Counterfeit Correspondences: Documentary Manipulations and Textual Consciousness in Gloucester’s Confession and The Man of Law’s Tale

임현량 한국중세근세영문학회 2017 중세르네상스 영문학 Vol.25 No.1

Discussing Thomas Woodstock duke of Gloucester’s Confession, written in 1397, and Donegild’s counterfeit letters in The Man of Law’s Tale, this essay explores Chaucer’s reservations about the reliability of written documents. Noting that lawyers are involved in both Gloucester’s confession and The Man of Law’s Tale, this paper examines problems of written documents implicated in both narratives, such as documentary manipulations, fears of interception, and suspicions of forgery. I suggest that Chaucer’s close connections with contemporary legal circles made him understand that political events during the reign of Richard II questioned the status of written texts as an instrument of validating action. Despite an obvious connection between the Man of Law and the legal profession, The Man of Law’s Tale has never been studied in terms of the literate mentality of late medieval lawyers. This paper analyzes how tightly the Man of Law’s performance is constructed around references to writing and documents in order to reveal the textual mentality of the narrator deeply invested in written culture. As a master of documentation, the Man of Law understands anxieties and tensions attending the circulation of writing. While exploring these anxieties, this paper illuminates how The Man of Law’s Tale reiterates Chaucer’s skepticism about written authority and his concerns about the circulation of written texts that the poet has often expressed in his shorter poems.

The Paston Letters: Documentary Culture and the Public Space in Fifteenth-Century England

임현량 한국중세근세영문학회 2016 고전·르네상스 영문학 Vol.25 No.1

This paper investigates the historical context of the Paston Letters, one of the largest archives of fifteenth-century English personal correspondence, in order to understand why such documents emerged at this period of history and what their functions were in contemporary society. The interest in letter writing in English was particularly strong in the fifteenth century, when letters became an efficient means of communication for English people from different estates. By historicizing the letters written by three generations of the Paston family, the paper argues that the letters were produced by the convergence of several historical forces such as the hunger for news, the expansion of literacy, the growth of the vernacular, and most importantly, the development of documentary culture. Rather than expressing inner thoughts and emotions of the letter writers, these private vernacular letters of the late medieval period functioned as a medium for circulating news about public affairs before a set of cultural institutions such as newspapers and journals developed as a forum for public discourse. An analysis of the Paston writers’ attitude towards their letters in this paper reveals the family’s investment in documentary culture as well as the literate mentality that had a strong belief in the written word.

Defining the Self in Margaret Paston’s Will and Letters

임현량 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2022 중세근세영문학 Vol.32 No.1

The Paston letters and documents have scarcely been studied in the context of medieval life-writing. Produced in a period when writing about private life became a commonplace and the attitude toward selfhood underwent profound changes, Margaret Paston’s will and letters challenge prevailing ideas about medieval selfrepresentation by exemplifying how medieval English writers used writing to define their identities. Scholars have maintained that medieval wills and testaments flatten out individual features of the testators as they were composed according to conventional forms. Such documents rarely claim individuality as they often consist of collections of formulae and standardized statements that could be easily duplicated. Margaret’s meticulous, vivid, and authentic records of her life, however, reveal her pride in her lineage and class identity, as her writing both creates and transgresses her images as a matriarch, a submissive and competent wife, and a loyal member of a late medieval English gentry household.

