도수분포를 이용한 마멸입자의 형태 분포특성의 분석

박흥식,우규성,조연상,전성재,Park, Heung-Sik,Woo, Kyu-Sung,Cho, Yon-Sang,Jun, Sung-Jae 한국트라이볼로지학회 2007 한국윤활학회지(윤활학회지) Vol.23 No.1

It necessarily follows that wear particles are generated through a friction and wear in a mechanical moving system. The wear particles are relative to the failure and the life of machine elements directly. To analyze the wear particle, its shape characteristics were calculated quantitative values such as diameter, roundness and fractal parameters by digital image processing. In this study, the histograms of shape parameters of wear particles were used for the purpose of analyzing the distribution of wear particles in various conditions. We consider that the histogram of shape parameter can be effectively represented to study a wear mechanism.

실험계획법을 이용한 엔드밀 가공시 주축 진동에 대한 정량적 분석 및 수학적 모형

박흥식,이상재,배효준,진동규,김영희,Park, Heung-Sik,Lee, Sang-Jae,Bae, Hyo-Jun,Jin, Dong-Kyu,Kim, Young-Hee 한국기계가공학회 2004 한국기계가공학회지 Vol.3 No.4

End-milling have been widely used in aircraft, automobile part and moulding industry. However, various working factors such as spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut in end-milling have an effect on spindle vibration. There it is demanded the quantitative analysis of spindle vibration in order to get the optimum surface roughness. This study was carried out to analyze an influence of working factors on spindle vibration by design of Experiment. The results are shown that mathematical model of regression equation for an influence of working factors on vibration acceleration of spindle in end-milling by regression analysis is presented.

KOICA의 물 관련 국제협력과 전망

박흥식,Park, Heung-Sik 한국수자원학회 2008 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.41 No.2

천수만 조하대 연성저질에 서식하는 저서동물 우점종의 분포 양상과 저서 환경

박흥식,강래선,이재학,Park Heung-Sik,Kang Rae-Seon,Lee Jae-Hac 한국수산과학회 2006 한국수산과학회지 Vol.39 No.2(특별호)

Dominant species of macrobenthos were analyzed based on differentiation of three distinct methods: the density based method, the biomass based method and LeBris method, by considering the frequency of occurrence using quantitative data collected over 5 years (1993-1998) at 21 stations in Chonsu Bay. Sedimentary environments as well as species composition and diversity showed the spatial and temporal distribution patterns. The ranks of dominant species as determined by the density based method were more similar to the results by the LeBris method than to those from the biomass based method. Considering the temporal variation, LeBris method were more efficient than any other methods for the determination of dominant species in Chonsu Bay. Lumbrineris longifolia, Theora fragilis, and Moerella jedoensis were recognized by all three methods. A one-way analysis of variance indicated spatial distributions patterns among most of the dominant species. These species showed positive correlations to sedimentary parameters such as mean grain size. However, T. fragilis and Paraprinospio pinnata showed the temporal patterns in their distribution, and were also correlated to the benthic environment, organic content and dissolved oxygen. Some dominant species, e.g., T. fragilis, S. scutata, G. gurjanovae proved to be useful benthic indicators based on the environmental variations determinated by long-term benthic ecological monitoring in Chonsu Bay.

학교불소용액양치사업에 관한 연구

박흥식,김종배 ( Heung Sik Park,Johng Bae Kim ) 대한예방치과·구강보건학회 1983 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

통영 인근 가두리 양식장 지역의 저서동물군집구조

박흥식,최진우,이형곤,PARK Heung-Sik,CHOI Jin-Woo,LEE Hyung-Gon 한국수산과학회 2000 한국수산과학회지 Vol.33 No.1

