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A Discovery of Low Hydraulic Resistance Channel Along Meridians
Wei-Bo Zhang,Yu-Ying Tian,Hong Li,Jia-He Tian,Ming-Fu Luo,Fa-Liang Xu,Guang-Jun Wang,Tao Huang,Yi-Hui Xu,Rui-Hong Wang 사단법인약침학회 2008 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.1 No.1
A hydro-mechanic model was put forward to study the fundamental nature of acupuncture meridians. The basic state of low hydraulic resistance was tested on humans and mini pigs using three methods. The first, a modified Guyton’s method, proved that there was lower hydraulic resistance on meridians compared with nonmeridians. The second scanning method involved a single pressure transducer that can find the lowest resistance point in tissue, and the third method used two transducers and provided a more stable measurement. Using the latter method, low hydraulic resistance points were found very close to low impedance points along meridians. The transmission of artificial interstitial fluid pressure waves was measured to examine their connection to the low resistance points, with the result that a good connection between the points was confirmed. This means the points form channels along the meridians that we refer to as low hydraulic resistance channels. The channel was imaged through isotopic tracing and a migration of isotope 99mTe could be found along the channel. The layer of the channel was detected by injecting Alcian blue and the track was found beneath the skin. All of the above experiments suggest the existence of a new type of channel in living tissues that has not yet been described in modern science, but coincides quite well with the Qi channel theory of traditional Chinese medicine. A hydro-mechanic model was put forward to study the fundamental nature of acupuncture meridians. The basic state of low hydraulic resistance was tested on humans and mini pigs using three methods. The first, a modified Guyton’s method, proved that there was lower hydraulic resistance on meridians compared with nonmeridians. The second scanning method involved a single pressure transducer that can find the lowest resistance point in tissue, and the third method used two transducers and provided a more stable measurement. Using the latter method, low hydraulic resistance points were found very close to low impedance points along meridians. The transmission of artificial interstitial fluid pressure waves was measured to examine their connection to the low resistance points, with the result that a good connection between the points was confirmed. This means the points form channels along the meridians that we refer to as low hydraulic resistance channels. The channel was imaged through isotopic tracing and a migration of isotope 99mTe could be found along the channel. The layer of the channel was detected by injecting Alcian blue and the track was found beneath the skin. All of the above experiments suggest the existence of a new type of channel in living tissues that has not yet been described in modern science, but coincides quite well with the Qi channel theory of traditional Chinese medicine.
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邓洪波 ( Deng Hong-bo ),赵伟 ( Zhao Wei ) 한국서원학회 2020 한국서원학보 Vol.11 No.-
Seowon(Shuyuan: 書院) was originated from the institute where stored and arranged books in private and governmental libraries in Tang Dynasty, and then, with development in new printing technologies and under the cultural background of convergence in Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, as ancient Chinese scholars conducted activities such as storing, reading, teaching, lecturing, managing, and carving books, it was a cultural organization for them to study, create, accumulate, and spread cultures. From Tang Dynasty to the Era of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, it had experienced a series of wars and got new chances for development in Song Dynasty. The Shuyuans in Northern Song Dynasty replaced the governmental school’s role with its enhancement in education, and for example, “tiān xià sì dà Shuyan”(天下四大書院). And then, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Shuyuan became completely a cultural educational system. The difficult social situations in the early Southern Song Dynasty suggested the time’s demands to maintain people’s hearts through consulting them, moral recovery, and searching for new values to the intellectuals. Jang Sik, Zhu Xi, Yeo Jo-gyeom, and Yuk Gu-hyeon’s teaching in the “Shuyuans in Southern Sung” invoked to flourish academics, contributing to form combination of Lihak(理學) and Shuyuan. In the process, Zhu Xi’s role was biggest. He established Bailudong-Shuyuan when he was a provincial for Namgang County, enacted the regulations and spread new educational ideas to the students. According to spreading of new educational ideas, the regulations of Shuyuan was completed, and six projects of study, teaching, library, book carving, sacrifice services for great scholars and managing farms were formed. It meant that Shuyuan was developed as an independent cultural organization with various functions, and that Chinese educational projects entered in the time of co-existence among governmental schools, Shuyuans, and private schools. In the establishment of Yuan Dynasty, civil service examination was resumed, and Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism