최신판례분석 : 우연한 비밀청취 및 녹음행위의 죄책 - 대법원 2016. 5. 12. 선고 2013도15616 판결 -

이용식1 ( Lee Yong-sik ) 법조협회 2016 法曹 Vol.65 No.8

대상판결의 피고인은 최초에는 통신비밀보호법이 금지하지 아니하는 대화당사자간녹음을 하고 있었다. 대화당사자간의 비밀녹음은 대화 상대방이 비밀녹음을 인식하거나 이에 동의하지 아니하였어도 통신비밀보호법 위반이 아니므로, 피고인은 최초로 녹음기를 작동시킬 시점에서는 아무런 범죄행위를 저지르지 아니한 것인데, 이와 같은 불가벌적인 행위가 진행되는 도중에 우연히 ‘공개되지 아니한` 대화 상황에 놓여 이후 녹음을 계속하는 행위가 가벌적이라면, 그 근거가 무엇인지 문제된다. 대상판결에서 2심 법원과 대법원이 피고인의 ‘우연한 비밀녹음`이 당연히 작위범이라고 판단한 것은 수긍하기 어렵다. 피고인의 입장에서 볼 때 그는 최초에 적법한 녹음을 한 것이었다. 그러나 녹음이 계속되는 도중에 우연히 주변 상황의 변동으로 인하여 ‘비밀녹음` 상태로 돌입한 경우 최초의 합법적 녹음이 갑작스레 범죄행위로 돌입할 수 있는지는 의문이다. 그런 점에서 1심 법원이 부작위범으로 행위태양을 파악한 것은 일면 수긍할만하다. 그러나 피고인이 당사자 간 대화를 녹음한 이후에, 공개되지 아니한 대화를 ‘청취`한행위는 유죄로 인정되는데, ‘녹음`한 행위는 무죄라는 이러한 1심법원의 결론은 아무래도 매우 불합리하다. 청취행위가 유죄라면 녹음행위는 더더욱 유죄가 인정되어야 할것이기 때문이다. 공개되지 않은 타인간의 대화를 녹음하는 휴대폰은 위험원이라 볼수 있으므로 휴대폰에 대한 피고인의 안전ㆍ관리의무가 배제될 수는 없을 것이어서, 이에 대한 작위의무가 있다고 보아 이를 이행하지 아니한 점을 이유로 부작위범의 성립을 인정할 수 있었을 것이라 본다. 사안에서 피고인이 만약 기자가 아닌 국가기관이었다면 유죄로 인정한 대상판결의 결론이 타당하다고 생각될 것이다. 그렇다면 일반인의 경우에는 어떻게 평가를 하여야 할 것인가? 이러한 점들을 생각하면 행위주체의 특수성을 지나치게 고려하기보다는 결국 형법이론에 충실하게 중심을 잡아나가야 할 것이다. By The Protection of Communications Secrets Act Article 14(1), no person shall record a conversation between others that is not open to the public or listen to it through the employment of electronic or mechanical devices. It is obvious that intentional wiretapping and recording are prohibited by the Act. In contrast, it is unclear accidental wiretapping and recording should be regulated by the criminal law. The Supreme Court has ruled if planned or not, wiretapping and recording without permission of every party in the conversation are considered crime even if it is technically legal in the first place. In this case, the Supreme Court has premised that secret wiretapping and recording are the crime of commission, not the crime of omission. The essential difference between the crime of commission and omission is the latter requires additional factor to establish a crime. The position and duty of guarantor prerequisite for actus reus of the crime of omission. Surely, it is not necessarily true that the specific omission `action` always be innocent. In this article`s case, if the defendant has the position and duty of a guarantor from the good faith law, continuation of wiretapping and recording sufficiently be guilty even though it is treated as an omission. Nevertheless, if certain `action` regards as a commission rather than omission, it constitutes a crime more easily. In this point of view, it should be alert that the enlargement of the scope of commission. It may threaten the principle of legality.

