순천서 ‘한ㆍ일 갯벌 국제 공동 학술대회’ 성황리에 종료하다

홍재상 한국습지학회 2009 습지와 생명 Vol.3 No.2

국제물품매매계약에서 FTA 활용을 위한 원산지조항에 관한 연구

홍재상,박광서,전진영 한국무역상무학회 2024 貿易商務硏究 Vol.103 No.-

국제물품매매계약 상 물품의 수입국에서는 관세가 부과되며 상품무역에서 FTA는 특혜관세 적용목적으로 활용된다. 거래당사자는 FTA 원산지 규정에 대한 준수 및 입증 의무가 있는데, 수입국 관세 당국의 FTA 원산지 검증 요청에 대응하지 못하면 수입자는 특혜관세 적용배제의 불이익을 받게 된다. 본 연구는 수입자의 입장에서 원산지 검증 대응 실패 및 관세 추징 등의 위험을 미연에 방지하고자 국제물품매매계약서에 FTA 관련 의무사항을 반영하고, 필요시 손해배상 청구권 등 권리구제를 받는 방안을 마련하기 위한 원산지 관련 조항을 제시하는 데 있다. Under Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, tariffs are imposed by the importing country, and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are used to apply preferential tariffs in goods trade.The application of FTA preferential tariffs cannot be based solely on the fact that transactions take place between FTA member countries. This means that the exporters, importers, and producers of the countries involved in the trade must prove that the goods comply with the rules of origin. Most of these document evidencing origin are held by the exporter or producer in the exporting country. The problem is that if the process of origin verification is not properly handled, the financial burden, such as additional tariffs, falls on the importer. This study aims to prevent risks such as additional tariffs due to the seller's breach of obligations from the perspective of the buyer in the importing country. It seeks to incorporate FTA-related obligations of each party into contracts for the international sale of goods and to establish measures for obtaining remedies, such as the right to claim damages if necessary. Accordingly, to ensure the proper utilization of FTAs and clarify the obligations of the parties, the necessity of drafting contracts for the international sale of goods was confirmed. This study is expected to serve as a fundamental resource for specifying contractual obligations, detailing what the importer in the importing country should require from the exporter in the exporting country and which aspects need to be managed to ensure compliance with FTA origin regulations.

우리 바다를 풍요롭게 가꾸는 한국의 갯벌

홍재상 한국수자원학회 1999 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.32 No.1

1983년 鎭海灣一帶 海域의 여름철 底層 溶存酸素의 缺乏과 底棲생物量과의 關係

홍재상 한국해양학회 1987 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.22 No.4

Quantitative benthic invertebrate samples were taken in the Chinhae Bay System, Korea during September 1983 to relate benthic biomass to bottom water dissolved oxgen concentrations Low concentrations of bottom water dissolved oxygen were found to be associated with low benthic biomass and abundance. Benthic biomass(wet weight) and animal numbers decreased logarithmically with bottom dissolved oxygen concentrations. A hypoxic bottom area($\leq$ 2.0$m\ell$/$\ell$, 40% oxygen saturation) extended over most of the bay, covering an area of about 266km$\^$2/, out of a total of 497km$\^$2/. The most affected areas were limited, as a whole, to inner areas of Masan and Haeng-am Bays, Kohyonsong Bay, and the Chinhae Bay Proper.

馬山灣의 海洋汚染이 底棲動物群集에 미치는 影響

홍재상,이재학,Hong, Jae-sang,Lee, Jae Hac 한국해양학회 1983 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

Distribution of soft-bottom macrobenthos en Masan Bay was studied in terms of seasonal changes in species composition, abundance, and diversity from August, 1980 to May, 1981. Of the 65 species ot benthic macrofauna observed, polychaete was the most dominant taxonomic group with 34 species, which accounted for 72% of the total number of benthic animals. Species richness and numerical abundance seemed to decrease from the outer Bay stations to the innermost bay station, where certain zoological groups such as crustaceans and echinoderms were eliminated. Based on the ecological indices calculated, the inner basins of the Masan Bay apparently receive high input levels of organic material derived from land drainage, domestic wastes, and industrial complex installed in Masan city and nearby urban area. Particularly, at two inner bay stations of the Masan Bay, these levels seemed to approach the limit of the degradative capacity of the muddy bottom ecosystem, and have significantly affected the characteristics and distfibution of the benthic macrofauna.

