2차원 Confined 충돌 슬롯제트의 유선상류도식을 이용한 수치 해석

박태현,최형권,유정열,김상준,Park, Tae-Hyun,Choi, Hyoung-Gwon,Yoo, Jung-Yul,Kim, Sang-Joon 대한기계학회 2002 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.26 No.12

In the present paper, flow and heat transfer characteristics of confined impinging slot jets have been numerically investigated using a SIMPLE-based segregated SUPG finite element method. For laminar jets, it is shown that the skin friction coefficient obtained from the present SUPG formulation approaches the grid-independent Galerkin solution inducing negligible false diffusion in the flow field when a moderate number of grid points are used. For turbulent jets, the k-$\omega$turbulence model is adopted. The streamwise mean velocity and the heat transfer coefficient respectively agree very well with existing experimental data within limited ranges of parameters.

사춘기에 우측상지에서 발생한 혈관육종

박태현,장성남,김동건,신규호 ( Tae Hyun Park,Sung Nam Chang,Dong Kun Kim,Kyoo Ho Shin ) 대한피부과학회 1997 대한피부과학회지 Vol.35 No.3

Cutaneous angiosarcorriias occur most commonly on the face and scalp of elderly individuals and are characterized by poor prognosis. We present a case of angiosarcoma in a 17-year-old boy not associated with any predisposing factors. The patient had three, ill-defined, 3 to 5 cm sized, erythematous, indurated subcutaneous nodules on the right upper extremity with a duration of 3 months. On histological examination, there were extravasated erythrocytes and irregular vascular channels lined by atypical endothelial cells in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The tumor cells appeared to dissect the collagen bundles. The patient was treated by wide surgical excision and post operative radiation therapy. However, 16 months after the operation, local recurrence was found to involve the close areas to the excision site on the right upper extremity and right axillary lymph nodes. (Kor J Dermatol 1997;35(3): 536-540)

우리나라 석면 피해 구제를 둘러싼 법적 쟁점의 검토

박태현(Park tae-hyun),이은기(토론자) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2009 환경법과 정책 Vol.2 No.-

The primary purpose of this article is to review some details of “draft special legislation on the legal relief of asbestos victims”. the review work has been carried out in teams of two viewpoints as follows: First, how compensatory fund(hereafter referred to as “fund”) is to be established-this is equal to that who should bear the burden of a finance related to the fund. Second, how the burden of proof as to exposure to asbestos is to be dealt with-especially for the benefit of victims resulting from environmental exposure to asbestos. On the former, I discussed who should take a legal responsibility for damages to asbestos victims and concluded that the potion of the liability can be attributed to State due to a failure to comply with a duty to keep itself informed of dangers for workers' and citizens' health. The residues of that have to be imposed upon manufacturers and distributors on the based the fact that they had manufactured and circulated products in defectiveness determined on the standard of the risk-utility test. Ultimately the costs of the product including the cost of injuries caused thereby will be borne by those who profit from it: the manufacturers and distributors who profit from its sale and the buyers who profit from is use. As to the latter, the applicant must prove the reality of the asbestos exposure, as well as the impact on his health, which must be evidenced at the time of the application. but it is not easy for the applicant to prove that exposure, therefore unjust to impose the burden of proof wholly on the applicant so that the burden is to be diminished to the extent to which the victims could be recovered from their damages without impairment of the principle of burden of proof. In france with the aim of reducing the burden of proof of exposure for the victim, legislation provides that recognition of an occupational disease is sufficient for the victim to be deemed to have suffered asbestos exposure. the same principle applies when the applicant suffers from a disease caused by asbestos and which is included on an official government list. we can consider this way of alleviation of the burden of proof as one of available alternatives.