업체탐방-현대기계

이용식,Lee, Yong-Sik 한국발포스티렌재활용협회 2006 환경사랑 Vol.45 No.-

Disciplinary Sport Administration / Management : 체육행정의 연구동향과 학문적 과제에 관한 고찰

이용식,김종필 ( Yong Sik Lee,Jong Pil Kim ) 한국체육학회 1996 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.1996 No.2

급성 후방십자인대 손상 환자에서 조기 재건군과 지연 재건군의 결과 비교

이용식,이수원,서병호,김윤기,Lee, Yong Sik,Lee, Soo Won,Seo, Byung Ho,Kim, Yoon Gi 대한관절경학회 2013 대한관절경학회지 Vol.17 No.1

목적: 급성 후방십자인대 손상 환자에서 조기 재건술과 지연 재건술 간의 관절 강직 발생 정도와 임상적 결과를 비교하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2008년 3월부터 2011년 10월까지 급성 후방십자인대 손상 환자 중 후방십자인대 재건술을 시행한 32예를 대상으로 하였다. 모든 예에서 동종 아킬레스건을 이용하여 경경골 단일 다발 후방십자인대 재건술을 시행하였으며, 수상 후 1주 이내에 재건술을 시행한 조기 재건군과 수상 후 3주에서 6주 사이에 재건술을 시행한 지연 재건군으로 나누어 수술 전까지 적극적인 관절 운동을 시행하였다. 술 후에 적극적인 재활 치료를 시행한 후 후방 전위 스트레스 방사선 검사, 관절 운동 범위, Lysholm 점수, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) 점수, Tegner 활동도 점수를 이용하여 평가하였다. 결과: 최종 추시에서 Lysholm 점수는 조기 재건군 92.1점, 지연 재건군 93.8점이었고 IKDC 점수는 전례에서 B(거의 정상)이상으로 회복되었다(p=0.808, p=0.722). Tegner 활동도 점수는 조기 재건군 6.6점, 지연 재건군 6.2점이었고 (p=0.480) 관절 운동 범위는 최대 굴곡각 및 최대 신전각이 조기 재건군에서 각각 평균 $133.9^{\circ}$, 평균 $1.4^{\circ}$ 지연 재건군에서 평균 $133.6^{\circ}$, 평균 $1.1^{\circ}$로 양군 간에 차이가 없었으며(p=0.560, p=0.581) 심부 정맥 혈전증이나 감염은 모든 예에서 발생하지 않았다. 후방 전위 스트레스 방사선 검사 결과도 양군 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(p=0.750). 결론: 급성 후방십자인대 손상 환자에서 조기 및 지연 재건군 모두에서 만족할 만한 임상적 결과를 얻었다. 따라서 수상 후 1주 이내에 시행하는 조기 재건술도 좋은 치료 방법의 하나로 선택될 수 있을 것이라 생각된다. Purpose: This study performed to compare degree of joint stiffness and clinical results between early and delayed reconstruction of acute posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two Patients who underwent PCL reconstruction between March 2008 and October 2011 enrolled this study. We performed transtibial single bundle reconstruction using the allo-achilles tendon in all cases. We divided the patient into two groups, early reconstruction group underwent surgery before a week, delayed reconstruction group underwent surgery after 3 weeks, before 6 weeks. All the patients underwent aggressive joint motion exercise till surgery and enrolled post operative rehabilitation program. We checked posterior drawer stress radiography, range of motion, the Lysholm score, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and the Tegner score to evaluate the results. Results: At the final follow up the Lysholm score was 92.1 in the early group and 93.8 in the delayed group. All the cases were rated above B (near normal) on IKDC score (p=0.808, p=0.722). The Tegner score was 6.6 in the early reconstruction group and 6.2 in the delayed group (p=0.480), The average of maximum flexion and extension angle was $133.9^{\circ}$, $1.4^{\circ}$ in the early group and $133.6^{\circ}$, $1.1^{\circ}$ in the delayed group (p=0.560, p=0.581), no complication such as deep vein thrombosis or infection, no difference in posterior drawer stress radiography (p=0.750). Conclusion: We could obtain satisfactory clinical results in both the early and delayed reconstruction groups of acute PCL injuries. Therefore, the early reconstruction of PCL performed before a week could be one of the treatment options for acute PCL injury.