본 조사는 1995년 8월부터 1996년 2월까지 계절별로 3차례에 걸쳐 통영주변 가두리 밑의 환경 및 저서동물 군집조사를 통해 가두리 운영에 따른 저서생물 군집구조의 변화를 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. 조사지역의 가두리 밑은 주변 해역과 유사한 퇴적상과 용존산소량을 나타낸 반면 높은 유기물 함량을 나타냈다. 종 수의 경우 가두리 밑이 대조구에 비해 적었지만 서식밀도에서는 현저히 높게 나타났다. 가두리 밑의 경우 Capitella capitata 와 Nebalia bipes등이, 대조구의 경우 Lumbrineris longifolia와 Amphioplus sp.가 우점 종을 나타냈다. 특히 가두리 밑에서는 Asterina pectinifera와 Asterias amurensis 등 표서성 초대형저서동물의 서식밀도가 높게 나타났다. 다양도에서 가두리 밑은 계절적인 차이를 보인 반면, 대조구는 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 군집구조에서 가두리 밑과 대조구는 상이한 구조를 나타냈다. 본 조사결과 가두리 양식은 유기물 증가와 시설물에 의한 유해 패각 가입 등 생물학적 영향에 의해 가두리 밑 저서환경과 저서동물 군집구조에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. Benthic environments and composition of macrobenthic fauna around the marine fish culture cages were studied to clarify the effect of fish farming near Tongyong from August, 1995 to february, 1996. Sediment grain size and bottom dissolved oxygen under the fish cages were similar to that of a control site, but organic content was higher under the cages. Fewer species were found under the fish cages than under the control site, but conspicuously higher density was obtained under cages. Capitella capitals, Nebalia bipes were dominant infauna, and Asterina pertinifera and Astelias amurensis were dominant epifauna under the fish cage whereas Lumbrineris longifolia and Anphioplus sp. dominated in the control site. Diversity index showed seasonal variation under the fish cages, but showed little variation at the control site. The benthic fauna under the fish cages showed different community structures from the control site. As results, the fish culture cages affected the benthic environment and the community structure of benthic fauna by input of the organic content and biological effects such as dead shells.

프랙탈 차원을 이용한 마찰면의 형상특징 해석

박흥식,김영희,전태옥,조연상,문병주,Park, Heung-Sik,Kim, Yeong-Hui,Jeon, Tae-Ok,Jo, Yeon-Sang,Mun, Byeong-Ju 대한기계학회 2001 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.25 No.11

The fractal-based method for describing rubbed surface texture has aroused great interest. The determination of rubbed surface topography is believed to be extremely important in the areas of contact mechanics, adhesion and friction. In order to describe topography of the rubbed surface, the wear test was carried out with annular surfaces of wear testing specimens in dry friction. furthermore, the relation between the fractal dimensions and the frictional conditions are also investigated and fractal descriptors was applied to rubbed surface with image processing. Fractal dimension can be determined by sum of intensity difference of image surface pixel. Fractal dimension increased according as the applied load and sliding distance increase. Topography of the rubbed surface can be effectively obtained by fractal dimensions.

천수만 조하대 연성저질의 저서환경과 저서동물 군집의 시${\cdot}$공간적 양상

박흥식,임현식,홍재상,PARK Heung-Sik,LIM Hyun-Sig,HONG Jae-Sang 한국수산과학회 2000 한국수산과학회지 Vol.33 No.3

본 조사는 천수만의 저서환경과 저서동물의 시${\cdot}$공간적인 분포를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 계절별 표${\cdot}$저층간의 수온차이는 나타나지 않았으며, 여름철 방조제 부근에서 발생한 방류의 영향으로 표층 염분도가 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 저층용존산소의 경우 방조제 부근에서 감소하였으며, 빈산소 수괴가 형성되었다. 입도 조성의 경우 만입구보다는 방조제 부근에서 더욱 세립한 것으로 나타났으며, 유기물 함량의 경우도 만 입구에서 감소하였다. 조사 기간 중 총 311종, 769$ ind./m^2$의 저서동물이 채집되었다. 다모류가 종 수와 서식밀도에서 높은 비중을 차지하였다. 종 수는 방조제 부근에서 만 입구로 갈수록 증가하는 공간적인 양상을 보였으며, 서식밀도는 여름철 가입에 따른 계절적인 양상을 나타냈다. 이 시기에 Lumbrineris longifolia, Theora fragilis등 기회종이 대규모로 가입되었다. 집괴분석에 의해 공간적으로 5개 군집으로 나누어졌다. 방조제 부근은 주로 기회종으로 구성되었으며, 만 중앙부는 Stemaspis scutata, Paraprionospio pinnata, 만 입구는 Mediomastus califomiensis, Nephtys polybranchia 등이 우점종으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 천수만은 계절별 환경변화 공간적 차이가 종조성에 영향을 주고 있는 것으로 보이며, 시공간적으로 저서 생태계의 안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다. This study was carried out to clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of benthic environments and macrobenthos on the subtidal soft-bottom in Chonsu Bay. Seasonal surface water temperature was similar to the bottom layer, but freshwater discharges into the outlets dereased the surface salinity around the dyke in summer. Bottom dissolved oxygen was decreased deeply around the dyke and created the de-oxygenated layer during summer. Sediment grain size was consisted of finer at the neighboring of the dyke than the mouth of the bay. Organic matters including the sediment were decreased at the mouth of the bay. A total of 311 species ($769\;ind./m^2$) were identified. Polychaetes were the most abundant faunal group in the number of species and densities. The number of species revealed the spatial patterns that it was higher in the mouth of the bay, and their densities showed seasonal changes by mass recruitment occurred at the most of the area in summer, At this time, opportunistic species, Lumbrineris iongifolia and Theora fragilis, were also recruited massively. Chonsu Bay were classified into five station groups by the cluster analysis. The dominant species around the dyke were composed to opportunistic species, those in middle area were Sternaspis scutata, Paraplionospio pinnata, and those in the mouth of the bay were Mediomastus californiensis, Nephtys polybranchia. Seasonal fluctuations and spatial difference of environments seem to have influenced to the species compositions and affected to the stability of benthic ecosystems spatial-temporally In Chonsu nay.