「기후변화와 인권」에 관한 시론

박태현(Park Tae-Hyun) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2011 東亞法學 Vol.- No.52

기후변화는 그간 국제사회에서 주로 국제환경문제로만 다루어져왔다. 그러나 지구기후변화로 인하여 가장 심각한 영향을 받을 사람들은 이 영향을 다루는데 있어 가장 열악한 형편에 놓인 사람들로, 이 영향의 발생에 거의 기여하지 않은 사람들이라는 사실이 점점 인식되었다. 이러한 불일치는 법학의 영역에서는 기본적 인권의 문제를 제기하게 되었다. 2009. 2. 유엔인권고등판무관이 발표한 보고서는 기후변화 인권 간의 관계에 관하여 다음과 같은 결론을 내린다. ⑴기후변화는 광범위한 일련의 인권의 향유를 위태롭게 한다. ⑵기후변화는 그러나 인권침해에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다. ⑶인권법은 그럼에도 기후변화와 관련하여 각국에 국제협력의무를 포함하여 특정 의무를 부과한다. 기후변화와 인권 간의 관계를 인권법의 틀 속에서 분석ㆍ해명하는 일은 시간을 다투는 연구과제라 하겠다. 그러나 아직 우리나라에서 기후변화의 인권적 함의를 국제인권법체제에서 조명하는 연구는 아직 발견되지 않는다. 따라서 이 글은 기후변화와 인권의 문제를 본격적으로 분석, 연구하기 위한 준비단계로서, 기후변화와 인권 간의 관계를 시론적으로 고찰함을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 먼저 보고서가 발표되기 전의 상황을 간략히 개관한다(Ⅱ). 그러고 나서 본격적으로 인권판무관 보고서 내용을 중심으로 기후변화인권 간의 관련성의 존재 및 그 성격을 밝히고, 기후변화와 관련하여 인권법이 각국에 부과하는 인권의무를 기술한다(Ⅲ). 이어서 보고서에 대한 각국의 반응을 간단히 살펴본 다음(Ⅳ), 인권법에 기반하여 기후변화 문제에 접근하는 방법론을 둘러싼 찬반론을 검토하고자 한다(Ⅴ). Climate change has been addressed just as one of international environment issues to date in international community. While global climate change will have tremendous impacts on all people, those who feel the most severe impacts may be in the worst position to address them and may have done the least to crate them. This disparity raises challenges basic human rights. January 2009, the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights became the first international human rights body to examine the relationship between climate change and human rights. The OHCHR report reaches several important conclusions. (1)climate change threatens the enjoyment of a broad array of human rights. (2)climate change does not, however, necessarily violate human rights. (3)human rights law nevertheless places duties, including an obligation of international cooperation, on states concerning climate change It should be given primacy to analyze and explicate the relationship between climate change and human rights within the framework of the body of human rights law. Nevertheless, it can't be identified so far that there exists a study related to the implications of climate change in teams of international human rights law in korea. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to generally examine the relationship between climate change and human rights with a view to triggering an advanced study thereon. This Article is divided into four sections. First, it offers a brief overview of the situation of discussions generally before the OHCHR report was published(section Ⅱ). Second, it analyzes the nature and scope of the relationship between climate change human rights and describe human rights obligations to be placed on States by human rights laws applicable(section Ⅲ). Third, it takes a general view of the responses from States to the OHCHR report(section Ⅳ). Fourth, it examines the debate over whether or not human rights-based approach to climate change is valid or feasible and suggests what is left to be done ahead(section Ⅴ).

도로소음으로 인한 손해배상청구에서 토지이용의 선ㆍ후 관계에 따른 관련당사자들의 민사책임의 양상 고찰

박태현(Park Tae Hyun) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2008 환경법과 정책 Vol.1 No.-