became the orthodox again. And so Zhu Xi was celebrated in various regions. The greatest contribution of Shuyuans in Yuan Dyansty was to fill lacks in Liao and Jin Eras and spread widely Shuyuans and Neo-Confucianism in northern regions, decreasing gaps between southern and northern cultures. The most remarkable characteristic of Shuyuans in Yuan Dynasty was that the Shuyuans combined with Neo-Confucianism were considered as identical with governmental schools with diversity in establishing subjects and more detailed educational regulations. As Yuan government promoted to establish Shuyuans, Mongolians and Semus also participated in establishing Shuyuans. In early Ming Dynasty, though Neo-Confucianism became the orthodox, Shuyuans had been declined for a century because Zhu Yuanzhang’s policy to demolish them and to promote governmental schools. Bailudong-Shuyuan and Yuelu-Shuyuan damaged due to the wars in the late Yuan Dynasty were not restored for longtime. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, with problems in governmental education, establishing Shuyuans became a solution. With the model of Zhu Xi’s Bailudong-Shuyuan, Shuyuans were restored. At that time, Hu Ju Ren became a head of Bailudong-Shuyuan, enacted the regulations, and educated the students. Wang Shou Ren and Zhan Ruo Shui, criticizing the orthodox philosophy and conducted the study of heart(心學) movement, which became a national-wide controversy. Both the scholars’ students and next generations established Shuyuans and have lectures, and as a result, Chinese Shyuans and academics met a kind of renaissance since the era of Southern Song. In the process, the center of Neo-Confucianism, Bailudong-Shuyuan, through efforts and arrangement by Wang Shou Ren and his students, became the center for Wang Ming School. In the late Ming Dynasty, Shuyuans became a kind of political organization for representing the intellectual’s interest. Therefore, tey were declined with three times’ damages and closing in the eras of Emperors Jiajing, Wanli and Tianqi. However, the Shuyuan System in Ming Dynasty was introduced into Joseon and then, Bailudong-Shuyuan became the model for Seowons in Joseon. In the early Qing Dynasty, according to the policies of academics and teachings for worshiping Zhu Xi, Shuyuans were established. Through academic activities, there were trends of refusing Wang Ming School and worshiping Zhu Xi(“辟王崇朱”). The rise of Lihak(理學) and Shuyuan in Hanam Region in the early Qing Dynasty was the result of these trends. In Emperor Yongzheng’s time, Shuyuans were established by each provincial government and the governmental parties became to intervene to establish them, and then, various grades of governmental Shuyuans became the center of academic and education in the country. With co-efforts between the government and private sectors, Shuyuans in Qing Dynasty were widely spread in cities and rural areas, having the unprecedented boom. However, through ___ and ___ were declared through governmental orders and distributed to each provincial Shuyuans. In addition, some governmental officials such as Zhang Bo Xíng and Wang Shu and private scholars, based on the theories of both great Scholars from Song and Ming Dynasties, enacted _____ and ____ and then, Zhuxi and Bailudong-Shuyuan continued to have influences on the intellectuals. However, with deepening in civil service examinations and governmental studies in Qing Dynasty, the scholars focusing in Classic Chinese studies including Ruan Yuan in the eras of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing, beyond the typical framework of Neo-Confucianism, concentrated on the classical studies on the history of the books and Shuyuans in Qing Dynasty open the way of reform. Since Daoguang years, Shuyuans responded actively to the western cultures from opening ports, established new systems with rearranging the contents and forms and introducing western and new studies. And then, continuing to export and spread Shuyuan system in Qing Dynasty around the world, the system of the world Shuyuan Culture focusing on the spirit of Bailudong- Shuyuan was formed.
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Enhancement of Virus-induced Gene Silencing in Tomato by Low Temperature and Low Humidity
Da-Qi Fu,Ben-Zhong Zhu,Hong-Liang Zhu,Hong-Xing Zhang,Yuan-Hong Xie,Wei-Bo Jiang,Xiao-Dan Zhao,Yun-Bo Luo 한국분자세포생물학회 2006 Molecules and cells Vol.21 No.1
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an attractive reverse-genetics tool for studying gene function in plants. We showed that silencing of a phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene is maintained throughout TRV-PDSinoculated tomato plants as well as in their flowers and fruit and is enhanced by low temperature (15°C) and low humidity (30%). RT-PCR analysis of the PDS gene revealed a dramatic reduction in the level of PDS mRNA in leaves, flowers and fruits. Silencing of PDS results in the accumulation of phytoene, the desaturase substrate. In addition, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in the leaves of PDS-silenced plants was reduced by more than 90%. We also silenced the LeEIN2 gene by infecting seedlings, and this suppressed fruit ripenning. We conclude that this VIGS approach should facilitate large-scale functional analysis of genes involved in the development and ripening of tomato.
