조선 중기 유학자의 천체와 우주에 대한 이해 : 여헌(旅軒)장현광(1554-1637)의 「이학도설」과 「우주설」을 중심으로

전용훈 한국과학사학회 1991 한국과학사학회지 Vol.13 No.2

[기획] 세종 시대 서울 기준 시각법의 성립과 그 의의

전용훈 한국과학사학회 2022 한국과학사학회지 Vol.44 No.3

Being helped by the research on the calendrical calculation system during the first fourteen years of king Sejong period (r.1419-1450), in around 1434 Joseon 朝鮮 astronomers could calculate four time-units, year, month, day, and hour. However, due to the obligation of ‘upholding the first month and first day’ (奉正朔) which is forced by the Tribute-investiture (朝貢冊封) relationship, in Joseon the vassal kingdom, they could not use the calendrical days (曆日, year, month, and day) according to the cal- culation results based on the location of Seoul. The calendrical days ought to be accord with those of the Ming China, the dominant kingdom, whose standard point located at Nanjing 南京. The local time which was measured in real time, however, was not confined by the obligation. In Joseon, they could use their local time which was measured on the meridian of Seoul. And they were able to calculate and use those local times, the time of sun- rise and sunset (日出入時刻) and the length of day and night (晝夜刻), on Seoul’s latitude, and which were distinct from those of Ming China. It was Joseon’s local time that Jagyeongnu (自擊漏, automatic striking clepsydra) automatically calibrated and struck.

19세기 조선의 曆算 매뉴얼 『推步捷例』

전용훈 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2014 규장각 Vol.44 No.-

『推步捷例』(古7300-8)는 19세기의 천문학자이자 수학자인 南秉吉(1820~1869)이 1861년에 편찬하고 간행한 것으로, 관상감의 관원들이 時憲曆法에 따라 천체의 위치를 계산하고 일용역서를 작성하는 데에 사용하기 위해 편찬한 역산 매뉴얼이다. 각종의 수표를 이용하여 원하는 계산을 간단하고 빠르게 하기 위한 계산의 과정을 제시하고 있을 뿐, 계산법에 적용된 수학적 원리나 천문학적 의미에 대한 이론적인 설명은 전혀 없다. 규장각한국학연구원에 소장된 『推步捷例』와 『七政步法』(奎12508), 그리고 『作曆式』(奎12506)이라는 책을 상호 대조해보면, 『推步捷例』는 『七政步法』과 『作曆式』의 합본으로부터 영향을 받아 성립한 책으로 확인된다. 따라서 『七政步法』(奎12508)과 『作曆式』(奎12506)은 원래 한 권의 책이었으나, 어떤 사정으로 인해 서로 다른 이름으로 분책되었을 가능성이 크다. 또한 『推步捷例』에는 일용 역서에서 날짜별 길흉의기를 나타내는 역주를 기입하는 방법도 수록하고 있다.

문신제거술을 시행한 소년원 수용 소녀들의 문신제거전후의 심리적인 변화

전용훈,김지혜,김근향,한우상,김재중,오갑성,하범준,현원석,김이영 대한성형외과학회 2002 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.29 No.3

Tattooing has been practised since pre-Christian times, as an object of both fascination and revulsion. In the Present day, body tattoo has been a flourishing and contemporary teen issue. Adolescents have discovered tattoos as a means of self-expression. Due to the external characteristics of the tattoo however, a lot of researchers have shown their interest and done various researches. The examination of the psychological characteristics of the tattooed people revealed that a lot of people have psychological problems, the tattoos revealing the person's deviated image. As a result, several attempts have been made to try and correlate tattoos with the psychiatric diagnoses such as schizophrenia or personality disorder, or with adverse social circumstances such as poverty. The subject of tattoo removal is as old as the history of tattooing itself. Plastic surgeons have witnessed numerous tragic instances where a tattoo has caused hardship, including diminished employment prospects, even loss of love and affection from family and friends and, very commonly, loss of self-esteem. For this reason, the bearers of tattoo often consider the inevitable scarring left by tattoo removal as a preferable alternative. Past techniques of removing tattoos, using corrosive agents or skin graft, have been universally unsuccessful, or certainly less than satisfactory. But, currently laser therapy has been introduced into the market to remove tattoos.As a result, a lot of people have visited hospitals to get tattoos removed. In addition, many of those who had tried to hide the fact that they had tattoos, have been given the opportunity to express their feelings, and rate their psychological statements. This research enables to find the best approach to the person's psychiatric point of view, by objectively observing the person's psychological characteristics and psychological changes after the tattoo removal.