For the Claims for damages or injunctions filed on the basis of environmental damage the answer to the question of determination of its unlawfulness depends on whether it exceeds the level of acceptability or not. Priority of time when the land use in question took place can be mentioned as one of the factors in light of which environmental damage would be determined to be above or within the endurable degree. The fact that the victims had lived before environmental damage occurred is in favor of the victims in the judgement of whether it is more than the level of acceptability or not. But reversely, it is being disputed that the fact that the victims knew or could have known of environmental pollution before they reside will be able to put the victims at a distinct disadvantage. This is the question of the doctrine of coming to the nuisance(referred as “the doctrine” below). Tort Law of United States deals with it in the chapter of 'Assumption of Risk’ and 'Contributory Negligence'. The supreme court of florida estimated in Lawrence v. Eastren Airlines, INC as follows: the doctrine is out of place in modern society where people often have no real choices as to whether or not they will reside in an area adulterated by air pollution. In my opinion it is reasonable to conclude that the fact that the plaintiff has acquired or improved his land after a nuisance interfering with it has come into existence is not in itself sufficient to bar his action, but it is a factor to be considered in determining whether the nuisance is actionable. Therefore The fact that the plaintiff has lived after a highway already used is not in itself sufficient to bar his action nuisance so that 'Korea Expreshway Corporlf su' is liable to the d after o plaintiff's mental health caused by a road- thed noise provided that the degree of the d aftercroshed a hicceptable level. It is reasonable for the fact noise provie facto be considered as a factor favoring the def faant in determining of how muoshthe def faant pay for rec far a fteplaintiff's damages as well.

환경법과 판례 ― 최근 대기환경보전법 및 물환경보전법 관련 판례를 중심으로 ―

박태현 ( Park Tae Hyun ) 한국환경법학회 2018 環境法 硏究 Vol.40 No.2

대법원은 대기환경보전법에 따른 비산먼지 배출사업 신고를 수리를 요하지 아니하는 이른바 “자기완결적 신고”에 해당한다고 보았다. 대기환경보전법 관련 조항의 목적과 내용 및 당해 신고행위의 성질 등을 고려하면 입법자의 의도는 비산먼지 배출사업 신고 이후에 실질적인 감독 통제를 하려는 것으로 보이므로 위 비산먼지 배출사업 신고를 자기완결적 신고에 해당하다고 본 대법원 판결은 타당하다. 대법원은 대기환경보전법에 따른 대기 배출시설 설치허가 신청은 대기환경보전법령이 정한 허가기준에 부합하는 한편 허가제한사유에 해당하지 않는다면 원칙적으로 허가되어야 하고, 다만 환경 기준의 유지가 곤란하다는 등 중대한 공익상의 필요가 있을 때 거부할 수 있다고 하였다. 배출시설의 설치가 국민의 자연적 자유에 속하므로 관련 법령이 정하고 있는 설치제한사유에 해당하지 않는 한 허가를 통해 그 자연적 자유를 회복시켜주어야 한다는 점, 그러나 그 설치 허가가 행정법의 일반원칙으로 볼 수 있는 “중대한 공익”에 반하여서는 아니되므로 환경 기준의 유지가 곤란하다는 등 중대한 공익에 반하는 경우 허가를 거부할 수 있다는 점에서 대법원의 판단은 결론에서 정당하다. 한편 물환경보전법과 관련하여 대법원은 공동방지시설을 설치한 경우 사업장별 폐수배출량 및 수질오염물질 농도를 측정할 수 없을 때 사업자들이 제출한 ‘공동방지시설 운영 규약’에서 정해진 ‘사업장별 배출부과금 부담비율’기준에 따라 각 사업자에게 배출부과금을 부과할 수 있다고 하였다. 배출부과금 집행에 있어서 행정청의 어려움을 해소해주는 타당한 판결이다. 폐수처리업자에 대한 행정처분의 요건(“고의 또는 중대한 과실로 폐수처리영업을 부실하게 한 경우”)은 물환경보전법 제64조제2항제3호가 정하고 있으므로, 폐수처리업자의 행위가 행정처분의 양정을 정하고 있는 같은 법 시행규칙 “[별표 22]에 해당하지 아니하더라도 제반사정을 고려하여 법 제64조제2항제3호에 해당하는 것으로 볼 수 있다고 한 판단은 물환경보전법 관련 규정에 비춰 타당하다. 또 경매 절차에서 공장을 “인수”한 사람은 공공폐수처리시설 설치 부담금 납부의무를 승계하는 자인공장 또는 사업장 등을 “양수”한 자에 포함되지 아니한다고 본 대법원의 판단도 정당하다. In this paper, we reviewed five cases of the interpretation and application of the Air Quality Conservation Act and the Water Environment Conservation Act, and the court’s judgment and judgment logic. Overall, the judgment logic and judgment can be evaluated as justified. The Supreme Court regarded the declaration of the fugitive dust emission business according to the Air Quality Preservation Act as fulfilling its legal obligations as a declaration. The intention of the legislator seems to be to take actual supervision and control after declaring the fugitive dust emission business. Therefore, the Supreme Court’s ruling is reasonable. The Supreme Court ruled that, in principle, the application for permission to install atmospheric emission facilities in accordance with the Air Quality Preservation Act should be approved on conditions that it is compatible with the permission standards and is not prohibited from permission limitations set by the Act and the Act. However, it can be rejected when there is a need for significant public interest, such as the difficulty of maintaining environmental standards The Supreme Court held that, in the case where joint prevention facilities were installed, if it is not possible to measure the amount of wastewater discharged and the concentration of water pollutants at each workplace, it is possible to impose an emission levy on each business operator in accordance with the “burden ratio of emission allowance by work site” set forth in the “Code of Operation of Common Facilities” submitted by the business operators. The Supreme Court ruled that the requirements for administrative disposal of wastewater treatment companies and administrative disposal standards should be distinguished. And According to Supreme Court ruling the person who bought the factory or the business succeeds the obligation to pay public wastewater treatment facility installment fee imposed to the factory seller, but the person who bought the factory in the public auction process is not included in “the buyer”