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Wei-hong Dong,Bo Kang,Shang-hai Du,Xu-fei Shi 한국지질과학협의회 2013 Geosciences Journal Vol.17 No.4
CFC age and deuterium excess methods were applied to the estimation of groundwater circulation rates in the Quaternary shallow groundwater system of the Henan Plain. The results provide a basis for groundwater renewability evaluation. The spatial distribution of CFC age shows that the groundwater system mainly comprises modern water, less than 50 a. The groundwater of less than 30 a was in the piedmont zone of the Taihang, Funiu, and Dabie Mountains, indicating short groundwater residence times,and fast groundwater cycling, with circulation rates of 27–31 m/d. Groundwater cycling along the Yellow River was also rapid because of exchange with the Yellow River. The circulation rates were 34–54m/d. In the areas around Tongxu, Shangqiu, Taikang, Xiangcheng,in the middle of the study area, and east of Huaxian-Changyuan and Xixian, Gushi in the south, groundwater age was 30–40 a, suggesting a longer groundwater residence time. The groundwater cycle in these areas was slower than in the piedmonts, and the area along the Yellow River. The circulation rates were 15–26 m/d. In the areas of Luyi, Yongcheng, Zhumadian, Xincai and Huaibin,the groundwater age was older than 40 a, with the longest residence times and slowest circulation rates (~12 m/d). The correlation between groundwater age and deuterium excess averages for the northern, central, southern shallow groundwater systems and the <30 a, 30–40 a, >40 a groundwater age divisions was strong (R = 0.9714), showing that the groundwater residence time embodied by the deuterium excess parameter was consistent with groundwater age estimated using the CFC method.
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Hong-bo Zhang,Li-chao Sun,Li-da Zhi,Qian-kuan Wen,Zhi-wei Qi,Sheng-tao Yan,Wen Li,Guo-qiang Zhang 대한약학회 2017 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.40 No.10
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory responsesyndrome caused by severe infections. Astilbin is a dihydroflavonolderivative found in many medicinal and foodplants with multiple pharmacological functions. To investigatethe effects of astilbin on sepsis-induced acute lunginjury (ALI), cecal ligation and puncture was performed onrats to establish a sepsis-induced ALI model; these ratswere then treated with astilbin at different concentrations. Lung injury scores, including lung wet/dry ratio, proteinleakage, myeloperoxidase activity, and inflammatory cellinfiltration were determined to evaluate the effects ofastilbin on sepsis-induced ALI. We found that astilbintreatment significantly attenuates sepsis-induced lunginjury and improves survival rate, lung injury scores, lungwet/dry ratio, protein leakage, myeloperoxidase activity,and inflammatory cell infiltration. Astilbin treatment alsodramatically decreased the production of inflammatorycytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Further, astilbin treatment inhibited the expression andproduction of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), whichinhibits the inflammatory response. Collectively, these datasuggest that astilbin has a protective effect against sepsisinducedALI by inhibiting MIF-mediated inflammatoryresponses. This study provides a molecular basis for astilbinas a new medical treatment for sepsis-induced ALI.
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( Wei Wang ),( Hua Sheng Wang ),( Hong Bo Hu ),( Hua Song Peng ),( Xue Hong Zhang ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.5
As a global regulatory gene in Streptomyces, afsR can activate the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. The effect of afsR on the biosynthesis of a phenazine metabolite, lomofungin, was studied in Streptomyces lomondensis S015. There was a 2.5-fold increase of lomofungin production in the afsR-overexpressing strain of S. lomondensis S015 N1 compared with the wild-type strain. Meanwhile, the transcription levels of afsR and two important genes involved in the biosynthesis of lomofungin (i.e., phzC and phzE) were significantly upregulated in S. lomondensis S015 N1. The optimization of metal chlorides was investigated to further increase the production of lomofungin in the afsR-overexpressing strain. The addition of different metal chlorides to S. lomondensis S015 N1 cultivations showed that CaCl2, FeCl2, and MnCl2 led to an increase in lomofungin biosynthesis. The optimum concentrations of these metal chlorides were obtained using response surface methodology. CaCl2 (0.04 mM), FeCl2 (0.33 mM), and MnCl2 (0.38 mM) gave a maximum lomofungin production titer of 318.0 ± 10.7 mg/l, which was a 4.1-fold increase compared with that of S. lomondensis S015 N1 without the addition of a metal chloride. This work demonstrates that the biosynthesis of phenazine metabolites can be induced by afsR. The results also indicate that metal chlorides addition might be a simple and useful strategy for improving the production of other phenazine metabolites in Streptomyces.
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Bo Wang,Yun Su,Qun Yang,Decheng Lv,Wei-Guo Zhang,Kai Tang,Hong Wang,Rui Zhang,Yang Liu 한국분자세포생물학회 2015 Molecules and cells Vol.38 No.5
Human osteosarcoma usually presented a high tendency to metastatic spread and caused poor outcomes, however, the underlying mechanism was still largely unknown. In the present study, using a series of in vitro experiments and an animal model, we investigated the roles of HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) during the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma. According with our results, HOTAIR was commonly overexpressed in osteosarcoma, which significantly correlated with advanced tumor stage, highly histological grade and poor prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that knockdown of HOTAIR could notably suppress cellular proliferation, inhibit invasion and decrease the secretion of MMP2 and MMP9 in osteosarcoma. Collectively, our results suggested that HOTAIR might be a potent therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
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