휴대용 근적외분광분석기를 이용한 유탕면의 수분 함량 측정 : Infrared(NIR) System

임현량,김도형,우영아,김효진 동덕여자대학교 종합약학연구소 2002 동덕약학연구지 Vol.6 No.-

This experiment was carried out to determine non-destructively water content in a intact fried noodle in oil by portable near-infrared system. Water content was ranged from 0 to 14.3w/w% and the near infrared (NIR) measurements were made on 70 intact samples over the spectral range 1100-1750nm. We found the variation of absorbance band due to OH vibration of water in the noodles depending on the concentration change around 1450nm in the second derivatives spectra. Partial least squares(PLS) regression models were set up using a calibration set(42 E.A.) and a validation set(28 E.A.) between the NIR response and value from loss on dry. Various pretreatments of the spectra were examined: the smallest stnadard error of prediction(0.35%) was obtained using autoscaling spectra over 1100-1700nm. 10 factors were required for the PLS model to give a good relationship between the spectral information and the noodle water content. In order to validate the developed calibration model, routine analyses were performed using other intact noodles. Water contents from the NIR calibration model were compared with the values from loss on dry and the results showed good correlation with those of loss on dry. This study showed that the rapid and non-destructive determination of water content in a intact fried noodle in oil was successfully performed by portable NIR system.

An Inquiry into Early Childhood Teachers’ Perceptions of Teacher Agency in Curriculum Implementation

임현량,임부연 한국유아교육학회 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Vol.28 No.2

This study explores early childhood teachers’ perception of teacher agency that emerges in the process of implementing the curriculum. The aim is to discover how teacher agency emerges in the context of early childhood teachers. To this end, in-depth interviews with early childhood teachers were conducted. The results revealed that early childhood teachers accepted the assumption based on their practice by sensory perception. They not only performed their practice composed of dominant curriculum discourse but also transformed it and created a gap in the existing order. The early childhood teachers’ perceptions of teacher agency have the categories of ‘encountering events that make rethink the customary practices’ and ‘creating cracks in the mold of early childhood education institutions.’ The context where teacher agency emerges could be divided into the categories of ‘teachers’ practice that varies depending on the situation’ and ‘exploring the process of teacher agency emerges.’ The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for further research to prepare the structure and context of educational practice that can lead to active actions of early childhood teachers.

중세 여성혐오, 매춘, 그리고 초서의 「선장의 이야기」

임현량,조영미 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2019 중세근세영문학 Vol.29 No.2

Prostitution as an institution was central to the function of medieval society; simultaneously, prostitutes as individuals were stigmatized as the shame of womanhood. Investigating discourses of medieval misogyny and contemporary practices of prostitution, this paper illuminates ambivalence towards female sexuality in literary representations of women and in late medieval English society, which both legalized and marginalized prostitution. A comparative analysis of the merchant’s wife in the Shipman’s Tale with prostitute saints in medieval saints’ lives and Ambrosia in Boccaccio’s Decameron demonstrates how Chaucer’s work both reflects and questions contradictions inherent in the canon law that dominated medieval Europe in its legal, practical, philosophical attitudes towards women. Chaucer’s attention to economic aspects of the anonymous wife’s dealings with the monk and the merchant in the Shipman’s Tale reveals the gap between theory and the experiences of late medieval women as the text destabilizes contemporary discourses of prostitution and female sexuality.

근적외분광분석법을 사용한 암브록솔 정제의 비파괴적 정량분석

임현량,우영아,김도형,김효진,강신정,최현철,최한곤 대한약학회 2004 약학회지 Vol.48 No.1

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to determine rapidly and nondestructively the content of ambroxol in intact ambroxol tablets containing 30 mg (12.5% m/m nominal concentration) by collecting NIR spectra in range 1100-1750 nm. The laboratory-made samples had 10.3∼15.9% m/m nominal ambroxol concentration. The measurements were made by reflection using a fiber-optic probe and calibration was carried out by partial least square regression (PLSR) with autoscaling. Model validation was performed by randomly splitting the data set into calibration and validation data set (7 samples as a calibration data set and 5 samples as a validation data set). The developed NIR method gave results comparable to the known values of tablets in a laboratorial manufacturing Process, standard error of calibration (SEC) and standard error of prediction (SEP) being 0.49% and 0.49% m/m respectively. The method showed good accuracy and repeatability NIR spectroscopic determination in intact tablets allowed the potential use of real time monitoring for a running production process.