환경오염으로 인한 건강피해소송에서 역학연구를 통한 인과관계의 입증 -판례법리를 중심으로-

박태현 ( Tae Hyun Park ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2014 법학논총 Vol.38 No.3

The judicial doctrines concerning proving causal relationship between toxic substances and certain humane diseases are able to be summarized as follows: (1) the questioned casuality could be said to have been proved if the condition was met that both of the generic causality that the certain disease may be generally caused by exposure to the certain toxic substances and the individual causality that the certain disease occurred after the victims had been exposed to the certain toxic substances were evidenced. (2) epidemiological causation, or epidemiological correlation is a kind of statistical associations. Therefore, the epidemiological results were able to be permitted for proving the generic causality, but not for proving the individual causality. (3) As to specific diseases, it was demonstrated that the disease had been caused after the exposure of the victims to the certain toxic substances, then causal relationship between the substances and the diseases seems to be prima facie proved. In contrast to specific diseases, as to non-specific diseases legal associations of the questioned disease with the certain substance ascertained are said to have been proved only if it was recognized that the dangerous substance had probably caused the disease by virtue of evidencing exposure period and frequence, disease occurrence period, the state of health before exposure to the substances, life style, the changing variables of disease state, and family history of the disease. It might not be able to be denied that the way of approach of the Supreme Court that differentiated the non-specific diseases from specific diseases in applying epidemiological results for proving the associations of the substances with the diseases is rational. Nevertheless, the epidemiological results are to be conferred evidential weighs if they were concluded on the basis of the epidemiological surveys that had been conducted according to the standard criteria, procedures and methods capable of being accepted within associated disciplines.

대규모 환경훼손을 수반하는 국책사업에 대한 사법통제와 환경변호사의 도전과제

박태현(Park, Tae-Hyun) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2014 환경법과 정책 Vol.13 No.-