알긴산소오다 함량이 실험적 알지네이트 인상재의 압축변형율, 탄성회복율 및 압축강도에 미치는 영향

이용식,최부병,이성복,Lee Yong-Sik,Choi Boo-Byung,Lee Sung-Bok 대한치과보철학회 2003 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.41 No.2

The purpose of this study was to search the influences of the increase of the contents of sodium alginate in the experimental alginates on the some mechanical properties. 3 commercial alginates were selected for the purpose of comparison of the results of experiments. 7 experimental alginates were manufactured with the rise of contents of sodium alginate from 8.8% to 18.3% with the decrease of contents of diatomaceous earth and with the constant contents of calcium sulfate 12.5%. sodium phosphate 2.2%, zinc fluoride 2.0%. Splitable metal mold with 12.5mm diameter and 20.0mm height was filled with mixed alginate to prepare the cylinder shaped specimens. Strain in compression, elastic recovery, compressive strength were tested using the ISO specification number 1563, alginate impression material. Experimental groups were 7, and 10 specimens were used for each test items and each groups. Following results were obtained ; 1. Strain in compression was decreased with the increase of sodium alginate contents (p=0.0077, r2 = 0.6302). 2. Elastic recovery was decreased with the increase of sodium alginate contents but was not significant(p=0.0639, r2=0.7449). 3. Compressive strength was increased with the increase of sodium alginate contents (p<0.0001, r2 = 0.9617). These results mean that the increase of sodium alginate contents make alginate harder but may result the increased permanent deformation.

참조연계 서비스 구현을 위한 참고문헌 식별자 매칭 시스템

이용식,이상기,Lee, Yong-Sik,Lee, Sang-Gi 한국과학기술정보연구원 과학기술정보센터 2010 Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice Vol.41 No.3

서로 다른 정보자원 간의 연결을 의미하는 참조연계 서비스를 위해서는 참고문헌 데이터베이스 구축과 식별자 매칭 작업이 필요하다. CrossRef, PubMed, Web Of Science 등의 많은 해외 기관들은 Inera의 eXstyles, Parity Computings의 Reference Extractor 등의 자동화 도구들을 이용하여 DOI, PMID 등의 식별자를 기반으로 하는 참조연계 체제를 구축하였다. 국내에서도 한국과학기술정보연구원, 한국연구재단 등의 여러 기관에서 참고문헌 데이터베이스를 구축하고 있다. 그러나 각 단체별로 채택하고 있는 다양한 참고문헌 기술 형식 때문에 망라적인 데이터베이스 구축은 많은 어려움에 직면해 있다. 이에 참고문헌을 자동으로 파싱하여 메타데이터를 추출하고, DOI, PMID, KOI의 식별자를 매칭하는 Citation Matcher 시스템을 개발하여 참고문헌 데이터베이스 구축의 효율성을 향상시키고자 한다. A reference linking service that is connection of each other different information resource need to setup the reference database and to match identifier. CrossRef, PubMed and Web Of Science etc. the many overseas agencies developed reference linking service, that they used the automatic tools of Inera eXstyles, Parity Computings Reference Extractor etc. and setup in base DOI and PMID etc. Domestic the various agencies of KISTI(Korea Institute Science and Technology of Information), KRF(Korea Research Foundation) etc are construction reference database. But each research communities adopts a various reference bibliography writing format. As, the data base construction which is collect is confronting is many to being difficult. In this paper, We developed the Citation Matcher System. This system is automatic parsing the reference string to metadata and matching DOI, PMID and KOI as Identifier. It is improved the effectiveness of reference database setup.