해사채취의 환경영향 조사 : 해외 사례를 중심으로

홍재상 대한조선학회 2011 대한조선학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2011 No.6

인천연안 간석지산 연체동물 유해집단(遺骸集團)의 구조와 생태학적 의미

홍재상,박흥식,Hong, Jae-Sang,Park, Heung-Sik 한국해양학회 1998 바다 Vol.3 No.2

Temporal changes, density, calcimass, mode of occurrence, size-frequency histogram and survivorship curves were studied for the molluscan death assemblages on a macrotidal flat, Inchon, Korea. The living and death assemblages were compared on the basis of the taxonomic compositions and their numerical abundances. A total of 28 species (16 taxa in gastropods and 12 in bivalves) were identified. Most of the dead shells were the species inhabiting that intertidal mud flat. Species diversity was higher in gastropods than in bivalves. Seasonal variation of the calcimass was influenced by the mactrid bivalve, Mactra veneriformis. Shell-boring naticid gastropods preferred selecting the umbo areas of various valves. Size-frequency distribution and size-specific survivorship curves were analyzed for the dominant species. Survivorship curve of the tellinid bivalve, Morella rutila was convex-up in shape, which is congruent with the expected equilibrium condition but indicates higher mortality in winter. Whereas the survivorship curves of Mactra veneriformis and Reticunassa festiva were semi convex-up with dual modes, suggesting a disequilibrium due to the changes in recruitment and seasonal mortality. This study suggests that the dead shell assemblages may be useful in getting population information like live molluscan assemblages, if solved for several problems related to taphonomic processes.

한국산 빗살거미불가사리 3종의 서식처 지위- 특히 Ophiura sarsi vadicola Djakonov의 분포를 중심으로

홍재상,유재원 한국해양학회 1995 韓國海洋學會誌 Vol.30 No.5

The relationships of environmental factors to the distribution patterns of the three species of ophiuroids, Ophiura kinbergi, O. sarsi and ). sarsi vadicola from Yellow Sea southeast seas and East Sea of Korea were studied to characterize their habitual niches. These three species chosen for study illustrated distinct niche and patterns according to their various preferences mainly for bottom water temperature, bottom water salinity and depth from seven environmental variables which were depth, bottom water temperature and salinity, density, bottom water oxygen content, grain size of the surface sediment, and sediment sorting coefficient. The results of habitat niche study mainly dealing with O. sarsi vadicola suggested that the optimum habitat rages were approximately 6$^{\circ}C$∼10$^{\circ}C$ in bottom temperature and 31%∼33.5% in bottom water salinity which also corresponded with the characteristic ranges of Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water and higher probabilities of occurrence (more than 70%) were found in depth ranging from 100 to 200 m. In addition, the habitats of O. kinbergi and O. sarsi were compared with that of O. sarsi vadicola. Their ranges of habitat niches were found to have different niches in physical space of bottom water temperature, bottom water salinity and depth. Based on the distribution pattern of O. sarsi vadicola in the Yellow Sea, the ecological barrier which confined the distribution of benthic macro-invertebrates in southern Yellow Sea was determined to be the Yellow Sea Warm Current (approximately 34% < and 18$^{\circ}C$ in December) which occurs between 33$^{\circ}$ and 34$^{\circ}$N of southern Yellow Sea in winter time.

갯벌의 생물들

홍재상,Hong, Jae-Sang 한국과학기술단체총연합회 2003 과학과 기술 Vol.36 No.9

양양 남대천 하구역의 여름철 대형저서동물 군집의 생태학적 특성

홍재상,서인수,이창근,윤상필,정래홍,HONG Jae-Sang,SEO In-Soo,LEE Chang-Gun,YOON Sang-Pil,JUNG Rae-Hong 한국수산과학회 2000 한국수산과학회지 Vol.33 No.3

An ecological study of the benthic macrofauna was carried out using a modified van Veen grab in September 1997, in Namdaechon estuary, Yangyang, Korea. A total of 17 macro-invertebrates was collected and examined from eleven stations in the study area, including 3,795 individuals and 738.63 g wet weight. Arthropods, annelids and molluscs were most abundant and occupied more than $95{\%}$ of the total number of species, individuals and biomass. Namdaechon estuary in Yangyang was very poor in macrobenthic biodiversity, and numerically dominated and characterized by the polychaetes Heteromastus filiformis, Hediste japonica, Eteone longa, an unidentified oligochaete Oligochaeta sp., a corbulid bivalve Corbicula japonica, and an estuarine isopod Cyathura higoensis. Species composition, species dominance, density, and species evenness were compared among stations. The macrofaunal azoic zone appeared in the bottom of 7 m in depth nearby the artificial bank to catch the salmons to return to the livers for spawning. It probably resulted from the oxygen depletion following strong stratification in summer, which can cause major effect on the ecological conditions and then finally kill bottom macro-invertebrates in this area. Moreover, some opportunistic species thrived in nearby another station and this is of vital importance in terms of the ecological succession in a benthic polluted area.