한국에서 대규모 환경훼손을 수반하는 개발사업은 정부가 수립한 행정계획에 따라 소위 국책사업이라는 이름으로 추진되었다. 새만금매립사업과 이 글에서 다루게 될 4대강사업이 그 대표적 예다. 지금까지 행정계획 형식으로 추진된 국책사업의 적법타당성을 둘러싼 사회적 논란이 정치의장에서 적절히 해소되지 아니한 경우 이 논란은 행정소송 제기를 통하여 법정으로 옮겨졌고 이에 따라 “국책사업에 대한 사법통제”라는 어려운 법적 문제가 법원 앞에 던져져왔다. 이 문제는 특히 (1)행정계획에 대한 사법통제의 접근방식의 문제, (2)행정계획 수립과정에서 행해진 사업계획에 대한 환경영향평가의 사법통제 문제, (3)행정소송 제기 후 사업계획의 집행에 대한 사법통제 문제 등을 제기한다. 법원이 환경을 보호하는 방향으로 이 문제에 접근하게 하려면 환경변호사는 무엇을 어떻게 해야 하는지를 몇 가지 제언하고자 하는 것이 이 글의 목적이다. 필자의 제언을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 행정계획에 대한 사법통제에서 행정부의 정책결정의 실체적 합리성을 높인다는 관점에서 절차적 통제는 물론 계획재량 통제법리 등을 통한 실체통제도 법원이 적극적으로 행사하여야 한다고 보며 이를 위하여 환경변호사가 법원에 의한 실체통제의 정당성과 필요성을 변론하고 그 합리적 통제방법을 제시하여야 한다. 둘째, 환경영향평가의 적정성에 대한 사법통제에서 대법원이 채용한 사법심사기준은 결과적으로 개발에 유리한 쪽으로 결정하게 한다. 환경변호사는 대법원의 사법심사기준이 환경보호에 지니는 부정적 함의를 폭로하고, 충분한 환경영향 정보 제공을 통한 합리적 의사결정지원이라고 하는 환경영향평가제도의 기능이 계획수립이라는 의사결정과정에서 제대로 작동될 수 있도록 적합한 대안적 사법심사기준을 제시하여야 한다. 마지막으로 집행정지제도의 기능이 객관소송의 성격을 가지는 환경소송에서도 발휘될 수 있도록 집행정지신청을 심리함에 있어 심리의 비중을 “회복불가능한 손해를 방지하기 위한 긴급한 필요성”이라는 요건의 존부에서 처분의 “위법성(본안승소가능성) 요건”으로 옮겨갈 수 있도록 변론하여야 한다. The legal problem of judicial oversight of state-led projects incurring large-scale environmental degradations pose a difficult legal issue as follows: (1) how to approach to the matter of judicial supervision of administrative planning. (2) how, and on what criteria, to review of whether the EIA associated with the project subject to being heard before court was adequate or not, (3) how to utilize effectively the institution of interim injunction in the environmental administrative litigation. The purpose of the article is to suggest for environmental lawyers that what and how to do for encouraging court to make a decision in favour of environmental protection. The gist of the suggestions are: firstly, the court should exercise substantive check affirmatively through, for example, doctrine of judicial oversight of administrative planing-conferred discretion, as well as procedural control with a view to increasing the reasonableness of administrative decisions in the judicial review of administrative planing. To this end, environmental lawyer must champion the necessity for active substantive review. Secondly, environmental lawyer have to disclose the adverse implications of the Korean Supreme Courts established test for whether the EIA was adequate for environmental protection, and should propose an alternate judicial standard in order for court to make a decision in favour of environmental protection. Lastly, at injunction order stage, the court should deviate from just determining of whether the irreparable damages requirement was met, and give a weight to whether the probability of success in merits existed or not, thereby having the injunction function well in the environmental lawsuits.

가습기 살균제 사건과 국가배상책임

박태현(Park, Tae-Hyun) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2016 환경법과 정책 Vol.16 No.-

