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전자식(電子式) 선하증권(船荷證券)과 국제운송규칙(國際運送規則)
양정호,Yang, Jung-Ho 한국무역상무학회 2003 貿易商務硏究 Vol.20 No.-
Contracts of carriage evidenced by bill of lading which are made between carrier and unidentified number of the shipper are to a large extent regulated by statute law such as Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules. These rules qualifies the contractual liberty of parties and especially restrains the carrier from introducing exemption from his liability beyond those admitted by the Rules. However, these Rules are applied only to goods in respect of which a bill of lading or similar document of title has been issued. In this reason, it is possible that liability of carrier in respect of goods shipped could become an issue where electronic bill of lading is used instead of paper bill of lading because electronic bill of lading is not generally recognised document of title in existing rule. Thus, this article discuss the relation between the carrier who create electronic bill of lading and the Rules regulating liability of carrier. Also, new Rules which has been examining in UNCITRAL will be introduced.
양정호(Yang Jung Ho) 한국무역상무학회 2003 貿易商務硏究 Vol.20 No.-
Contracts of carriage evidenced by bill of lading which are made between carrier and unidentified number of the shipper are to a large extent regulated by statute law such as Hague-Visby Rules and Hamburg Rules. These rules qualifies the contractual liberty of parties and especially restrains the carrier from introducing exemption from his liability beyond those admitted by the Rules. However, these Rules are applied only to goods in respect of which a bill of lading or similar document of title has been issued. In this reason, it is possible that liability of carrier in respect of goods shipped could become an issue where electronic bill of lading is used instead of paper bill of lading because electronic bill of lading is not generally recognised document of title in existing rule. Thus, this article discuss the relation between the carrier who create electronic bill of lading and the Rules regulating liability of carrier. Also, new Rules which has been examining in UNCITRAL will be introduced.
양정호 ( Jung Ho Yang ),손상수 ( Sang Soo Son ) 한국해운물류학회(구 한국해운학회) 2013 해운물류연구 Vol.29 No.1
항해보험증권의 경우 보험기간이 일정한 항해를 단위로 정해지기 때문에 커버된 항해의 수행이 위험의 개시여부에 영향을 미치게 된다. 항해보험증권상 위험이 개시하기 위해서는 첫째 합리적인 기간 내에 커버된 항해사업이 개시되어야 하며, 둘째 선박 및 화물이 커버된 항해사업을 수행하여야 한다. 협회적하약관(ICC) 운송조항에 의해 보험기간이 내륙의 일정한 장소 혹은 지점까지 확장된 경우에도 항해보험증권의 경우 육상구간에 대한 담보는 해상항해에 부수적인 것이기 때문에 해상항해의 수행여부가 위험의 개시에 대한 기준이 된다. 위험의 개시에 관한 영국해상보험법상의 규정은 선박이 커버된 항해를 수행하지 않는 경우 ICC 제8조(운송조항)에 의해 개시된 위험이 절대적으로 혹은 소급적으로 개시하지 않은 것으로 될 수 있기 때문에 피보험자에게 불리하게 작용한다. 특히 피보험자의 고의 또는 과실 없이 도착항의 변경이 이루어지는 유령선 사기의 경우에는 선의의 피보험자를 보호하기 어렵다. 따라서 보험증권상 계속담보조항(held covered)이나 MIA 제44조의 적용을 배제하는 규정을 두거나 2009년 개정된 협회적하약관의 사용을 적극 고려할 필요가 있다. In marine voyage policy, the performance of insured voyage affects on attachment of risks as duration of cover is determined by particular voyage. Prerequisites for attachment of risks under the voyage policy are as follows. First, insured adventure shall be commenced within a reasonable time. Second, the insured cargo and hull should perform a particular marine adventure specified in the policy. Attachment of risks is subject to whether the insured sea voyage is performed as the cover for the land part is only incidental to the sea part of the adventure under the marine voyage policy although the policy is extended by transit clauses of ICC. Section 44 of MIA 1906 is clearly against assured because a policy which has seemingly attached may become never or retroactively unattached. Especially, it is difficult to protect assured in good faith in phantom ship frauds where the change of destination is done by fraudulent shipowner without fault of the assured. Therefore, held covered clause or express clause negating the effect of MIA section 44 need to be inserted in the policy. Practical use of 2009 ICC is also to be a solution for problems in relation with attachment of risk implied in the MIA.