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Phasic and Tonic Inhibition are Maintained Respectively by CaMKII and PKA in the Rat Visual Cortex
주가영,이덕주,장현종,윤신희 대한약리학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.18 No.6
Phasic and tonic γ -aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor-mediated inhibition critically regulateneuronal information processing. As these two inhibitory modalities have distinctive features in theirreceptor composition, subcellular localization of receptors, and the timing of receptor activation, it hasbeen thought that they might exert distinct roles, if not completely separable, in the regulation ofneuronal function. Inhibition should be maintained and regulated depending on changes in networkactivity, since maintenance of excitation-inhibition balance is essential for proper functioning of thenervous system. In the present study, we investigated how phasic and tonic inhibition are maintainedand regulated by different signaling cascades. Inhibitory postsynaptic currents were measured as eitherelectrically evoked events or spontaneous events to investigate regulation of phasic inhibition in layer2/3 pyramidal neurons of the rat visual cortex. Tonic inhibition was assessed as changes in holdingcurrents by the application of the GABAA receptor blocker bicuculline. Basal tone of phasic inhibitionwas maintained by intracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). However,maintenance of tonic inhibition relied on protein kinase A activity. Depolarization of membranepotential (5 min of 0 mV holding) potentiated phasic inhibition via Ca2+ and CaMKII but tonicinhibition was not affected. Thus, phasic and tonic inhibition seem to be independently maintainedand regulated by different signaling cascades in the same cell. These results suggest that neuromodulatorysignals might differentially regulate phasic and tonic inhibition in response to changes inbrain states.
주가영,이덕주,장현종 대한약리학회 2015 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.19 No.6
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] regulates synaptic plasticity in the visual cortex. Although the effects of 5-HT on plasticity showed huge diversity depending on the ages of animals and species, it has been unclear how 5-HT can show such diverse effects. In the rat visual cortex, 5-HT suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) at 5 weeks but enhanced LTP at 8 weeks. We speculated that this difference may originate from differential regulation of neurotransmission by 5-HT between the age groups. Thus, we investigated the effects of 5-HT on apha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-, γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAAR)-, and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR)-mediated neurotransmissions and their involvement in the differential regulation of plasticity between 5 and 8 weeks. AMPAR-mediated currents were not affected by 5-HT at both 5 and 8 weeks. GABAAR-mediated currents were enhanced by 5-HT at both age groups. However, 5-HT enhanced NMDAR-mediated currents only at 8 weeks. The enhancement of NMDAR-mediated currents appeared to be mediated by the enhanced function of GluN2B subunit-containing NMDAR. The enhanced GABAAR- and NMDAR-mediated neurotransmissions were responsible for the suppression of LTP at 5 weeks and the facilitation of LTP at 8 weeks, respectively. These results indicate that the effects of 5-HT on neurotransmission change with development, and the changes may underlie the differential regulation of synaptic plasticity between different age groups. Thus, the developmental changes in 5-HT function should be carefully considered while investigating the 5-HT-mediated metaplastic control of the cortical network.
효소처리 병풀(Centella asiatica)의 이화학적 품질 변화 및 이를 이용한 잼의 제조
이경행,주가영,김채영,한기정,장다빈,윤지혜,유광원,배윤정 한국식품영양학회 2021 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.34 No.6
To increase the utilization of Centella asiatica (CA), enzymes such as cellulase and pectinase were added and the physicochemical properties of the treated CA were analyzed. In addition, apple-CA jam was prepared using the enzyme-treated CA, which had the best antioxidant properties, and the physicochemical and sensory qualities of the jam were measured. There was a high content of ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, reducing sugar, amino acid, minerals and DPPH radical scavenging activity in the enzyme-treated group. The antioxidant component and activity in the jam prepared by adding enzyme-treated CA increased with an increase in the amount of enzyme-treated CA. In the soluble solids, the higher the amount of enzyme-treated CA, the higher the value, but there was no significant difference in pH. The sensory evaluation of the jam, in particular the taste, showed that the highest preference was observed when the enzyme-treated CA was added in the range of 5.0~6.7%, and the control group showed the lowest preference. There was no significant difference in flavor and spreadability among the treatment groups, however, the control group showed the highest color preference. In the overall acceptability, when 5.0% of enzyme-treated CA was added, the highest acceptability was shown.