전상운 선생과 한국천문학사연구

전용훈 한국과학사학회 2020 한국과학사학회지 Vol.42 No.3

세종시대 역법 연구와 실용: 중국 역일과 서울 지방시의 결합

전용훈 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2021 규장각 Vol.58 No.-

이 논문에서는 세종시대에 진행된 역법 연구와 실용 과정을 통해 조선시대 천문학의 특징을 드러내고자 한다. 분석을 위해서는 조선천문학이 지니고 있던 두 가지 전제 조건을 고려하고자 하는데, 하나는 조공책봉 관계이며 다른 하나는 중국과 조선의 기준지의 차이이다. 조선은 조공책봉 관계의 제약으로 인해 중국의 역일과 일치하는 역일을 생산하고 이를 사용할 수밖에 없었다. 그러나 다른 한편으로 북경과 서울이라는 기준지의 차이로 인해, 일상생활의 시간은 서울기준의 지방시를 사용할 수밖에 없었다. 조선의 역법 실용에는 중국과 일치하는 역일과 서울기준의 지방시가 혼합되게 된 이유가 여기에 있다. 이런 특성을 지닌 조선의 역일과 지방시는 16세기 말의 역서에 고스란히 담겨있다.

전통적 역산천문학의 단절과 근대천문학의 유입

전용훈 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2012 한국문화 Vol.59 No.-

This article examines the procedure of the discontinuance of traditional astronomy and the introduction to modern astronomy. The former is examined through the changes of official annual almanacs the government published and the latter is studied based on the Western books that were imported and textbooks on astronomy that were published in Joseon during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since late 17th century, Siheonryeok 時憲曆(western calendar) was adopted, and Renaissance astronomy was introduced to the traditional calendrical astronomy. The calendrical astronomy in Joseon was developed to the highest level until the end of 19th century and was used in issuing national official almanacs (the annual calendar 日課曆 and the almanac of the seven celestial bodies 七政曆). However, the office for the observation of natural phenomena 觀象所 was abolished by the intervention of Japan at the end of 1907. Unable to be developed anymore, the calendar issue in Joseon was passed on to the charge of Japanese astronomers who had mastered modern astronomy. Publications containing Western astronomical knowledge were also imported, confirming to the movement of adopting the Western culture in late 19th century, and related knowledge was spread by newspapers such as The Hanseong Ten-Daily 漢城旬報 and The Hanseong Weekly 漢城週報. As a basic form of knowledge to discuss world geography, the elementary astronomical knowledge was introduced in geographic publications. However, modern astronomy was not recognized as a professional field of science in Joseon until early 1900. Two books, Chyeonmunhak 天文學(Astonomy) written by Jeong Yeong-taek and Cheonmunyakhae 천문략(Short Explanation of Astronomy) written by William Baird in 1908, which were published as a textbook to teach professional astronomy, show that modern astronomy was finally established in Joseon as one field of professional science.

