길경에서 추출한 polygalacin D가 근원세포 분화 및 근위축에 미치는 영향

송은주(Eun-Ju Song),허지원(Ji-Won Heo),장지희(Jee Hee Jang),김언미(Eonmi Kim),정윤희(Yun Hee Jeong),김민정(Min Jung Kim),김성은(Sung-Eun Kim) 한국영양학회 2023 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.56 No.6

Purpose: The balance between synthesis and degradation of proteins plays a critical role in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been closely associated with skeletal muscle atrophy caused by aging, cancer, and chemotherapy. Polygalacin D is a saponin derivative isolated from Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. This study aimed to investigate the effects of polygalacin D on myoblast differentiation and muscle atrophy in association with mitochondrial function in in vitro and in zebrafish models in vivo. Methods: C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in differentiation media containing different concentrations of polygalacin D, followed by the immunostaining of the myotubes with myosin heavy chain (MHC). The mRNA expression of markers related to myogenesis, muscle atrophy, and mitochondrial function was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Wild type AB* zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were treated with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) with or without polygalacin D, and immunostained to detect slow and fast types of muscle fibers. The Tg(Xla.Eef1a1:mito-EGFP) zebrafish expressing mitochondria-targeted green fluorescent protein was used to monitor mitochondrial morphology. Results: The exposure of C2C12 myotubes to 0.1 ng/mL of polygalacin D increased the formation of MHC-positive multinucleated myotubes (≥ 8 nuclei) compared with the control. Polygalacin D significantly increased the expression of MHC isoforms (Myh1, Myh2, Myh4, and Myh7) involved in myoblast differentiation while it decreased the expression of atrophic markers including muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1), mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (Smad)2, and Smad3. In addition, polygalacin D promoted peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma coactivator (Pgc1α) expression and reduced the level of mitochondrial fission regulators such as dynamin-1-like protein (Drp1) and mitochondrial fission 1 (Fis1). In a zebrafish model of FOLFIRI-induced muscle atrophy, polygalacin D improved not only mitochondrial dysfunction but also slow and fast muscle fiber atrophy. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that polygalacin D promotes myogenesis and alleviates chemotherapy-induced muscle atrophy by improving mitochondrial function. Thus, polygalacin D could be useful as nutrition support to prevent and ameliorate muscle wasting and weakness.

번역불가능성을 통한 비교문학의 재사유

송은주 ( Eun Ju Song ) 한국영미문화학회 2014 영미문화 Vol.14 No.2

This thesis aims to explore another possibility of comparative literature in the light of translation. Comparative literature has been criticized for its Eurocentrism to attempt to assimilate all differences from other cultures and national literatures into the frame of the Western. On the other hand, it has been haunted by the anxiety of “unhomliness”, which means it doesn`t have a stable and definable terrain as an independent disciplinary. However, it can offer the possibility to overcome its limitation and thematize in- betweenness of diverse terrains due to its fluid and ambiguous position and identity of discipline. When it deals with the issue of in- betweenness, ‘the Untranslatable’ can be an helpful apparatus to analyze comparative literature through translation theories. Along with the recent change in the study of comparative literature under the influence of transnationalism and hybridization, the role of translation which has been disregarded for a long time is being reevaluated. Translation functions to transfer literary works beyond boundaries of languages, whereas it visualizes incommensurable differences through the failure of finding ultimate equivalences between languages and arriving at one single meaning. The existence of the untranslatable suggests that the attempt to totalize differences is unfeasible, thereby makes comparison unending. Salman Rushdie`s Shalimar the Clown can be an appropriate instance that the untranslatable was used as a literary technique to show unreducible alterity of non-Western language and culture.

박물관과 황야: 에머슨의 미국적 자연

송은주 ( Eun Ju Song ) 한국영미문화학회 2015 영미문화 Vol.15 No.1

This paper aims to analyze Ralph Waldo Emerson’s transcendental view of nature through the process that he conceptualizes nature as a “museum” and “wilderness.” He has been underestimated as an ecological thinker compared to Thoreau, because the former``s observation of the nature tends to be abstract rather than concrete or specific. However, his transcendental view of nature has influenced deeply on naturalist writers including Thoreau, and provided the basic foundations for the ecological thoughts in America. When Emerson traveled in Europe, he was deeply impressed by the exquisite displays of natural species in Jardin des Plantes in Paris. He discovered the totality and unity in nature from the method of these arrangements and classifications the exhibition used. He acquired the principle on the studies in nature. He interpreted each natural fact as a metaphor that carried out the intention of God. Moreover, he believed that he could reconstruct the relation between man and nature via recognition. After returning to America, he attempted to transform an American wilderness into a space where an American can be perceived as an independent subject free from the European influence and the one morally superior being to Europeans. His presentation of nature is newly proposed not through a museum, but through the American wilderness. It could be considered as a post-colonial attempt to become independent not only politically but also mentally and culturally, but his idealization and mythicization of the American wilderness have led him to an obsession that made him perceive the wilderness as pure and untouched nature in modern American ecocriticism.

