1880년 내시(內侍) 우계범(禹啓範)이 관여한 충주 산송의 특수 사례 고찰

김나라 ( Kim Na Ra ) 한국고문서학회 2024 古文書硏究 Vol.64 No.-

본 논문은 충북 지역의 특수 산송 사례를 제시하고, 정조대 이후 내시의 송사 처리 과정을 조명하기 위해 작성되었다. 충주(忠州) 마사(麻沙) 단양우씨(丹陽禹氏) 집안은 17세기부터 충주에 세거하며, 가차산면(加次山面)·금생면(金生面)·동량동면(東良洞面)·산척면(山尺面) 일대에 분산(墳山)을 조성하였다. 이 분산들은 19세기에 여러 차례 산송을 겪었다. 그 가운데 산척면에 위치한 우천석(禹天錫)·우팽(禹伻) 부자 묘소 산송에 내시부(內侍府) 내시(內侍)가 관여한 사례가 확인되어 이를 살펴보았다. 내시 우계범(禹啓範)이 관여한 산송의 전말은 다음과 같다. 충주에 세거하던 평해손씨 집안이 관과 결탁하여 우천석ㆍ우팽 부자 묘소에 늑장(勒葬)하면서 시작된 산송은 몇 년 동안 지연되는 양상을 보였다. 충주 마사 단양우씨 집안은 산송을 신속히 해결하고자 내시 우계범의 위세를 활용하여 산송의 흐름을 자신들에게 유리한 방향으로 만들었다. 내시 우계범과 충주 마사 단양우씨 집안이 결탁한 행위는 추후에 문제가 되어 산송에 참여했던 단양우씨 집안사람들이 옥에 갇히는 결과를 초래하였다. 그러나 산송 과정에서 평해손씨 집안이 늑장한 무덤을 파내고 다시 무덤을 조성하지 않아 예전처럼 산소를 수호할 수 있었다. 이 산송은 두 가지를 주목할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 내시 우계범이 자신의 위세를 이용하여 산송의 흐름을 충주 마사 단양우씨 집안에 유리한 방향으로 만들었다는 점이다. 조선시대 내시는 왕의 최측근으로 그 위세를 무시할 수 없었다. 몇 년 동안 지연되고 있던 산송의 판도를 바꾼 것만 보더라도 이를 알 수 있다. 둘째, 내시 우계범은 정조의 수교(受敎)에 의거하여 산송에 참여하였다. 정조는 재위시절 내시가 송사할 일이 있으면 내시부를 통해 국왕의 윤허를 받은 뒤 송사에 참여하라는 수교를 내렸다. 충주 마사 단양우씨 집안 산송문서에 이를 증빙하는 문서가 남아있어 내시가 산송에 참여하는 절차를 고찰할 수 있다. This paper presents a special case of mountain lawsuit in the North Chungcheong region and was written to illuminate the process of handling these disputes by eunuchs after the reign of King Jeongjo. The Danyang Woo clan in Chungju Masa has been settled in Chungju since the 17th century and established funerary mountains in various areas including Gachasan-myeon(加次山面), Geumsaeng-myeon(金生面), Dongryangdong-myeon(東良洞面), and Sanchuk-myeon(山尺面). These funerary mountains experienced several lawsuits in the 19th century. Among them, a case involving the eunuch of the Eunuch Office in a mountain lawsuit over the graves of Woo Cheon-seok(禹天錫) and Woo Peng(禹伻), father and son, located in Sanchuk-myeon, was confirmed and examined. The full story of the mountain lawsuit involving Eunuch Woo Gye-beom(禹啓範) is as follows. The dispute began when the Pyeonghae Son clan, settled in Chungju, colluded with the authorities to forcibly bury in the graves of Woo Cheon-seok and Woo Peng, father and son, showing a pattern of delay over several years. The Danyang Woo clan in Chungju Masa used the influence of Eunuch Woo Gye-beom to swiftly resolve the mountain lawsuit, steering its course in their favor. The collusion between Eunuch Woo Gye-beom and the Danyang Woo clan in Chungju Masa became a problem later, resulting in the imprisonment of members of the Danyang Woo family who participated in the mountain lawsuit. However, during the mountain lawsuit process, the Pyeonghae Son clan dug up the forcibly buried graves and did not rebuild them, allowing for the protection of the burial site as before. This mountain lawsuit requires attention to two main points. First, Eunuch Woo Gye-beom used his influence to steer the course of the mountain lawsuit in favor of the DanyangWoo clan in Chungju Masa. During the Joseon Dynasty, eunuchs, being the closest aides to the king, wielded significant influence that could not be ignored. This can be seen by the fact that they were able to change the course of the mountain lawsuit that had been delayed for several years. Second, Eunuch Woo Gye-beom participated in the mountain lawsuit based on the orders of King Jeongjo. King Jeongjo issued orders during his reign that if a eunuch had to participate in legal disputes, they should do so with the king’s permission through the Eunuch Office. Documents proving this remain in the mountain lawsuit documents of the DanyangWoo clan in Chungju Masa allowing for an examination of the process by which a eunuch participated in the dispute.