洪吉周 數學硏究와 그 淵源

전용훈 洌上古典硏究會 2003 열상고전연구 Vol.17 No.-

홍길주의 수학관련 저술은 <機何新說>과 <弧角演例>가 대표적이다. <機何新說>은 『數理精蘊』에서 뽑은 문제들을 대상으로 홍길주 자신이 개발한 새로운 풀이법을 적용하며 풀어낸 매우 독창적인 저술이다. <弧角演例>는 천문학서인 『曆象考成』에서 천문학적 계산을 위해 사용된 서양의 구면삼각법의 원리를 추출하여 순전히 수학적 논의에만 한정하여 구면삼각법의 원리를 서술한 것이다. 천문학적 응용을 배제한 채 수학적 논의에 집중하고 있는 순수한 수학적 저술이며, 서양의 구면삼각법을 다루고 있는 조선후기 수학자로는 희귀한 것으로 이 또한 홍길주의 수학적 성취를 잘 보여준다. 홍길주의 수학 연구는 넓게는 18세기 말-19세기 초 지식계층 사이에 광범위하게 공유된 서양 천문학과 수학에 대한 관심, 그리고 천문학과 수학이 유가지식인으로서 추구할만한 지식이라는 인식과 관련되어 있다. 또한 수학을 매우 잘했던 것으로 알려진 그의 어머니 영수합 서씨와 중인 천문학자 김영과의 인연도 중요한 계기가 되었다. Gi-Ha-Sin-Seol(幾何新說) and Ho-Gak-Yeon-Rye(弧角演例), written by Hong Gil-ju(洪吉周, 1786-1841), are very successful works in the history of mathematics in Korea. Though the problems in Gi-Ha-Sin-Seol were borrowed from Su-Ri-Jeong-On(數理精蘊), Hong entirely invented the algorithms for himself. Ho-Gad-Rye(弧角演例) has a very special character. The contents were fully about the spherical trigonometry imported from the West by the Jesuit missionaries. Hong has extracted the theorems of spherical trigonometry from Yeok-Sang-Go-Seong(曆象考成) which was basically dealing with astronomical calculation. He intended to make a pure mathematical textbook without any kind of application. Hong's mathematical studies are originated from his mother and his advisor Kin Yeong(金泳). His mother was very creative in mathematics. She also has invented a new algorithm in surdying mathematics. Hong and Kim discussed mathematical subjects and Oong adopted Kim's idea in His book.

고려시대의 曆法과 曆書

전용훈 한국중세사학회 2014 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.39

This study deals with the general history of the calendrical calculation system and annual calendar of the Goryeo(高麗) Dynasty, which have hardly been studied because of the lack of records. Along with the official records of the Goryeo Dynasty, Goryeosa(高麗史, Official History of Korea) and Goryeosa-jeolyo(高麗史節要, Essentials of Goryeo History), this study explores various Chinese references and collections of the literary works(文集) of numerous scholars in the Goryeo period(918~1392). First of all, this study clarifies that there were two kinds of annual calendars in Goryeo. One was published by the Goryeo astronomers every year, and the other was submitted to the Goryeo Kingdom by a neighboring kingdom in China as a symbol of investiture under the tribute-investiture system(朝貢-冊封 體制). By collating the arrangement of intercalary months(閏月) of Goryeo with that of neighboring kingdoms, this study shows that the calendrical calculation system of Goryeo was not accordant with the common notion that Goryeo exclusively used Xuanmingli(宣明曆, Extending Enlightenment Calendar) system of the Tang Dynasty from the beginning of the Dynasty to the early 14th Century when the Shoushili(授時曆, Season Granting Calendar) system of the Yuan Dynasty was implemented in Goryeo. Particularly in the 11th Century, when Goryeo paid tribute to Liao, the arrangement of the intercalary months of Goryeo was far more similar to that of Song than Liao, while Liao’s was similar to that of Japan, where the Xuanmingli system was definitely implemented. This study concluded that, in the 1th Century at least, Goryeo used a different system from Xuanmingli. Goryeo introduced the Shoushili system from Yuan China and issued its annual calendar from the year of 1309, and this practice continued into the Joseon(朝鮮) Dynasty. The annual calendar of Goryeo was often called Dongjiryeok(冬至曆) because it was issued on the day of the winter solstice. The style of the calendar is thought to be typical Juzhuli(具注曆, annotated calendar), which combined the two main contents, the calendrical dates(曆日) and the fortune note(曆注), for conducting daily life. Annual calendars were issued to the government offices and bureaucrats, and intellectuals exchanged them as a gift.

『삼국사기』 천문 기록의 재검토: 중국 사서(史書) 의존성 기록을 중심으로

전용훈 한국과학사학회 2020 한국과학사학회지 Vol.42 No.1

To reexamine the authenticity of astronomical records in Samguk sagi, this paper analyzes two types of records in particular formats: 1) the records displaying dates by sexagesimal signs, and 2) the records informing the positions of astronomical phenomena regarding the constellations. My analysis shows that all records with sexagesimal date signs have corresponding records in Chinese historical books. This implies that the sexagesimal date signs were added to the original records, when Samguk sagi was compiled in 1145, using the information available in corresponding Chinese records. All records informing the positions of astronomical phenomena regarding the constellations, before the late 7th century of unification, except for two cases, have Chinese corresponding records. This implies that the constellations were also added, when Samguk sagi was edited, to the original records by adopting those positional information specified in the corresponding Chinese records.