루터의 95개조 논제는 게시되었는가?

박흥식 ( Park Heung Sik ) 한국서양사연구회 2017 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.56

This article is a kind of dispute history paper that has traced the controversies over whether Martin Luther posted his 95 theses. It has examined major aspects and issues of a long controversy triggered by Erwin Iserloh’s denial of posting the theses in 1961. Viewed from a large scale perspective, this controversy has not exceeded beyond the scope raised by Iserloh to date. Unless Luther lied, the date of posting the theses, if ever, could not be on October 31 judging based on critical review of historical records, and it is deemed appropriate to infer the absolute absence of such posting as letting those theses widely known was the last thing Luther wanted. Iserloh’s these blurred one aspect that symbolizes the beginning of the Reformation. However, this controversy served as an opportunity to newly coordinate the history of the Reformation and to gain a deeper understanding of Luther. If Luther prepared the theses and did not post them, it becomes all the more clear that he quietly sought the prevention of abuse of indulgence and made attempts of theological improvement based on his theological and ethical ground. In this respect, whether Luther posted his 95 theses or not becomes a touchstone to precisely identify his intention. Even if Luther did not post the theses, October 31, 1517 has sufficient historical meanings comparable to those of the anniversary of the Reformation since it is the day when Luther sent his theses to the archbishop and requested for resolving the indulgence issue. One does not necessarily have to hesitate the acceptance of the academic achievement of the posting just because of the historical or symbolical implications of the theses posting that has been considered the beginning of the Reformation. The indifferent and callous response of the Roman Catholic Church to Luther’s request sparked a schism in the church, and since scholars and the general public welcomed the revolution back then, it becomes all the more clear that the church was forced into the path of revolution against his will. That is, what triggered the spark of the Reformation was an avid support of majority of population throughout the Germany. (Seoul National University/hspark@snu.ac.kr)