근피로 회복 및 근통증 완화를 위한 미약 자기장 자극에 대한 체열변화 분석

김수병,이나라,이승욱,이경중,이용흠,Kim, Soo-Byung,Lee, Na-Ra,Lee, Seung-Wook,Lee, Kyong-Joung,Lee, Yong-Heum 한국정보통신학회 2010 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.14 No.7

본 연구에서는 미약 자기장 자극이 근피로 회복 및 근통증 완화를 확인하기 위하여 적외선 체열 영상진단검사법을 이용하여 체표면 온도변화를 측정하였다. 피험자(n=96)에 대하여 등척성 운동으로 근피로를 유발시킨 후 무자극 그룹(n=32)과 저주파 자극 그룹(n=32) 그리고 자기장 자극 그룹(n=32)의 3일 동안 체표면 온도변화와 저주파, 자기장 자극 그룹의 자극 전/직후의 체표면 온도변화를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 운동 직후 $0.86{\pm}0.43^{\circ}C$(n=96)의 좌/우측 온도차이가 발생하였으며, 저주파 자극 직후에는 $0.78{\pm}0.12^{\circ}C$, 자기장 자극 직후에는 $0.1{\pm}0.39^{\circ}C$의 좌/우측 온도차를 확인하였다. 또한 3일 이후 무자극 시 $0.3{\pm}0.14^{\circ}C$, 저주파 자극 시 $0.05{\pm}0.21^{\circ}C$, 자기장 자극 시 $0.03{\pm}0.21^{\circ}C$의 좌/우측 온도차이를 확인하였다. 이에 자기장 자극의 좌/우측 체표면 온도차이가 가장 낮은 것을 확인하였으며 근피로 회복 및 근통증 완화에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. In this study, change of body surface temperature was measured using Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging(DITI) to check muscle fatigue recovery & muscle pain control by magnetic stimulations. For clinical trials, subjects were divided into 3 groups : non stimulation group(NSG), electrical stimulation group(ESG) and micro magnetic stimulation group(MSG). In result, temperature differences between left and right arm surfaces were measured as much as $0.86{\pm}0.43^{\circ}C$(n=96) after the exercise, $0.78{\pm}0.12^{\circ}C$ after the electrical stimulation and $0.1{\pm}0.39^{\circ}C$ after the micro magnetic stimulation. Also after 3days, temperature differences between left and right arm surfaces were measured as much as $0.3{\pm}0.14^{\circ}C$ in the NSG, $0.05{\pm}0.21^{\circ}C$ in the ESG and $0.03{\pm}0.21^{\circ}C$ in the MSG. These data showed that the lowest temperature difference between left/right body surface was measured in MSG.

MF-BIA Analyzer를 이용한 경혈의 세포 내액과 외액에 의한 저항성분 추정 방법 제시 및 반영률 평가

김수병 ( Soo Byeong Kim ),이나라 ( Na Ra Lee ),김원기 ( Won Ky Kim ),이용흠 ( Yong Heum Lee ) 경락경혈학회 2012 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.29 No.4

Objectives: The aim of this study was to suggest a new method to estimate the resistance by acupoint compositions by using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis(MF-BIA) of 5 kHz, 50 kHz and 200 kHz within 2 cm of acupoints as a local segment. Moreover, we try to confirm the relation to between measured resistance at skin surface and measured resistance by various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth. Methods: Ten male subjects participated in this study. We measured the resistance at left/ right ST36 at skin surface and various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth(skin, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm). Results: It was also observed that the all measured resistances were the highest at 5 kHz and the lowest at 200 kHz. There were significant differences at 5 kHz, 50 kHz and 200 kHz between measured resistance at skin surface and measured resistance by various manual acupuncture needle insertion depth(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the left and right identical acupoints under the identical condition(p>0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that the measured resistance at skin surface has limitation as to reflect the information of tissue. However, the measured resistance at each frequency was changed as similar pattern by different insertion depth. Hence, we confirmed the possibility of assumption on information of tissue which was expected to locate an acupoint.

