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다산(茶山)의 사언고시(四言古詩)에 나타난 『시경(詩經)』의 수용 양상
윤석화 ( Suk Hwa Yoon ) 근역한문학회 2015 漢文學論集 Vol.40 No.-
4언고시라 함은 樂府가 아닌 『詩經』의 문체를 말한다. 『시경』은 책명이다. 따라서 『시경』 이후에 지어진 4언고시는 『시경』의 속편이나 부록이라고 말하지 않는다. 『시경』은 주로 서주시대에 가창으로 불리던 4언고시의 고가요를 편집한 책이다. 악부와 『시경』이 당시 모두 가창문학이었지만, 이의 문체는 악부와 달리 篇章의 체제를 가지 고 있다. 즉 몇 장으로 중복, 구성되어 있다. 따라서 「公無渡河歌」 등은 1장으로 악부 임에 비하여 『시경』에는 1장으로 구성된 문장이 송의 일부에 없지 않으나 그것은 부 분일 뿐, 『시경』의 전체를 대변할 수 없다. 그리고 『시경』의 모든 편에는 4언 이외에 3언으로부터 9언까지 다양한 글자 수를 가지고 있다. 그러나 예컨대 3언이나 6언 등으로 전편을 이루고 있는 문장은 없다. 편 중에 3언이나 6언 등이 몇 구절이 삽입되 어있기에 『시경』은 4언이 그 대표적 구절이다. 다산의 4언고시는 『시경』을 수용하면서도 그 소재와 구성에 있어 사회문제의 참 상을 신랄하게 다루고 있다. 이는 조선조 그 어느 문인에게 찾아볼 수 없는 성격이다. 그리고 다양한 소재로 4언고시를 구성하고 있어, 다산 시문학의 전체를 대표하는 축소판이라 할 수 있다. 다산의 이러한 현실참여의 작가의식은, 조선조의 실학집대성자로서 그 사상을 대 변함은 물론 현대문학의 작가의식, 즉 지성인은 한 시대의 대변인이라 하는 작가의 시대소명과 그 책임의식을 일깨워주는 문학정신을 일찍이 남겨주었다고 말하기에 넉넉하다. Saungosi indicates not the Akbu but the style of writing of 『Sigyung』.『Sigyung』 is the name of the book. Therefore, Saungosi made after the 『Sigyung』is not called as sequel or appendix. 『Sigyung』is the book arranged with old songs of Saungosi that was called as the song in the Seoju era. Akbu and 『Sigyung』were all the literature of the song at that time, but the style of writing of them had the pyeonjang structure unlike Akbu. In other words, it consisted of several chapters in duplication. Therefore, <Gongmudohaga> is the Akbu consisting of one chapter, while 『Sigyung』has sentences consisting of one chapter as a part of song. However, it is just a part of song and hence cannot reflect the entire 『Sigyung』. In addition, all the chapters of 『Sigyung』had various numbers of letters from three to nine including four. However, there are no sentences configuring the entire chapter with three or six uns. Since there were several three or six uns included in the chapter, saun was the representative sentence of 『Sigyung』. Saungosi of dasan acccepted 『Sigyung』but pungently dealt with the social issues in configuration of materials. This was not found by any of writers in Joseon Dynasty. In addition, since they configured saungosi with variousmaterials, they were regarded as small edition representing the entire dasan poetry. Such writer consciousness of dasan not only reflected the ideology as a Silhak creator in Joseon Dynasty but left literature spirit for enlightening the responsibility and critical will of writers as a spokesperson in the era of modern literature.
조완신(jo wanshin),윤석화(Yoon Suk Hwa),우성남(Woo Seok Nam) 한국문화산업학회 2020 문화산업연구 Vol.20 No.2
본 연구에서는 취업 노인의 일자리문화 만족도를 높이고, 지속적인 향상을 통한 삶의 질 개선이 기여하고자 취업 노인의 일자리 만족도의 변화궤적을 살펴보고, 이에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하고자 하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국고용정보원의 고령화연구패널 조사 4차연도(2012년)부터 6차연도(2016년)까지 지속적으로 취업상태를 유지한 노인 477명의 자료를 분석하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 취업 노인의 일자리 만족도는 시점이 지날수록 증가하며, 초기치와 변화율의 개인차를 확인하였다. 둘째, 노인의 학력, 만성질환 개수, 우울, 소득과 자산, 직무에서의 신체활동 요구가 일자리 만족에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 일자리 만족도 변화율에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 성별, 직무에서의 신체활동과 업무역량 요구가 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 노인의 학력수준에 맞는 취업기회의 확대, 건강상태가 양호하지 못한 노인에게 일자리 제공을 통한 경제적, 심리적 인정도모, 건강과 직무역량 강화를 위한 교육프로그램 확대를 제안하였다. The purpose of this studywas to investigate the change of job satisfaction of the elderly in order to increase the job satisfaction of the elderly and to improve the quality of life through continuous improvement. To this end, we analyzed the data of 477 elderly people who continued to work during the period from 2012 to 2012 (2016). The results of this study are as follows: First, job satisfaction of the elderly increases as the time passes, and individual differences in initial value and change rate are confirmed. Second, the educational needs of the elderly, the number of chronic diseases, the depression, income and assets, and physical activity demands in the job were found to be factors affecting job satisfaction. Third, the factors affecting the rate of change in job satisfaction were found to be influenced by gender, job activity and work capacity. Based on these results, we propose to expand the employment opportunities to meet the elderly "s educational level, to provide economic and psychological recognition through providing jobs to the elderly who are in poor health status, and to expand the education program for strengthening health and job competence.