중세 도시는 상인길드의 볼모였는가? 괴팅엔의 사례

박흥식 ( Heung Sik Park ) 한국서양중세사학회 2014 西洋中世史硏究 Vol.0 No.33

중세 말기 북독일 도시의 경우 “도시가 상인길드의 볼모”였다고 간주되어 왔다. 이 논문에서는 대도시가 아니고, 북독일에 위치하지도 않은 괴팅엔의 사례를 통해 기존 테제를 검토하고자 한다. 우선 중세 말기 괴팅엔 시에서 상인 및 상인길드가 우월한 지위를 차지했던 원인을 파악하기 위해 도시의 자유를 얻기 위한 힘들고도 긴 여정을 일별하면서 이 도시에서 자유를 추구하도록 추동했던 상인들의 활동과 이해관계 등을 살펴본다. 그리고 상인길드의 조직, 그들의 도시영주, 시참사회 및 다른 동업조합들과의 갈등과 협력의 관계를 추적한다. 괴팅엔에서 확인되듯이 중세도시의 자유는 시민의 경제력에 기반했다. 도시 내에서 원거리상인의 영향력이 컸던 이유도 그와 같은 맥락 때문이었다. 14세기 중엽 이후 이 도시의 상인들은 한자동맹의 혜택을 적지 않게 입었다. 하지만 상인길드가 시 정부를 독점적으로 장악한 이유는 한자동맹이나 원거리교역에만 있지 않았다. 괴팅엔의 경우 도시의 건설시기에 상업활동에 참여한 자들 중에 귀족들이 적지 않게 포함되었고, 영주가 상인들에게 경제활동에 대한 특권을 부여했으며, 상인들이 도시공동체의 주도세력으로서 시참사회를 중심으로 상인세력의 이해관계와 도시의 자치를 지켜내기 위해 전방위로 노력한 점 등이 복합적으로 작용했다. 중세말 괴팅엔 상인길드는 직물 위주의 상품으로 원거리교역을 수행하면서 도시경제의 주축을 형성했고, 소속 조합원들은 시참사회를 통해 경제정책을 주도했을 뿐 아니라 나아가 사회까지 통제했다. 이런 점에서는 “도시가 상인세력의 볼모였다”는 평가가 지나치지 않다고 할 수 있다. 그런데 자세히 살펴보면 상인길드라는 조직이 지배했다기보다는, 그 조직을 근거로 삼아 지도적인 지위에 있던 일부 상인가문들이 영향력을 독점했다. 길드와 시참사회가 민주적인 방식이 아니라 과두적 체제로 운영되었기 때문에 가능한 일이었다. 반면 상인이 아닌 시민들의 힘은 상대적으로 미약하여 정치적 결정권을 요구하지 못했다. 이런 특징 때문에 도시 규모, 산업의 성격, 지정학적 요인 등을 막론하고 북독일 도시 일반에 해당하는 성격이라고 결론내리기는 어렵다. 앞서 살펴본 괴팅엔만의 독특한 사정이 크게 작용했기 때문이다. 특히 공작의 재정적인 궁핍은 상인들이 지배력을 확장해 갈 수 있던 결정적인 토대였다. 중세 후기에 시참사회의 배타성에 대한 비판이 없지 않았지만, 도시의 번영과 자유의 기반이 상인길드와 시참사회의 협력에 기반하고 있다는 인식 때문에 대다수 시민들은 상인들의 지도력과 기득권을 인정했으며, 그에 대항할 만한 반대세력을 규합할 수 없었다. 그러나 과도한 독점적 지배와 폐쇄성은 시의 재정파탄이라는 결과를 초래했으며, 결국 1514년 시민들은 봉기를 일으켜 상인가문의 독점적 지배구조를 무너뜨렸다. For the city in northern Germany during the late Middle Ages, “the city has been regarded as a hostage of a merchant guild”. This paper is to review this basic thesis through the case of Gottingen, which was not a metropolitan city and not even located in northern Germany. First, in order to identify the cause of merchants and a merchant guild taking a dominant position in Gottingen City, the paper reviews the activities and interests of merchants who strove to pursue freedom in this city while glancing at the long hard journey to obtain freedom of the city. Also, the study detects the relationship between the conflicts and cooperation of the organization of a merchant guild, their urban lords, municipal council, and other guilds. As confirmed in Gottingen, the freedom of a medieval city was based on the economic power of its citizens. The reason why power of the long distance merchants within the city was great was because they shared the same context. After the mid-14th century, the merchants of this city benefited greatly from the Hanseatic League; however, the reason the merchant guild gained control of the city government exclusively was based not only on the Hanseatic League or long distance trade. For Gottingen, among those who participated in commercial activities during the construction period of the city, some noblemen were also included. Also, lords endowed merchants with a special right to economic activities, and merchants as a leading power of the urban community made an omni-directional effort to protect the interests of the merchants` power and the autonomy of the city focusing on the municipal council. The workings of all of these were complex. The merchant guild of Gottingen during the later Middle Ages played a key role in an urban economy while executing long distance trade. Also, the union members led not only economic policy but also society through the municipal council. In this regard, the evaluation that “a city was taken hostage by merchants` power” is not an exaggeration; however, from a close examination, some merchant families who were in a leading position based on the organization of the merchant guild monopolized influence rather than the organization controlled the society. This was possible because the guild and municipal council were operated in an oligarchical system rather than in a democratic manner. Meanwhile, the power of the citizens compared with that of the merchants was relatively weak; thus, the citizens were unable to demand the right to political decision making. Owing to these characteristics, regardless of the urban scale, characteristics of the industry, and geopolitical factors, it is difficult to conclude that it is a character generally of cities in northern Germany. This is because the unique circumstances of Gottingen had a great influence. In particular, the financial destitution of the dukes was a decisive foundation on which the merchants could expand their controlling power.