-경혈 및 트리거 포인트에서- 미약 자기장을 이용한 근피로 회복 평가

김수병,이나라,심태규,이승욱,이용흠,Kim, Soo-Byung,Lee, Na-Ra,Shim, Tae-Kyu,Lee, Seung-Wook,Lee, Yong-Heum 한국정보통신학회 2010 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.14 No.5

이에 본 연구에서는 비침습적인 방식으로 국소적 부위인 경혈과 Trigger Point에서 경결된 근조직과 신경조직을 자극할 수 있는 자기장 자극 시스템을 제작하였다. 시스템을 이용하여 가정용 저주파치료기기와 동일한 조건에서 상완 이두박근의 근피로 유발 후 근피로 회복을 평가하였다. 경혈과 Trigger Point의 해부학적 위치가 동일한 청영혈(HT2)를 자극위치로 선정하였다. 등척성 운동을 통하여 25명의 일반인에게 근피로를 유발시켰으며, 무자극 5명, 저주파 치료기기의 전기자극 10명, 자기장 자극 10명으로 분류하였다. 자극시간은 5분으로 하여 자극하였으며, 5일동안 EMG를 측정하여 관찰하였다. EMG를 주파수영역에서 분석해본 결과, 무자극의 근피로 회복률이 가장 저조했으며, 저주파치료기기의 전기자극보다 자기장 자극이 근피로 회복에 효과적인 것으로 확인되었다. The aim of this study was developing the non-invasive focused magnetic stimulation system(NI_FMSS) that can stimulates acupoints which are small parts and knotted muscular tissues. To evaluate pain treatment effect of the NI_FMSS, we caused muscle fatigue to 25 subjects in biceps of the arm. Then, we stimulated acupoints(trigger points) HT2 using low frequency stimulator(10 subjects) and NI_FMSS(10 subjects). The other 5 subjects had not been stimulated. We analyzed muscle fatigue recovery with median frequency, RMS and median power in frequency domain for 5 days. We checked the magnetic stimulation effect on acupoint by evaluation of muscle fatigue recovery. Therefore, we identified that the NI_FMSS was more efficient system to relieve muscle pain than electric-stimulation system.

소리상표의 출원 및 등록적격 심사를 둘러싼 제 문제

김원오(Kim Won-Oh),이나라(Lee Na-Ra) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2010 법학연구 Vol.50 No.1