Sevoflurane을 이용한 흡입마취유도 시 remifentanil을 이용하였을 때 적절한 sevoflurane의 농도
김정현 ( Jeong Hyun Kim ),윤희석 ( Hee Suk Yoon ),이선열 ( Sun Yeul Lee ),신용섭 ( Yong Sup Shin ),윤석화 ( Seok Hwa Yoon ),최연희 ( Youn Hee Choi ) 대한마취과학회 2009 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.57 No.2
Background: Currently, sevoflurane and remifentanil are utilized frequently for the inhalation induction of anesthesia. However, there is currently an insufficient amount of clinical data regarding the inhalation induction of sevoflurane after the administration of remifentanil. Methods: 80 patients undergoing elective surgery were allocated randomly to four groups. Group A inhaled only sevoflurane at 8 vol%. Other groups were administered 3 ng/ml of remifentanil and inhaled sevoflurane at 8 vol% (group B) or 6 vol% (group C) or 4 vol% (group D). All groups also received 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium. The blood pressure and heart rate were measured at pre-induction, and before and after tracheal intubation. After operation, the patients` levels of satisfaction with the inhalation induction were evaluated. Results: The time to loss of consciousness was substantially longer in group D than in the other groups, but no significant differences were noted among the groups in terms of satisfaction scores. The HR in groups B, C and D increased significantly after pre-intubation as compared to baseline in group A. The HR decreased significantly during induction as compared to group A. The MAP in groups B, C and D decreased significantly at 1 and 2 minutes after tracheal intubation as compared to group A. In group D only, we noted no significant differences in the MAP as compared to baseline at 1, 2 minutes after tracheal intubation. Conclusions: 4 vol% sevoflurane was a more appropriate concentration for the inhalation induction of anesthesia when coupled with 3 ng/ml of remifentanil. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2009;57:170∼5)
김혜자,윤석화,윤영대,노시연 대한마취과학회 2000 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.39 No.4
Caudal analgesia is a widely accepted technique for providing pain relief. However, both permanent and transient neurologic complications, including paraplegia, have been reported. We repott on a patient who developed paraplegia following a caudal block for an epidural mass. The cause of the paraplegia was unknown, but possibly spinal angioma may have taken part in the onset and progression of the paralysis, A mechanism is proposed by which the caudal injection may have caused a change in blood flow through the spinal angioma resulting in cord ischemia.
Vecuronium과 Pancuronium이 흰쥐의 기도 평활근에 미치는 영향
김상수,김혜자,윤석화,이정은,김윤희,손윤숙 대한마취과학회 1999 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.37 No.1
Background: Vecuronium and Pancuronium have been proven to be associated with nicotinic receptor of skeletal muscle. Generally, nondepolarizing muscle relaxant is associated with contraction of smooth tracheal muscle, but there have been few studies about effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxant on the smooth tracheal muscle. Methods: We studied the acetylcholine dose response curve of the tracheal smooth muscle contraction and effects of propranolol, L-NAME after pretreating with vecuronium and pancuronium. Results: Vecuronium shifted the acetylcholine dose-response curve of the tracheal contraction to the left, and pancuronium shifted the curve to the right. Vecuronium and Pancuronium reduced the contraction of smooth tracheal muscle with the use carbachol. Propranolol and L-NAME had no effect on the contraction of smooth tracheal muscle after pretreating with vecuronium and pancuronium. Conclusion: We suggest that vecuronium has an anticholinergic effect, while pancuronium has some effect on the muscarinic receptor in addition to its anticholinergic effect. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1999; 37: 139∼143)