전치 유도각의 인위적 증가에 의한 저작근과 하악 운동 양상의 변화에 대한 연구

이용식,최부병,Lee, Yong-Sik,Choi, Boo-Byung 대한치과보철학회 1998 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.36 No.2

This study was performed to measure the changes of the mandibular movement and the masticatory muscular activities - anterior temporal and masseter muscle of both side - reflected by intentional increase of anterior guidance angie. For this study, 5 volunteers (3 males and 2 females with average age of 24.0) were selected. Each volunteer had Angle's classification I and did not have any missing tooth except third molar and any extensive restorations. Metallic guide plate was made at volunteer's working model fabricated by improved dental stone and cemented to the palatal surface of maxillary central incisor using resin cement(Panavia $21^{(R)}$) and then adjusted not to give any occlusal interferences at intercuspal position. The activity of masticatory muscles and the changes of mandibular movement were recorded by EMG and Sirognathograph in Biopak analysing system(Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA). Measurement was done at before experiment, immediatley after placement, 1 week after placement, immediately after removal, and 1 week after removal. The results were as follows: 1. Moderate phonetic disturbance and mild headache were occured to 3 volunteers for 2 days after setting and 1 volunteer had positive reaction to percussion and slight midline diastema. But all of these clinical signs were diappeared 1 week after removal and the other volunteer did not have any special clinical sign. 2. In the EMG of the mandibular rest position, the mean value of anterior tempotal muscle was increased immediately after placement(p<0.01) and then decreased 1 week after placement(p<0.05) and increased 1 week after removal(p<0.05) but not recovered as before experiment. The mean value of masseter muscle was decreased during the experiment period. 3. In the EMG during mandibular protrusive movement, all muscular activity was decreased during the experiment period. Reduced activity was not recovered 1 week after removal(p<0.03). 4. During the habitual opening, anteroposterior movement of mandible was decreased immediately after placement(p<0.05) and then increased 1 week after placement but not statistically significant(p>0.1). Vertical movement was not shown significant difference during the experiment period(p>0.1). Lateral movement was decreased immediately after placement(p<0.05) and then increased 1 week after placement but not recovered as before experiment. The opening and closing velocity of mandible was shown minor changes but not statistically significant. 5. During the habitual opening, anteroposterior movement of mandible was decreased 1 week after placement(p<0.05) and then increased immediately after removal and recovered 1 week after removal as before experiment. Vertical movement was not shown significant changes. Lateral displacement of mandible was increased continuously and recovered 1 week after removal. Opening velocity was temporarily increased immediately after removal but recovered and closing velocity was not shown significant changes. 6. During the right side chewing, anteroposterior movement of mandible was increased immediately after removal but recovered and vertical movement was not shown statistically significant results. Lateral displacement and velocity of mandible were not shown significant results. 7. During the left side chewing, the changes of mandibular movement pattern were not shown statistically significant results.

공동정범의 초과실행과 결과적 가중범의 성립 ― 그 구조적 이해를 중심으로 ―

이용식 ( Yong Sik Lee ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2007 서울대학교 法學 Vol.48 No.3