나무그림을 통한 아동의 자아상 변화 사례연구 : 비온의 담아주기(투사적동일시) 중심으로
윤정원,이용희,주가영,김현수 한국기독교상담심리학회 2022 한국기독교상담학회지 Vol.33 No.3
The purpose of this study is to examine in the change self-image of children, using tree-drawing as research tools. It is based on the 'containment' theory of the psychoanalyst Wilfred Bion and focused on the projective identification. Art therapy has carried from June 2018 to June 2019. 3 children expressing unstable emotions participated in the study as Baum test results. Participants draw tree-drawing named 'tree-diary' every session. 4 tree-drawings were selected from tree-diary. The first tree-drawing is Baum test result, and meaningful changes are shown in the others. The tree-drawings were classified into forms and contents based on Koch's Standards, and the drawings were analyzed by psychoanalytic. As a result, researcher's 'containment' affected participant's emotions which was confirmed by projective identification in the mutual relationship. This study has significance that the researcher's 'containment' has a positive effect on the self-image changes of children, and the change is shown through tree-drawing. 본 연구는 학령기 아동의 자아상 변화를 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법은 나무그림을 도구로, 정신분석가 Wilfred Bion의 담아주기를 중심으로 한다. 연구자와 연구참여자의 투사적동일시에 초점을 맞추었다. G미술심리치료연구소에서 미술치료를 진행하고 있는 아동을 대상으로 나무그림검사를 실시하여, 불안정한 정서가 나타난 3명을 선정하였다. 미술치료 매 회기 도입 단계에서 나무그림을 그리고, 2019년 6월~2020년 6월까지 진행하였다. 활동은 ‘나무일기’로 명명하였다. 연구참여자 각각 나무그림 28점 중 4점의 선정하였는데 4점 중 첫 번째 나무그림은 그림검사 시 그린 것이고, 나머지 3점은 단계별로 의미 있는 변화가 나타난 것이다. 선정된 나무그림은 미술 치료적 관점으로 Koch의 표준화된 해석 기준에 입각하여 형식과 내용으로 구분하고, 동시에 정신분석적 관점으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 연구자의 담아주기는 연구참여자의 정서에 영향을 미치며, 상호관계에서 투사적동일시로 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 연구자의 담아주는 태도가 아동의 자아상에 영향을 미치며, 나무그림을 통해 자아상의 변화를 밝히는데 의의가 있다.
조광현,이슬이,주가영,이덕주 대한약리학회 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.5
It is known that top-down associative inputs terminate on distal apical dendrites in layer 1 while bottom-up sensory inputs terminate on perisomatic dendrites of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons (L2/3 PyNs) in primary sensory cortex. Since studies on synaptic transmission in layer 1 are sparse, we investigated the basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in layer 1 and compared them to those in perisomatic dendrites of L2/3 PyNs of rat primary visual cortex. Using extracellular stimulations of layer 1 and layer 4, we evoked excitatory postsynaptic current/potential in synapses in distal apical dendrites (L1-EPSC/L1EPSP) and those in perisomatic dendrites (L4-EPSC/L4-EPSP), respectively. Kinetics of L1-EPSC was slower than that of L4-EPSC. L1-EPSC showed presynaptic depression while L4-EPSC was facilitating. In contrast, inhibitory postsynaptic currents showed similar paired-pulse ratio between layer 1 and layer 4 stimulations with depression only at 100 Hz. Cholinergic stimulation induced presynaptic depression by activating muscarinic receptors in excitatory and inhibitory synapses to similar extents in both inputs. However, nicotinic stimulation enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission by ~20% in L4-EPSC. Rectification index of AMPA receptors and AMPA/NMDA ratio were similar between synapses in distal apical and perisomatic dendrites. These results provide basic properties and cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission between distal apical and perisomatic dendrites in L2/3 PyNs of the visual cortex, which might be important for controlling information processing balance depending on attentional state.
사과와 꽃사과의 구성 아미노산, 무기질 조성 및 항산화 활성 비교
이경행,유광원,배윤정,주가영,김채영,Lee, Kyung-Haeng,Yu, Kwang-Won,Bae, Yun-Jung,Joo, Ga-Young,Kim, Chae-Young 한국식품영양학회 2022 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.35 No.5
To confirm the applicability of crab apple, the composition and content of amino acids and minerals with 'Fuji' apple were measured. Apple and crab apple were extracted with water, 70% and 100% ethanol, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, antioxidant activities of these extracts were measured. The amino acid composition of apples comprised a total of 17 amino acids. The total amino acid contents of apple and crab apple were 2,050.45 mg/kg and 900.05 mg/kg, respectively. For minerals, the total mineral content of apple and crab apple were 489.14 mg%, 529.77 mg%, respectively. The contents of polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid of apple and crab apple extracts were highest in 70% ethanol extracts. The content of polyphenols, the crab apple extract, showed a generally higher content than the apple extract. The content of flavonoids, apple and crab apple extracts revealed no difference between extracts. The content of ascorbic acid, apple extract showed a generally higher content than the crab apple extract, but there was no significant difference between extracts. In the case of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities, 70% ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity, and crab apple showed higher activity than apple extracts.