八’, and the second group includes ‘I’ and ‘支’. There are only two ways of Hyeonto for 如 in comparison sentences since different Kugyeol characters are merely chosen according to the literary materials. The first group has very monotonous meanings and appearance environments. It is used to emphasize the meaning of "identical or same" of ‘如’ and usually employed in the form of "being something like NP." The second group has more various meanings and appearance sentence structures than the first one. It is used when there is ‘如’ in sentence structures for ① figurative phrases, ② enumeration of noun phrases, and ③ repetitive- instruction phrases. It has three kinds of meanings including "identical(same)," "belonging to the same category," and "similar." In short, all the Kugyeol characters that were Hyeontoed to ‘如’ are concluded to have the meaning of "kathta(같다)" The findings indicate that they were used in two ways according to whether they emphasized the "sameness" or included even the meanings of "belonging to the same category" and "similar."

교류 저전계 인가시 약이온화된 프라즈마 전자에너지 변화의 수치해석

池?根(Chol-Kon Chee),張禹鎭(Woo-Jin Jang),朴旺烈(Wang-Ryeol Park),李鎭雨(Chin-Woo Yi) 대한전기학회 1990 전기학회논문지 Vol.39 No.5

흰쥐에서의 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxine 유발 지질 과산화 반응에 대한 Leucocyanidins(Vitis vinifera L.)의 효과

지옥화 ( Ok Hwa Jhee ),이주원 ( Joo Won Lee ),김신희 ( Shin Hee Kim ),원해단 ( Hei Dan Won ),김현진 ( Hyun Jin Kim ),박윤영 ( Yun Young Park ),강민정 ( Min Jeong Kang ),박성국 ( Sung Kug Park ),엄애선 ( Ae Sun Om ),백승삼 ( Seung 한국식품영양학회 2005 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.18 No.4

철도 분기기의 설빙 방지를 위한 유도방식 히팅 장치의 특성 분석 연구

정거철(Geochul Jeong),지우영(Woo-Young Ji),김진출(Jin-Chul Kim),박찬배(Chan-Bae Park),이재범(Jae-Bum Lee),이주(Ju Lee),이형우(Hyung-Woo Lee) 대한전기학회 2020 전기학회논문지 Vol.69 No.10

In this paper, a study was conducted on an induction type heating device to remove snow and ice that may cause obstacles and malfunctions of the railway switch. In the induction heating device, an ohmic loss is the heat source. Ohmic loss and heat transfer change greatly depending on the shape and material of the heating device and condition of the atmosphere. Since the loss must be accurately calculated to conduct the thermal analysis properly, it is necessary to analyze the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics and to interlock of electromagnetic and thermal analysis. Therefore, the electromagnetic and thermal analysis was conducted using finite element method (FEM). By the performance test of the prototype, verification of the simulation was conducted.

345㎸ 송전선에 의한 TV전파의 산란특성

池哲根(Chol-Kon Chee),梁培德(Bae-Deuk Yang),李光遠(Kwang-Won Lee) 대한전기학회 1983 전기학회논문지 Vol.32 No.3

Electric Field Calculation in High Voltage Electrode by Combination Method

池哲根(Chol-Kon Chee),金相泰(Sang-Tae Kim) 대한전기학회 1983 전기학회논문지 Vol.32 No.9

농산물 중 유기염소계 잔류 농약에 관한 연구

엄미나,장재철,정진아,유영희,지의상 한국식품영양학회 2001 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.14 No.5