뽕잎 분말 첨가 쌀 파스타 제조의 최적화에 관한 연구

송은주(Eun Ju Song),김기쁨(Ki Bbeum Kim),이광석(Kwang Suck Lee),최수근(Soo Keum Choi) 한국조리학회 2010 한국조리학회지 Vol.16 No.4

The purpose of this study is to develop fresh pasta added with mulberry leaf powder as functional fresh pasta. Through previous research, the mixture of 40% of flour and 60% of rice powder was optimum for making noodles with mulberry leaf powder. Making fresh pasta with 40% of wheat flour, 60% of rice powder (optimum ratio for making noodles) and mulberry leaf powder(0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) was done, followed by the mechanical test(moisture content, color value, texture, tension) and the sensory analysis(quantitative descriptive analysis, preference test). Moisture contents of raw pasta and cooked pasta were the highest in control; scores for moisture contents of cooked pasta were higher than those of raw pasta. The result indicated that the more mulberry leaf powder was, the lower L-value and a-value were in raw pasta and cooked pasta. While the b-vale(yellowness) of raw pasta was the highest in control(9.81), 1.0% of mulberry powder addition sample was the highest in cooked pasta. For hardness, the 2.0% of mulberry leaf powder addition sample has high scores, and adhesiveness and chewiness were no significant difference. The 0.5% of mulberry leaf powder addition sample was the longest in tension distance, which was resulted from the lack of water contents in mulberry leaf powder. In cooked pasta, tension distance had no significant difference between the samples, and force showed the highest score in control. The quantitative descriptive analysis showed that color intensity, savory taste, bitterness were the highest in the 2.0% of mulberry leaf powder addition sample. Gloss and chewiness were no significant difference between the samples. Grassy flavor, savory flavor, bitterness and grainess were intense as mulberry leaf powder was added. The preference test showed that MRP 1.5 containing 1.5% of mulberry leaf powder was the most preferable for color, texture and overall quality. In conclusion, 40% of wheat flour, 60% of rice powder and 1.5% of mulberry leaf powder made the best formula of fresh pasta with mulberry leaves.

웹기반 멘토링 진로교육 프로그램이 고등부 특수학급 학생들의 진로계획 능력 및 진로결정 자기효능감에 미치는 영향

송은주 ( Eun Ju Song ),이숙향 ( Suk Hyang Lee ) 한국특수교육문제연구소 2011 특수교육저널 : 이론과 실천 Vol.12 No.3

성인기 전환을 앞두고 있는 장애청소년들에게 자신의 진로를 준비하고 계획하도록 지도하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 고등부 특수학급에 재학 중인 실험집단 20명과 통제집단 20명의 학생들을 대상으로 웹기반 멘토링 진로교육 프로그램이 학생들의 진로계획 능력과 진로결정 자기효능감에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연구 결과 통제집단에 비해 실험집단 학생들의 진로계획 능력과 진로결정 자기효능감이 유의하게 향상되었다. 이는 실험집단의 학생들이 웹을 통해 자신의 적성, 흥미, 가치관과 같은 자기이해의 과정 및 다양한 직업 탐색에 대한 의사결정 기회를 가짐과 동시에 학생들이 관심 있어 하는 직업현장의 멘토와 연계하는 멘토링 진로학습과정을 통해 자신의 진로를 구체화할 수 있었음을 보여준다. 연구 결과와 관련하여 성인기 전환을 준비해야 하는 장애청소년들을 위한 진로교육 및 전환교육 프로그램에 대한 향후 연구방안에 대한 논의 및 제언이 제시되었다. It is important that students with disabilities who are close to graduation should be instructed to prepare and to plan their career. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of web-based mentoring career education program on career planning capacity and Self-efficacy related to Career Decision. For this purpose, 40 students with disabilities in high school special education classrooms participated in this study(20 students in experimental group, 20 students in control group). The result of this study showed that improvement in the level of career planning capacity and self-efficacy related to career decision-Making was statistically more significant in the experimental group than in the control group. Students with disabilities using Web-based career instruction was able to discover their interests, aptitude and values through self-interest test and to improve capacities regarding their career-decision making by exploring various vocations. Also, students with disabilities specified their career due to the mentoring career program, during which they worked with a specialized mentor in the field in which they are interested. The findings from this study suggested further research directions and implications to develop a career program or a transition program for students with disabilities from elementary through high schools.