사회적 기술적 환경변화와 더불어 우리나라의 입법적 환경변화가 소리상표(sound mark)제도의 도입과 시행을 촉구하고 있다. 2007년 타결된 '한미 FTA 협정문에서 소리상표와 냄새상표를 보호하여야 할 의무가 발생하였고, 2009년 타결된 한-EU FTA에서 준수노력 의무가 발생한 '싱가폴상표법개정조약’에서도 소리와 냄새를 등록가능 한 표장으로 확대하고 있다. 한미 FTA 비준을 앞두고 있는 우리는 조만간 소리상표제도 시행이 불가피해 져 있는 상황이다. 이를 위해 기본적 입법안이 마련되어 있지만 아직 구체적인 심사실무상의 준비는 미흡한 것으로 보인다. 이에 본고는 비시각적 상표 중에서 상대적으로 널리 인정되고 있는 소리상표의 상표로서의 본질과 특징을 우선 고찰해 보고 국제적인 보호환경 추세 속에서 우리 상표제도에로의 편입 배경을 살펴보았다. 나아가, 이미 소리를 상표로서 인정해온 주요 국가들의 심사동향 및 판례를 살펴봄으로써 곧 도입시행을 앞두고 있는 우리 소리상표제도의 운영에 시사점을 얻고자 하였다. 특히 그동안 비시각적인 상표의 경우 난점으로 여겨져왔던 출원시 상표의 특정, 식별력구비여부 등의 심사, 유사판단기준, 공시방법, 등록 후 효력 등에 관하여 정리해 보았다. 요컨대, 우리 보다 앞서 미국과 유럽의 주요 국가들은 소리상표도 명확하게 표현되고 자타상품 식별력을 가진다면 전통적인 상표와 같이 상표로서 인정하고 보호해 주고 있으며 다양한 심사관행과 기준들이 나름대로 정립되어 가고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 선진국에서도 소리상표의 사용개념 및 표현의 불명확성 문제 등이 여전히 이슈로 남아있는 상황이어서 소리상표의 출원과 심사 및 관리운용이 결코 간단한 문제는 아닐 것으로 판단된다. 특히 소리 표장은 시각적으로 표현되는 전통적인 상표와 달리 소리 그 자체는 시각적으로 표현할 수 없고 상표로서의 기능과 작용 메커니즘이 전통적인 상표와 차이가 있는 바, 소리 표장은 청각에 의해 인식되고, 강하게 인상에 남는 경우나 칭호를 반복할 경우는 상표로서 인식되지만, 일반적으로는 듣고 흘려버려지므로 상표로서의 인식은 잠재의식에 기반하고 있음에 유의하여야 한다. 따라서 소리상표의 시행에 앞서 소리를 시각적으로 표현하고 특정 하는 방법을 어떻게 할 것인지를 결정하여 상표법 시행령을 개정하여야 하며, 객관적으로 소리의 유부를 판단하는 다양한 기준들에 관한 심사기준도 정립하여 나가야 한다. 이 밖에도 소리상표의 식별력판단과 기능성요건 판단 및 소리상표의 공시방법, 소리표장의 사용과 효력에 대한 판단 기준, 저작권과의 관계 등 해결해야 할 문제들을 보다 면밀히 검토하여 소리표장이 시행될 경우 시행착오를 최소화 할 수 있도록 충분한 사전 준비가 필요하다. Business entities should be able to use sound as a source identifier and a means to distinguish goods or services from others in the marketplace. Additionally, at the same time a useful sound should be distinctive enough to be used to uniquely identify itself and its products or services to consumers. In recent times, new types of marks, such as sound have been increasingly used as trade marks in the marketplace. A sound mark is so-called a non-conventional trademark where products and services is used to perform the trademark function of uniquely the commercial origin. While it is imperative to protect of sound marks in Korea under the demand of the U.S.-Korea Free Trade Agreement and the 'SINGAPORE Treaty on the Law of Trademarks'. Korea has to amend the Trademarks Act, recognizing a sound as an independent trademark. This article is dedicated to examine the rules and practices for the protection of sound trademarks in several countries. And, through the practices of foreign, trademark enforcement at the sound, the sound of a particular brand, and application problems, identify possible problems will help. For registering a sound device as a trademarks, the sound should be described in as much detail as possible. Among them, musical notation will be accepted as a means of graphically representing sound marks. If the musical instrument used to produce a sound forms part of the mark then this should be stated. Thorough this studying and following up the rules and practices of these countries would be very helpful for a successful administration of the sound trademarks system in Korea.

부항자극에 대한 체표 경락,경혈의 생체에너지 변화 분석

김수병 ( Soo Byeogn Kim ),이나라 ( Na Ra Lee ),김영대 ( Young Dae Kim ),임종현 ( Jong Hyeon Lim ),송길수 ( Gil Soo Song ),정병조 ( Byung Jo Jung ),이용흠 ( Yong Heum Lee ) 경락경혈학회 2010 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.27 No.4

Objectives: The aim of this study is evaluation for significance of skin meridian-acupoints energy measurement system, and is verification of principle to measure the bio-ion charge on acupoints. Methods: To check a correlation between the MEP(Meridian Energy Potential) and bio-electric charge condition, ten acupoints(left/right BL meridian: BL13, BL15, BL18, BL20, BL23) were chosen. Based on basic theory concerning the upward trend of the bio-electric charge by cupping therapy, we measured MEP change before and after 600mmHg(80kPa) Negative pressure stimulation using cupping. Results: We could identify the correlation between MEP and the condition of bio-electric charge in acupoints. Also, we checked the balance or imbalance of left/right the MEP and unusual cases. Conclusions: We confirmed significance of proposed principle and meridian energy measurement system.

부항요법에 의한 배수혈 혈색소 변화의 정량적 측정 시스템 개발 및 유의성 평가

김수병 ( Soo Byeong Kim ),이나라 ( Na Ra Lee ),정병조 ( Byung Jo Jung ),이용흠 ( Yong Heum Lee ) 경락경혈학회 2011 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.28 No.3

Objectives : The aim of this study is to develop the system and evaluate the optical analytical technique that reflects acupoint pigmentation and extravasated blood by cupping. Methods : We designed the system able to express XYZ coordinate on local skin color. To evaluate measurement-accuracy, we compared with 24 Color Checker Chart by standardized Commission Internationale de l``Eclairage. After confirming the performance of system, we experimented with cupping which was 80 kPa negative pressure for 1 minute on left/right BL13. The X, Y and Z values were converted to R, G and B, L*, a* and b*, Erythema Index (E.I.), and Melanin Index (M.I). We compared and analyzed two cases on before/after cupping. Results : The R, G and B values which were converted by X, Y and Z values had high linearity as a high level of R-square (R: 0.969, G: 0.996, and B: 0.992). Moreover, we confirmed that it was possible to quantitatively analyzed the change in skin color by cupping using R, G, B, L*, a*, b*, E.I., and M.I. Conclusions : Therefore, we proposed the new analytical technique for objectifying the oriental medical diagnostic method using cupping and optical sensing technique.