2000년 7월부터 2000년 10월까지 경기도 지역에 유통중인 17종의 농산물 397건에 대해 안전성을 확보하고 보건위생상 위해를 예방하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 유기염소계 13종을 GC/ECD와 GC/MSD에 의하여 분석한 결과. 농산물 397건 중 endosulfan이 31건(7.8%) 검출되었으며 chlorothalonil이 4건(1.0%) 검출되었다. 농약의 검출범위는 endosulfan 의 경우 상추는 3.7437~0.0488ppm, 시금치 2.1902~0.1423ppm, 아욱 2.4909~0.0786ppm과 겨자잎에서 3.2333~0.3997ppm이었다. Chlorothalonil은 상추에서 5.8097ppm과 시금치에서 0.8962ppm이었다. 잔류허용 기준을 초과하는 농산물은 endosulfan이 5건(1.8%)이었으며 chlorothalonil은 1건(0.3%)이었다. Endosulfan은 산화물 형태인 endosulfan sulfate(45.9%)가 $\alpha$-endosulfan(28.5%) , $\beta$-endosulfan(23.9%)보다 높게 나타나, 농약이 식물체 표면에 부착되어 있는 양보다 식물체 내에 흡수되어 있는 양이 더 많이 잔재할 수 있다는 것이 입증되었다. This study was carried out for the dietry safely based on the level of pesticide residues In 13 kinds of agricultural products consumed in Kyonggi-Do. Korea. From June to October 2000, sixteen organochlorine pesticides in 397 samples were analyzed by using GC/ECD and GC/MSD. According to the results, endosulfan were detected in 27(7.8%) samples and chlorothalonil were detected in 4(1.0%) samples. Detection ranges of endosulfan were 3.7437∼ 0.0488ppm for lettuce, 2.1902 ∼0.1423ppm for spinach, 2.4909 ∼0.0786ppm for mallow and 3.2333∼0.3997ppm for mustard leaf, respectively Chlorothalonil were 5.8097 for lettuce and 0.8962ppm for spinach. Consequently, six agricutural products were detected more than the maximum residue limits in Korea Endosulfan were detected In 5(1.8%) samples and cholrothalonil were detected in 1(0.3%) sample. Detection rates of endosulfan sulfate(45.9%) of agricultural products were more than $\alpha$-endosulfan(28.5% ) and $\beta$-endosulfan (23.9% ) .

YBCO 박막선재용 Ni 기판의 집합도에 미치는 제조공정 변수효과

지봉기,임준형,이동욱,주진호,나완수,김찬중,홍계원 한국전기전자재료학회 2003 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.16 No.10

We fabricated Ni-substrate for YBCO coated conductors and evaluated the effects of pressing and annealing temperature and time on texture. Ni substrate was fabricated by powder metallurgy technique and compacts were prepared by applying uniaxial or isostatic pressure. The texture of substrate made by applying cold isostatic pressure (CIP) was stronger than that by uniaxial pressure which we attribute to the fact that the CIP method provided higher density and more uniform density distribution. It was observed that the substrate annealed at 400 C showed both retained texture and recrystallized texture. On the other hand, the texture of substrate significantly improved at annealing temperature above 500 C, forming strong 4-fold symmetry, [111] II ND texture, and FWHM of 9∼10 . It is to be noted that the degree of texture was almost independent of annealing temperature (500∼1000 C) and annealing time(1∼54 min, at 1000 C). EBSD and AFM analysis indicated that 99% of grain boundaries was low angle grain boundary and RMS was approximately 3 nm, respectively. Development of strong cube texture and high fraction of low angle grain boundary of Ni-substrate made by powder metallurgy technique in our study is considered to be suitable for the application of YBCO coated conductors.