『소리와 분노』: 반복으로서의 내러티브

송은주 ( Eun Ju Song ) 한국영미문화학회 2013 영미문화 Vol.13 No.2

This aims to study William Faulkner`s narrative technique in The Sound and the Fury. It consists of four sections narrated by different narrators such as the Compson brothers and a third-person narrator. The notable characteristic of this work is that the same images, memories and feelings repeatedly appear in each section and alternate between sections. The Compson brothers narrate their feelings and reactions on their loss of Caddy repeatedly. The fragmented and repetitive patterns of the narratives disrupt the conventional order in the novel; nevertheless, such narrative technique produces interactions and associations among seemingly isolated sections. One of the repetitions is the Compson brothers` repeated failure in trying to make up for the loss of Caddy, but their attempts are inevitably frustrated since she is originally an “empty center.” The last section, the so-called “Dilsey section,” compared to others, seems to be relatively objective, but it isn`t omniscient. It is just one of the imperfect perspectives that cannot be seen as a conventional “real ending” of a novel. However, it is meaningful to reject to authorize an author`s voice as a master narrative and exclude other local narratives, inducing readers` participation. The accumulation of fragmented narratives of this novel suggests the possibility for a reader to find out an alternative interpretation through the effect of juxtaposed narratives.

친환경농업 종합시범단지 수질환경조사

송은주 ( Eun Ju Song ),안병구 ( Byung Koo Ahn ),박현철 ( Hyun Cheol Park ),최동칠 ( Dong Chil Choi ),류정 ( Joung Ryu ) 한국환경농학회 2009 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2009 No.1

치매간병가족을 위한 행복 더하기 프로그램이 가족간병자의 수면, 우울, 간병 부담감, 삶의 질에 미치는 효과

송은주 ( Eun Ju Song ),조혜경 ( Hae Kyung Jo ) 한국간호과학회 정신간호학회(구 대한간호학회정신간호학회) 2014 정신간호학회지 Vol.23 No.2

This study was conducted to verify how a program for family caregivers can affect the negative effects of loss of sleep, depression, burden of caring and poor quality of life in people who care for a family member suffering from dementia. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study using a single-group pre-test-post-test design. This study was conducted between March 28, and May 30, 2013 in A city. The program was provided for 9 weeks. Eleven caregivers with a family member suffering from dementia participated in this study. Results: The second hypothesis on lowering the depression index (Z=-2.93, p=.003) and fourth hypothesis on improving quality of life (Z=2.02, p=.044) were supported. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the program for family caregivers is effective in lowering the depression index and improving quality of life of people who care for a family member who is a patient with dementia. More programs for caregivers are needed and should be developed and provided for family caregivers in the near future.

저분자량 헤파린 사용에 있어 신기능 정도에 따른 출혈경향 연구

송은주 ( Eun Ju Song ),이승엽 ( Seung Yup Lee ),정유민 ( Yu Min Jung ),노경우 ( Kyung Woo Nho ),성수아 ( Su Ah Sung ),황영환 ( Young Hwan Hwang ),이소영 ( So Young Lee ) 대한신장학회 2011 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.30 No.2

Purpose: Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is safe and effective in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and venous thromboembolism. Compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH), it is known to have less bleeding tendency in the general population. However, it is not certain whether bleeding complications are decreased by LMWH in patients with renal failure. We postulated that the use of LMWH may lead to increase in bleeding tendency in patients with renal dysfunction. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in 486 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed as cerebral infarction or ACS, and treated with enoxaparin or nadroparin from January 2008 to December 2009. Bleeding complications were compared in 3 groups according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR 60, 30-59, and <30 mL/min/1.73m ≥ 2). Age, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking and usage of antithrombotics were examined and the relationship of these variables with bleeding tendency was analyzed. Results: Compared with group I, the frequency of total bleeding complications increased in patients with group II (p=0.002) and III (p=0.005) regardless of adequate dose reduction. Multiple logistic regression analysis after adjustment for age, HTN, DM, and usage of antithrombotics revealed that decreased GFR groups [odds ratio (OR) of group II was 5.79 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23-29.97; p=0.042), OR of group III 5.92 (95% CI, 1.22-27.61; p=0.029)] and DM [OR of DM 7.88 (95% CI; 1.46-46.32, p=0.026)] were two independent factors which affect major bleeding. Conclusion: These findings suggest that renal insufficiency, even if it is mild, could affect major bleeding complications in the use of LMWH.