Bislang in Korea wird sehr knappe Aufmerksamkeit dem Problem der Anwendbarkeit erfolgsqualifizierter Straftaten in Fallen grunddeliktischer Mittaterexzesse beigemessen. So wird bei einem Exzess des einen Taters der andere Mittater als wegen erfolgsqualifizierter Straftat strafbar angesehen, wenn er bezuglich des Erfolges fahrlassig gehandelt hat, mit dem Exzess also vorhersehbar ware. In der Lehre und Rechtsprechung findet sich lediglich diese kurze Beschreibung zur Frage des Mittaterexzesses bei den erfolgsqualifiziereten Straftaten, ohne jedoch die Berechtigung dieser Aussage kritisch zu hinterfragen. Beim vorliegenden Beitrag geht es um die Problematik der Auswirkung eines Mittaterexzesses auf die Zurechnung einer schweren Tatfolge im Rahmen einer erfolgsqualifizierten Straftat. Es wird dargestellt, warum und welchen Voraussetzungen die von einem Mittater exzessiv herbeigefuhrte schwere Tatfolge einem anderen Mittater als erfolgsqualifizierte Straftat zugerechnet werden kann. In der koreanischen herrschenden Lehre und Rechtsprechung betrachtet man bei der Mittaterexzessproblematik das Grunddelikt und den schweren Erfolg isoliert. Es reicht hier also aus, irgendwelche Basisverletzungshandlung gemeinschaftlich zu begehen und den Tod irgendwie voraussehen zu konnen. Alle fur die Todesfolge relevanten Umstande werden dem Fahrlassigkeitsbereich zugewiesen. Aber die konkrete Handlung, die den schweren Erfolg auslost, gehort noch zum Vorsatzteil des Grunddelikts. Unter den Voraussetzungen der Mittaterschaft werden Lediglich die Handlungen, soweit sie vom gemeinsamen Tatplan umfasst sind. Die Basishandlung muss im ersten Schritt nach den Maßstaben der Mittaterschaftsdogmatik zugerechnet. Wenn diese Handlungszurechnung gemaß der Mittaterschaft moglich, dann ist im zweiten Schritt die Erfolgszurechnung anhand des erfolgsqualifiziereten Delikts zu prufen. Erweist sich die Basishandlung im Rahmen des Grunddelikts als ein den gemeinsamen Tatplan uberschreitender Exzess. so scheidet eine Mittaterschaft aus. Das gilt auch dann, wenn fur den Beteiligten die Tatplanuberschreitung vorhersehbar war. Denn diese Voraussehbarkeit macht abredewidrige Handlung nicht zum tatplankonformenen Verhalten. Ein auf der Mittaterschaftsebene liegendes Zurechnungshindernis bezuglich der Basishandlung kann durch die bloße Voraussehbarkeit der Tatplanuberschreitung nicht ausgeraumt werden. Beim Vorliegen des Mittaterexzesses ist die Verantwortlichkeit wegen iner erfolgsqualifizierten Straftat ausgeschlossen, obwohl die Voraussehbarkeit des Exzesses oder des schweren Erfolges bejaht ist.

