공서양속에 반하는 발명에 대한 미국 특허제도에 관한 소고 - 유럽 특허제도와의 비교를 중심으로 -

김형건 법제처 2023 법제 Vol.700 No.-

Unlike other countries expressly stipulating the morality provision in their patent law, the US. does not have such provision in its patent law. However, it does have so-called the ‘Moral Utility Doctrine’, which was judicially established by the courts a long time ago and has been observed since then. The ‘Moral Utility Doctrine’, as a matter of law, serves as the morality provision appeared in other jurisdictions by putting limitations on patent protection for inventions contrary to public order or morality. The US Patent Office has also abided by such doctrine. Therefore, although there is no explicit provision, it can be said that the acquisition of a patent for inventions contrary to public order or morality is restricted under US patent law. While inventions contrary to public order or morality are treated as one of the exceptions to patentability under EU patent law, they are treated as inventions which do not meet the patentability requirements under US patent law. In addition, the scope of inventions contrary to public order or morality under US patent law is relatively very limited compared to that of their counterparts under EU patent law, which makes a significant difference in operation. This eventually leads to the difference in whether the acquisition of a patent for inventions contrary to public order or morality can be restricted or invalidated under public policy considerations. The US patent system for inventions contrary to public order or morality is very ineffective, especially as an institutional mechanism that restricts the patenting of biotechnological inventions causing social controversies and bioethics issues. As a result, it shows an essential difference from the EU patent system in that there is little room for public policy considerations in the patent examination for inventions in the biotechnology field.

미세먼지 원인 요소들의 영향력 변화 추정: 경유를 중심으로

김형건 한국자료분석학회 2018 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.20 No.2

In this study, influences of causative factors for PM_{10} concentration are estimated. In addition, changes of the influences are also estimated in order to observe the indirect effects of government regulations and policies. For that, monthly data from January 2006 to December 2016 on PM_{10}, employment, manufacturing industrial product index, diesel consumption, registered vehicles, precipitation, temperature, wind velocity, yellow dust days for seven biggest cities in Korea are employed. For the estimating the changes of causative factors' influences, the study uses the non-parametric time-varying coefficient panel model with fixed effects. As a result, the study finds that level of PM_{10} concentration in Korea actually is not changing significantly apart from our expectation. Also, the study finds the influence of diesel demand which has statistically significant effect on PM_{10} decreased until around year 2014 and since then not changing significantly. The influences of domestic factors such as employment and manufacturing industrial product index have been increasing since the year of 2014 while the influence of yellow dust has been decreasing recently. These estimated results imply that the efforts of Korean government to reduce PM_{10} concentration are still not enough and there is still room for improvement. 최근 미세먼지에 대한 논란이 크게 불거지고 있다. 원인으로 주목받고 있는 것 중 하나는 수송 부문에서의 연료 소비 그 중에서도 특히 경유이고, 중국으로부터의 영향 역시 많은 논란이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미세먼지에 대한 원인을 간접적으로나마 이해하기 위해 PM_{10} (coarse particulate matter) 농도에 대한 이들 원인 요소들의 영향을 추정하고자 한다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 그간 있었던 정책이나 규제 등의 효과를 간접적으로나마 관찰하기 위해 국내 원인 물질들의 영향력 변화를 시간별로 추정하고자 한다. 이를 위해 2006년 1월에서 2016년 12월까지 서울을 포함한 7개 광역시의 PM_{10} 농도에 대한 취업자 수, 제조업 산업생산지수, 경유 소비, 자동차 등록대수, 강수량, 온도, 풍속, 황사일수의 영향을 추정하였다. 시간에 따라 변화하는 설명변수들의 영향력을 추정하기 위해서는 시변 비모수 고정효과 패널모형을 사용하였다. 추정 결과, PM_{10} 농도에 대한 경유 소비의 영향은 평균적으로는 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 변화의 측면에서 경유 소비의 영향력은 2014년까지 감소하였다는 점이 확인되었고 이후에는 유의한 변화를 보이지 않는다. 이와 같은 결과는 2005년 이후 강화된 경유 규제에 기인한 것으로 추측된다. 경유 이외의 국내적 요인으로는 취업자의 수와 제조업 산업생산지수가 2014년 이후 미세먼지 농도에 미치는 영향을 확대하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 대외적 요인이고 볼 수 있는 황사의 영향력은 최근 지속적으로 감소하는 추세에 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 결국, 미세먼지에 대한 국내의 정책적 대응은 아직 충분하지 못하고 향후에도 개선의 여지가 있는 것으로 보인다.

국내 휘발유, 경유 가격변동성 분석 : 설명요인과 지렛대효과

김형건,설윤 한국산업경제학회 2010 산업경제연구 Vol.23 No.6

본 연구에서는 국내 주유소의 휘발유, 경유 가격변동성과 두바이유가, 싱가포르 휘발유, 경유 가격, 대미환율 간의 관계를 살펴보고 추가적으로 국내 휘발유, 경유 가격변동성의 지렛대효과 유무를 확인 하였다. 1997년 1월부터 2010년 3월까지의 월간자료를 GARCH, EGARCH 모형에 적용하여 분석한 결과, 대미환율은 국내 주유소의 휘발유, 경유 가격변동성에 양(+)의 영향을 보이는 반면 두바이 유가와 싱가포르 휘발유, 경유 가격은 국내 주유소 휘발유, 경유의 가격변동성에 유의한 영향을 보이지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 한편 전기의 긍정적 충격과 부정적 충격으로 인한 주유소가격 변동성의 크기는 대칭적인 모습을 보이고 있는 것으로 확인되어 지렛대효과(혹은 비대칭성)는 나타나지 않는 것으로 관찰 되었다. This study examines relationships between the volatilities of the domestic retail price of gasoline and diesel, and Dubai oil price, Singapore gasoline and diesel spot price and exchange rate on the US dollar. In addition, the study also examines the leverage effects in the domestic oil products' price. For the empirical analysis, Korean monthly retail price for gasoline and diesel from January 1997 to March 2010 are applied with GARCH and EGARCH model. As a result, the exchange rate on the US dollar shows the significant positive relationship with both domestic retail price of gasoline and diesel while neither Dubai or Singapore shows the significant result. Meanwhile, the leverage effects for both gasoline and diesel are not found.