생활협동조합 매장의 그린마케팅 전략에 대한 소비자회원의 인지도 분석 -한살림천안아산생협 매장을 중심으로-

김호,이나라,Kim, Ho,Lee, Na-Ra 한국유기농업학회 2011 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.19 No.3

The paper analyzed on the level of consumer member's awareness to green marketing strategies (4P's; product, price, place and promotion strategies) of Hansalim specialty shops for environmentally friendly agri-products. For the study, Hansalim-Cheonanasan members had been surveyed. Consumers purchase environmentally friendly agri-products because quality and freshness of those is good. The difference in amount of the average monthly purchase between loyal customers and disloyal customers is about 130,000 won. And customer's awareness is that the first is promotion strategy, the second product strategy, the third place strategy, the last price strategy. The average monthly purchase is related with product strategy in correlations between the 4P's each other. If Hansalim maintains a product strategy, promotes extensively and keeps their product standard, more consumers will purchase Hansalim products because the most important one of effect of green marketing strategies on consumer behavior is products. Hansalim needs to go into action to increase recognition. Some of consumers have misconcepts or don't know about the 4P's well. If Hansalim promotes positively considering interrelationship about 4P's strategies or other strategies, the consumers awareness will be changed more effectively. This study shows that balanced 4P's is better than only one superior strategy because of the correlation amomg green marketing strategies.

Impact of Ensemble Member Size on Confidence-based Selection in Bankruptcy Prediction

Na-Ra Kim(김나라),Kyung-Shik Shin(신경식),Hyunchul Ahn(안현철) 한국지능정보시스템학회 2013 지능정보연구 Vol.19 No.2

The prediction model is the main factor affecting the performance of a knowledge-based system for bankruptcy prediction. Earlier studies on prediction modeling have focused on the building of a single best model using statistical and artificial intelligence techniques. However, since the mid-1980s, integration of multiple techniques (hybrid techniques) and, by extension, combinations of the outputs of several models (ensemble techniques) have, according to the experimental results, generally outperformed individual models. An ensemble is a technique that constructs a set of multiple models, combines their outputs, and produces one final prediction. The way in which the outputs of ensemble members are combined is one of the important issues affecting prediction accuracy. A variety of combination schemes have been proposed in order to improve prediction performance in ensembles. Each combination scheme has advantages and limitations, and can be influenced by domain and circumstance. Accordingly, decisions on the most appropriate combination scheme in a given domain and contingency are very difficult. This paper proposes a confidence-based selection approach as part of an ensemble bankruptcy-prediction scheme that can measure unified confidence, even if ensemble members produce different types of continuous-valued outputs. The present experimental results show that when varying the number of models to combine, according to the creation type of ensemble members, the proposed combination method offers the best performance in the ensemble having the largest number of models, even when compared with the methods most often employed in bankruptcy prediction.

음포혈(陰包, LR9)에서 펄스형 전자기장 및 가시광 LED 복합 자극이 대퇴부 근피로 회복에 미치는 영향 분석

이나라 ( Na Ra Lee ),김정윤 ( Jung Yoon Kim ),박선우 ( Sun Woo Park ),김수병 ( Soo Byeong Kim ),이희영 ( Hee Young Lee ),안순재 ( Soon Jae Ahn ),김영호 ( Young Ho Kim ),이용흠 ( Yong Heum Lee ) 경락경혈학회 2011 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.28 No.3

Objectives : The aim of this study was to develop the combined medical stimulus system consisted of the PEMFs (Pulsed electromagnetic fields) and LED which are able to stimulate local point such as acupoints and trigger points. Methods : To evaluate the therapeutic effect on the musculoskeletal disorders and the possibility of alternative method on manual acupuncture, we compared the fatigue recovery of two groups by analyzing the EMG and peak torque (non-stimulation and, stimulation group) after strenuous knee exercise. We chose the LR9 as a stimulation point. Results : The median frequency (MF) and fatigue index (F.I) of the stimulation group were recovered faster than those of the non-stimulation group. Also the peak torques of both groups were not restored until after 20 minutes. However, the peak torque of the stimulation group was regained higher than that of the non-stimulation group. Conclusions : We confirmed that the proposed combined stimulus system had useful effects as treatment instrument of musculoskeletal disorder using non-invasive method of PEMFs and LED.