2015년 1월 29일 법원은 이른바 가습기 살균제 사건의 피해자와 그 유족들이 유해물질로부터 국민의 생명ㆍ신체를 보호하여야 할 의무를 게을리 하였다며 국가를 상대로 제기한 손해배상 청구사건에서 “국가가 가습기 살균제를 유해물질로 지정하여 관리하지 않은 데 대하여 주의의무를 소홀히 한 과실이 있었다고 보기 어렵다”는 등의 이유로 원고들의 청구를 모두 기각하였다. 구체적으로 법원의 청구기각사유를 살펴보면, 법원은 원고들이 망인들의 사망원인으로 주장하고 있는 가습기 살균제 성분인 PGH에 대한 2003년 유해성 심사 결과(“급성경구독성이 낮고 피부와 눈에 자극성 및 부식성 과민반응을 일으키는 물질도 아니며 돌연변이 유발 물질도 아니어서 유독물 또는 관찰물질에 해당하지 않는다”)는 당시 관련 법령에 따른 판정이었고 거기에 어떠한 주의의무의 해태가 없다는 것이다. 그러나 필자는 다음과 같은 이유에서 국가에게 손해배상책임이 있다고 본다. 먼저, 유해성 심사기관이 2003년 심사 당시 PGH에 대한 흡입 및 경피 독성 평가를 하지 아니한 채 유해성 여부를 판정한 것은 당시 유해성 심사규정을 위반한 것이다. 만약 환경부가 당시 규정에 따라 유해성 심사를 제대로 하였더라면 PGH의 흡입 독성 등 유해성을 확인하고 생명ㆍ신체에의 위해 발생 가능성을 예견하여 사용 제한 등 적절한 손해 회피 조치를 취하였고 그 결과 가습기 살균제 사용으로 인한 피해를 방지할 수 있었으리라 본다. 따라서 국가는 원고들에게 손해배상책임을 진다고 본다. 또한 신규 용도 변경에 따른 유해성 재심사 제도는 유해화학물질로부터 국민의 생명과 신체의 안전으로 보호하기 위한 적절하고 효율적인 최소한의 보호조치다. 이러한 유해성 재심사 제도가 있었더라면 가습기 살균제로의 사용에 따라 PGH의 유해성 심사가 다시 이루어졌을 것이고 이 과정에서 PGH 사용으로 인한 생명ㆍ신체에의 위해 발생 가능성을 예견하여 사용제한 등 적절한 손해 회피 조치가 취해져 가습기 살균제 사용으로 인한 피해를 방지할 수 있었으리라 본다. 따라서 신규 용도 변경에 따른 유해성 재심사 제도를 두지 아니한 국가는 원고들에 대한 손해배상책임을 면할 수 없다고 본다. The State has the duty to actively take actions for protection of the constitutional right of people from hazardous chemical substances. In deciding whether the State reviews the hazard of the chemical PGH in question here according to Hazardous Chemicals Control Act(HCCA) that enacted when reviewing it is determinant to identify the type or form of exposure of humans to a chemical substance. In light of a projected use based on the data submitted by the applicant for hazardous review the hazardous review was focused on the inhalation-related toxicity and integument-related toxicity at that time of reviewing. On the contrary the hazardous review of PGH primarily rested on the (acute) mouth-related toxicity and then was made determination that PGH did not fall within toxic matters Meanwhile in deciding whether the State fails to fulfill its duty to protect basic rights of the people from a risk accompanied by the new significant change in chemicals use, the principle of prohibition of insufficient protection, which means that the nation should provide relevant and sufficient protective measures at a minimum to safeguard the peoples basic rights, could be employed. In this case, the State failed to fulfill its duty to protect in that relevant and sufficient protective measures did not exist.

청소년 대상 라돈 위해 의사전달 경로 선정을 위한 인식도 조사 연구

박태현(Tae Hyun Park),전형진(Hyung Jin Jeon),강대용(Dae Ryong Kang),권명희(Myung Hee Kwon),박시현(Si Hyun Park),박세정(Se Jung Park),이철민(Cheol Min Lee) 한국환경보건학회 2017 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.43 No.5

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to obtain basic data on the development of a risk communication model through an investigation of risk perception for radon and identify effective risk communication channels. Methods: A questionnaire was used to evaluate differences in perception level according to respective communication channels. A chi-squared test was used to analyze the difference in pre- and post-risk communication by communication channel. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference in the radon risk perception rate for each communication channel. Results: All of the communication channels resulted in increased radon risk perception, but there was no statistical difference between them in terms of perception (p>0.05). However, based on previous findings that it is effective to use a multi-channel approach, it is considered that communication channels based on duplicate avenues is most appropriate. Conclusions: It is expected that this study will be used as basic data to better understand the formation of public opinion about radon risk and to understand the social reaction to each risk factor.