數種 韓國食餌給與에 依한 白鼠의 體成分 變動에 對한 實驗的 硏究

金炯健 고려대학교 의과대학 1966 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.3 No.1

Ⅰ. A Study on Adult Rats. In order to observe the variation of some of the constituents of the blood, liver and small intestine of rats by feeding Korean diets. albino rats of a pure strain, weighing 240g - 380g were used for experiment. The animals were divided into three groups; the high protein diet group (mixture of rice and fish flour, 20 % protein), the low protein diet group (rice, 5 % protein), and the standard diet group (control diet, 16 % protein). They were maintained with the specified diets being sacrificed on the 15th, 30th, and 60th day of feeding. In the blood, total nitrogen, cholesterol(total, free, and ester form), A/G ratio of protein, GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and hemoglobin were measured. The amount of nitrogen in the small intestine and the liver, and of cholesterol in the latter were also determined. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The total nitrogen content of the serum was neither significantly different in any diet group nor on the duration of feeding. The nitrogen content of the liver was, however, increased after feeding for a long period. In this case, the high protein diet group showed the higher content than the low protein group. The nitrogen content of the small intestine in the high protein group was less than the low protein group. 2. The cholesterol level of the liver in the low protein diet group was usually higher than the high protein group, especially in the male group. 3. The hemoglobin value of the low protein diet group decreased by feeding, while that of the high protein group increased. The A/G ratio of serum protein in the high protein group gradually increased by feeding. 4. The GOT activity in the serum of the high protein diet group was higher than the case of low protein group. 5. The serum calcium value of the low protein diet group was slightly higher than the high protein group. None of the group showed a significant change on the inorganic phosphorus value in blood. Ⅱ. A Study on Weanling Rats. Albino male weanling rats of a pure strain, weighing 40 g-75 g, were used as experimental animals. The animals were divied into three groups as stated alone. The diets were identically the same with those used on the part Ⅰ experiment. The animals were maintained with the specified diets being sacrificed on the 15th, 30th, and 60th day of feeding. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The total nitrogen content of the serum was not significantly different in any of three groups. The nitrogen value of the liver of the high protein diet group was always higher than the other two groups, while that of the low protein group was higher than the other groups in the intestine. 2. The total cholesterol level of the liver in the low protein group was higher than the other groups. 3. The hemoglobin value of high protein group was higher than the low protein group.

A Study on Efforts for Global Harmonization of Patent Law

김형건 사단법인 한국평화연구학회 2010 평화학연구 Vol.11 No.2

Due to the territorial nature of the patent system and the independence of the patent system, harmonization of patent law and enforcement of international patent protection are required to resolve international patent issues. In the area of patent law, therefore, a number of multilateral treaties attempting to establish a globally unified patent system have been developed since the conclusion of the Paris Convention in 1883. This article mainly analyzes and evaluates efforts for global harmonization of patent law based on the examination of key international patent treaties (including such as the PCT, the TRIPs Agreement, the PLT, and the SPLT) and the consideration of factors that might hinder the global patent law harmonization.

리서치툴(research tool) 특허와 특허발명의 이용에 관한 연구

김형건 한국재산법학회 2010 한국재산법학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.4 No.-

2018년 에너지산업 전망 - 장기 석유수요 전망: 석유의 시대는 아직 끝나지 않았다.

김형건,Kim, Hyeong-Geon 대한석유협회 2018 석유와 에너지 Vol.2018 No.-

음식 배달 및 1인 가구가 생활 폐기물 발생량에 미치는 영향: 코로나-19 시기를 중심으로

김형건,Kim, Hyung-Gun 강원대학교 경영경제연구소 2022 Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Vol.13 No.3

Purpose - This study empirically analyzes the effects of food delivery service use frequency and the proportion of single-person households on the generation of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste). Additionally, the study analyzes MSW increase during the COVID-19 period. Design/methodology/approach - The study uses annual information on MSW and related characteristics of 228 Si, Gun, and Gu, which are administrative districts of Korea, from 2015 to 2020. Panel fixed effect model is employed for estimations. Findings - The study finds that food delivery and single-person household have significant effects only on recyclable and standard garbage bag MSW, respectively, not on all produce types of MSW. Additionally, it is estimated that, during the COVID-19 period, the increasing effect of food delivery is intensified while single-person households diminish its increasing effect. Lastly, the study confirms that the marginal effect on the increasing effect of MSW generation by the number of household members. Research implications or Originality - The estimated results are expected to provide useful information for the related policies. In particular, it is necessary to focus more on recyclable MSW concerning the developing delivery culture, and regarding changes in the family structure, focus more on the number of household members than single-person households.

통합 바이오가스화 시설 무중단 사업 성공 사례

김형건 유기성자원학회 2022 유기성자원학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.추계

자유 라디칼의 생물학적 역할

김형건 한국소아심장연구회 2003 소아심장 Vol.7 No.2