인류세에 부활한 가이아 : 가이아의 이름을 재정의하기

송은주(Song, Eun-Ju) 인문콘텐츠학회 2021 인문콘텐츠 Vol.- No.62

가이아 가설은 1970년대 제임스 러브록(James Lovelock)이 발표한 이후로 격렬한 논쟁을 불러일으켰다. 영성주의자들과 뉴에이지 활동가들은 고대 대지의 여신의 부활에 열광한 반면, 대부분의 과학자들은 사이비 과학이라고 비판하고 무시했다. 가이아 가설은 새롭게 발견된 많은 과학적 증거에 의해 검증되고 지구시스템과학으로 발전했지만, 여전히 많은 오해와 함께 "뜨거운 감자"로 남아 있다. 브뤼노 라투르(Bruno Latour)는 가이아 가설이 인류세의 맥락에서 효과적인 은유로 재전유될 수 있다고 믿는다. 러브록의 가이아는 외부로부터의 자극과 변화에 대해 항상성을 유지하기 위해 스스로 조절하는 사이버네틱 시스템의 은유를 채택한다. 이러한 횡단적 관점은 생명과 무생명의 경계를 모호하게 하고, 서양 문화의 전통적인 이분법적 관점에 의문을 제기한다. 라투르는 대부분 러브록의 가정을 받아들이지만, 그는 인류세를 위해 가이아를 재해석하고 재정의하고자 한다. 따라서 그는 가이아의 불안정성과 가변성을 강조하기 위해 모든 생물군과 대기, 지구, 해역을 포괄하는 얇은 생물막으로 설명한다. 가이아는 모든 생명체와 무생물이 얽히있는 임계영역이다. 인간은 역사의 유일한 저자이자 대리인이 아니며 가이아를 완전히 통제할 수 없다. 그는 공존을 위해 가이아의 일부이자 ‘지구에 묶인 자(the Earthbound)’로서 다른 비인간 행위자들과 협상해야 한다. 가이아는 의인화와 젠더화의 위험을 무릅쓰고 지구이야기를 구성하는 데 참여하기 위해 이름과 행위성을 부여받아야 한다. 라투르는 가이아라는 이름을 복수화하고 그 개념적 한계를 잠정적인 것으로 인정함으로써 위험에 대처하고자 한다. 그러나 인식론적 전환뿐만 아니라 인류세에서 요구되는 정치적 실천을 위해 가이아를 재정의하는 것은 필요하고 의미 있는 시도이다. Gaia Hypothesis has aroused drastic controversies since it was published by James Lovelock in 1970s. Whereas spiritualists and New Age activists were enthusiastic for revival of an ancient goddess of the Earth, most scientists criticized and disregarded as pseudo-science. It was verified by many new-found scientific evidences and developed into the Earth System Science, but it still remains ‘hot potato’ with many misunderstandings. Bruno Latour believes Gaia Hypothesis can be reappropriated as an effective metaphor in the context of the Anthropocene. Lovelock’s Gaia adopts the metaphor of a cybernetic system which self-regulates to maintain homeostasis against stimulus and changes from outside. The transversal perspective blurs the boundary between life and nonlife and raises questions on the traditional binary view in Western culture. Latour mostly accepts Lovelock’s assumptions, while he attempts to reinterpret and redefine Gaia for the Anthropocene. Therefore, he explains Gaia as a thin biofilm embracing all biotas and atmosphere, earth, and sea area in order to emphasize its instability and variability. Gaia is a critical zone where all life and nonlife forms are intertwined and intermingled. Because Human is not a sole author and agent of History and cannot take total control in the Anthropocene. He should negotiate with other nonhuman agents as the Earthbound, a part of Gaia for coexistence. Gaia needs to be assigned a name and agency to participate in composing geostory at the risk of personification and gendering. Latour tries to deal with the risk by multiplying name of Gaia and acknowledging its conceptual limitation as provisional. However, it is a necessary and meaningful attempt to rename Gaia not only for epistemological turn but also for political practice required in the Anthropocene.