소년 위법행위자의 연령에 관한 몇 가지 소고

이용식 ( Yong-sik Lee ) 한국소년정책학회 2017 少年保護硏究 Vol.30 No.3

소년이 주체가 된 잔혹한 범죄가 여러 매체에 자주 등장하고 있다. 소년은 연령으로 인해 형사절차상 특수한 취급을 받게 된다. 이에 본 논문에서는 범죄행위자의 연령과 관련된 몇 가지 쟁점에 대해 다루어 보기로 한다. 형법은 14세 되지 아니한 자는 형사처벌에서 면제된다고 규정하고 있다. 14세의 판단은 생물학적인 기준에 따른다. 형법의 규정을 종합하여 볼 때 위 14세는 한국식 나이 14세가 아닌 만 14세를 의미하는 것으로 보는 것이 타당하다. 그리고 연령의 계산에는 초일(출생일)이 산입되어야 할 것이다. 형법과 소년법, 청소년보호법은 모두 행위자의 연령을 중요한 처분기준으로 삼고 있다. 특히 소년법상 소년과 청소년보호법상 청소년은 개념 정의가 다르다. 이는 두 법에서 규율의 중심으로 삼고 있는 소년과 청소년의 속성이 각각 다르기 떄문이다. 이러한 입법은 불가피한 측면이 있기는 하지만 일반인의 입장에서 혼란을 줄 수 있으므로 장기적으로는 개선 입법을 고려해보는 것이 타당하다고 보인다. 소년법은 소년의 연령을 여러 단계로 구분하고 있다. 14세 이상의 소년, 10세 이상 14세 미만의 소년, 10세 이상의 소년이 그것이다. 소년에 대해서는 형사절차상 여러 가지 특칙이 적용된다. 예컨대 죄를 범할 당시 18세 미만인 소년에 대하여는 사형이나 무기징역을 선고할 수 없다. 특별한 규정이 없는 경우에, 소년법상 소년의 연령을 결정하는 기준점이 문제될 수 있다. 이에 대해서는 위법행위 시점이라는 견해와 판단(판결) 시점이라는 견해가 나뉘고 있다. 대법원은 판단(판결) 시점을 기준으로 소년의 연령을 판단하고 있다. 그러나 이는 당사자에게 불합리한 결과를 가져올 수 있으므로 찬성하기 어렵다. 최근 들어 소년에 대한 형사처분 엄정화에 대한 주장이 제기되고 있다. 실제로 이와 같은 취지의 입법도 발의되었다. 하지만 소년범죄의 추세를 고려할 때 섣부르게 소년에 대한 엄벌을 추진하는 것은 근거가 빈약하다. 또한 근래 개정된 소년법의 법적 안정성을 고려하더라도, 법개정 추진은 신중히 고려되어야 한다. Violent juvenile crime is emerging in diverse media. Juveniles are treated specially in criminal proceedings due to their age. Therefore, this thesis subjects to different issues related to the age of the perpetrators. The criminal law stipulates that people under the age of 14 are exempt from criminal punishment. It follows the biological standard in order to define “the age 14”. While the rules of the criminal law are fully concerned, the age 14 should be considered as the age 14 in the global counting system, not in the Korean system. Moreover, the birth date should be included when it is counted. The Criminal law, the juvenile law, and the juvenile protection act all take the age of the perpetrator as important criteria of punishment. Juvenile in juvenile law and that of juvenile protection act are defined differently. This is because each law takes different properties as the core of their rule. It is inevitable, yet it could confuse the general public so it is appropriate to consider revising legislation in a long term. Juvenile law divided the age of juveniles into several stages: over 14, between 10 to 13 years old, over 10. Special laws apply to a juvenile in criminal proceedings. For example, the death penalty or the lifetime imprisonment cannot be sentenced to a juvenile. Without any specific regulation, the threshold to decide the age of a juvenile could be an issue.There is a view that the age was set when the law-breaking was committed, on the other hand, the other views that it is when the judgment was made. Supreme court takes the latter. However, it is hardly agreeable since it could bring unreasonable consequences to the juvenile. Recently more strict punishment for juvenile has been insisted. In fact, even a legislation was proposed. However, it is a jump to the gun to promote severe punishment without a strong enough foundation, regarding the trends of juvenile crime. Besides, for the stability of the recently amended juvenile law, revision of the law must be considered with caution.

판례를 통해서 본 성(性)에 대한 법인식의 변화

이용식(Lee, Yong-Sik) 한국형사법학회 2009 刑事法硏究 Vol.21 No.4

In 2009, Korean Constitutional Court decided 'adultery under promise of marriage' unconstitutional even though the same article was constitutional in 2002. As we can see, the point of view has changed - female was just an object of protection in the past, she is now, however, regarded as the subject who has her own sexual self decision. It also means Constitutional Court set the limits between private sector and government's legal act, minimizing parentalism in the aspect of sexual self decision. And the transsexual can be the object of rape is another change. That is, Supreme Court said transwoman is also an 'woman' who is an object of rape(article 297). This judicial decision is fairly encouraging, but it has some problems yet at the same time. Those are examined in this research paper. Following the unconstitutional on adultery under promise of marriage and the expansion the object of rape, adultery is considered. Referring adultery, the cognition of sexual self decision is required. In Korea, punishment of adultery has been constitutional for four times so far. It is necessary to look into what it implies related to sexual self decision. The change of legal cognition can be also seen through Marital rape and swapping cases. Investigating those topics, various point of view shows diverse legal regulation controversy. Even though there are lots of subjects and cases related to gender issue, they have something in common. The change of legal gender conception implies sexual self decision which is on critical border of private and public interest, moral and legal area after all. The problem is where the law sets the limit.