창원 불곡사 석조비로자나불좌상에 관한 연구

지강이 ( Kang Yi Ji ) (재)동아시아문물연구학술재단 동아시아문물연구소 2010 文物硏究 Vol.- No.18

창원시 대방동 불곡사에 안치되어 있는 석조 지권인비로자나불좌상은 1965년도에 소개된 이후 이 불상에 관한 단독의 연구는 현재까지 없다. 본상만이 남아 있는 옛 폐사지에 현재의 불곡사가 창건되었는데 이 폐사지에 관한 기록이 없어 사찰 성격은 알 수 없다. 아울러 창원시는 구산선문 중 하나인 봉림산문의 봉림사가 있었던 지역으로 본상과 봉림사와의 관련성을 배제할 수 없는 실정이다. 이러한 상황을 고려하여 본 연구는 불상의 형식 및 양식적 특징을 고찰하여 구체적인 제작시기를 추정하고, 김해?창원 지역의 불상조성의 예와 불곡사지의 성격을 선종사찰의 불상 조성의 예와 관련하여 파악하였다. 또한 본상이 제작될 수 있었던 당시 사회의 전반적인 배경을 살펴서 불곡사상의 제작 의미를 유추해 보았다. 그 결과, 불곡사상은 법의의 주름이 크게 U자형을 이루면서 양 다리 사이로 흘러내리고 있어 동화사 비로암 비로자나불상과 같은 형식의 상이므로 두 상을 비교하여 제작시기를 동화사상(863년)보다는 늦지만 그리 늦지 않은 9세기 후반경으로 추정하였다. 김해?창원 지방은 성덕왕대의 노힐부득과 달달박박이 현신성불(現身成佛)을 이룬 곳이고, 금강좌진용상(金剛座眞容像)으로 추정되는 용화전 보관형 항마촉지인상을 통해 현신성불의 사상이 9세기 후반까지 전해져 교종의 중심지 역할을 이어간 곳으로 판단되었다. 또한 선종사찰의 주존은 대부분이 철불상인 점을 감안하면 불곡사지의 사찰 성격은 선종사찰보다는 교종사찰이었을 가능성이 높고, 불곡사상은 교종과 관련된 상으로 추측되었다. 불곡사상이 제작되었던 시기는 9세기 후반 즉, 경문왕대 중반부터 헌강왕대로 이 시기는 통일신라 하대의 최전성기로서 여러 불사가 활발히 행해졌고, 특히 창원 지역은 친신라적 입장을 표명한 곳이었다. 이러한 사회적 배경 아래 당시의 비로자나불상은 대부분이 죽은 이를 위한 추복(追福)과 관련되어 원탑(願塔)과 함께 조성되었고, 동화사상도 그 대표적 예 중의 하나이다. 그러므로 친신라적 성격을 가진 김해?창원 지방의 재지 세력에 의해 본상도 동화사상과 같이 추복에 의한 제작임을 상정할 수 있었고, 왕실주도의 중앙에서의 불사가 지방에 끼친 영향을 나타내는 대표적인 불상으로 본상의 의미를 부여할 수 있다. The stone-build statue of 'wisdon fist'(Jigwonin)vairocana Buddha placed in Bulgoksa temple, Daebangdong, Changwon had never been researched alone since it was first introduced in 1965. The current temple was established on the abandoned temple site where the main statue was found. Unfortunately, we cannot figure out the purpose of the temple as no documentation remains. However, considering there exists Bonglimsa temple of which is one of nine Zen Buddhism temples in Changwon, it is inevitable to see the relationship between the main statue and Bonglimsa temple. Due to these circumstances, the study was conducted to find out the precise date of foundation through examining the style characteristics. Furthermore, we estimated the specifications of Bulgoksa temple site by reviewing the examples of the statues in Gimhae and Changwon as well as other Zen Buddhism temples. Besides, through looking into the general social background of the period when they built the statue, we analogized the reason why they constructed Bulgoksa temple statue. Being similar to the seated vairocana Buddha in Biroam, Donghwasa temple, the Buddha’s robe is drawn between its legs creating a large-U-shape. Therefore we assumed it was made in late 9th century, which is not much later than Donghwasa temple statue’s construction. We understand that Gimhae and Changwon are places where Nohilbuduk and Daldalbakbak became Buddha, also we can understand this was passed down till the end of 9th century through a repositioning version of seated Buddha in Yonghwajeon temple which is thought to be a Vajrasana of buddha. It seems that the statue has nothing to do with Bonglimsa temple, knowing that Bulgoksa temple is highly suspected to be a non-zen buddhism since main Buddhas of Zen buddhism are usually metal. Historically, it was the most vigorous days of the end of Unified Silla Dynasty, from the mid-King Kyoungmun to King Hungang, when the Buddhist rituals were performed fervently and Changwon was a Silla-friendly area. Futhermore, most Vairocana Buddha’s statues those days were formed with round pagodas to show their condolences for the deads. Thus, it is possible to suggest that the statue was also built for the repose of the deceased in Donhwasa temple statue by landlords in Gimhae and Changwon under Silla’s influence. It could be seen as an example demonstrating central driven Buddhist ritual performed locally.

방송ㆍ통신 융합망에서의 디지털 콘텐츠 서비스를 위한 이벤트 리포팅 시스템 연구

지경희(Kyunghee Ji),문남미(Nammee Moon),김재곤(Jaegon Kim) 한국방송·미디어공학회 2005 방송공학회논문지 Vol.10 No.2

MPEG-21 has identified the need for Event Reporting in its vision for an interoperable multimedia framework. Event Reporting is required within the MPEG-21 multimedia framework in order to provide a standardized means for sharing information about Events amongst Peers and Users. Such Events relate to Digital Items and/or Peers that interact with them. Arising from an each Event, there is the opportunity to describe what occurred. However, there are a number of difficulties in providing an accurate report about an Event. Different observers of the Event may have vastly different perspectives, needs, and focuses. They may emphasize certain elements to the detriment of others, or they may describe an Event in a way that others may fmd confusing. In this paper, we design how to express Event Reporting message structure and system architecture in compliance with ISO/IEC 21000-15. And we implement the system for MPEG-21 Event Reporting service.