“In argument with men”: Dalila, Drama, and Masculine Heroism in Milton’s Samson Agonistes

임현량 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2018 중세근세영문학 Vol.28 No.1

Drawing on Freud’s interpretation of the “fort-da” game, this paper examines Samson Agonistes as Milton’s rewriting of the narrative about Samson and Dalila. The paper argues that through the confrontation between the two biblical lovers, Milton demythologizes Samson’s heroism and probes the ideological content of the controversies surrounding Samson and his heroism in seventeenth-century England, when both Royalists and revolutionaries exploited his image as a political symbol. A comparison between Milton and Euripides is attempted in order to demonstrate that Milton’s choice of the genre is crucial in understanding his ideas about gender relationship and its impact on the construction of masculine heroic identity. My analysis of the dramatic confrontation between Samson and Dalila, in which the heroine makes an argument for herself, reveals the process through which Dalila’s image as a lethal woman has been constructed by male characters, including Samson, whose problems as a hero can be solved only by blaming the woman. Just as the “fortda” game serves for Freud’s grandson Ernst as a way to transform his anxiety into confidence and loss into mastery, Samson’s denigration of Dalila serves Samson to master his frustration of separation, symbolically presented as the betrayal of Dalila, and to regain his masculine identity. Dalila’s speeches, with which she defends her position just as the female characters do in Euripides’s plays, however, expose Samson’s anxiety about his insecure identity, the emptiness of male superiority, and its inevitable creation of gender hierarchy, as Milton unveils problems involved in the patriarchal construction of a hero.

일탈과 통제: 언어, 명예훼손, 그리고 초서의 [식품조달인의 이야기]

임현량 한국중세근세영문학회 2013 중세르네상스 영문학 Vol.21 No.2

This paper examines the social practice of slander and defamation during the reign of Richard II as a social context for Chaucer’s The Manciple’s Tale in order to understand the poet’s growing skepticism about language and human speech as an efficient means of social communication. Focusing on the “house of Phoebus” as the site of sexual and linguistic containment and transgression as well as a symbolic representation of London society that underwent unprecedented confusion and disorder, particularly due to slanderous rumors circulating within the city, this paper shows how power was exercised to contain the abusive use of language and thereby either to bring stability to society or to protect the interests of those in power. As a response to the social crises caused by allegations of defamation and slander that flourished during the conflict between the two London mayors, John Northampton and Nicholas Brembre, and between Richard II and the Lord Appellants as well as other major historical events, the king’s reenactment of the scandalum magantum statute in 1379 and in 1389 evidences his awareness of the potential of language as a threat to the commonwealth and his effort to prevent social discord by controlling the linguistic transgression. Chaucer’s fable of the talking crow shares such concern over the power of language, which has been one of the recurrent themes in Chaucer’s early poems. Unlike the poet’s celebration of language in his earlier poems, however, The Manciple’s Tale seriously questions whether, as Cicero once believed, language is a divine gift given to men in order to bring them to civility and harmony. The uncontainable speech of the crow that betrays his training from Phoebus and reveals his bestiality also questions whether human speech is subject to control. The destruction of Phoebus’s house caused by the crow’s speech and Phoebus’ punishment of the crow for telling truth show Chaucer’s growing skepticism toward language that is hard to control and can easily be manipulated for the benefit of the power.

Pilate’s Special Letter: Writing, Theater, and Spiritual Knowledge in the Digby Mary Magdalene

임현량 한국중세근세영문학회 2014 중세르네상스 영문학 Vol.22 No.1

Focusing on the problem of disinformation represented by Pilate’s special letter to Tiberius in the Digby play of Mary Magdalene, this paper examines how the conspicuous growth of documentary culture in fifteenth-century East Anglia influenced late medieval theatrical productions in this region. Writing is an important theme in the Digby Mary Magdalene because it is unstable and thereby implicitly counters a different idea of the Word, Christ. The emphasis on bodily experience, implicated in the spectacle and concrete images of medieval theater, expresses social anxiety to the spread of writing and written documents, which became increasingly important but susceptible for abuse. By inviting the audience to participate physically in the theatrically reproduced biblical events, the East Anglian drama gives access to the spiritual truths that Pilate’s forged document attempts to manipulate.