SDT의 목표내용이론에 기반한 청소년용 생애목표 척도 개발 및 타당화

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to validate Korea youth's life goals scale by revealing the importance of the youth's life goals in academic situation, developing Korea youth's life goals scale and identifying the relationship with basic psychological needs, psychological wellbeing, parental autonomy support, achievement goals, depression. Research objectives specifically stated are as follows: First, factors of the life goals are explored by summarizing life goals-related review of previous studies and open-survey results. Second, the scale to measure based on factors of the life goals discovered is developed and validated. This study consists of two questions, each items are as follows:

Research Q1. What are factors of Korea youth's life goals scale?
Research Q2. Is Korea youth's life goals scale is reliable and appropriate?

The results for each research question are as follows: Step 1 on Q 1 is to explore and identify factors of the life goals for Korean youth through content analysis and to extract the questions, a survey targeting 198 persons in 23 Middle and High schools was conducted by making the life goal-related open questionnaire. As a result, 57 items were obtained by organizing similar or overlapping things. Based on this, 11 kinds of sub-factors (money, image, popularity, conformity, self-acceptance, affiliation, community, health, spirituality, safety, pleasure) and 237 questions were extracted by classifying into factors of youth's life goals suggested from the life goals-related previous studies.
Step 2 is to about the 1st preliminary questions production, 11 sub-factors (money, image, popularity, conformity, personal growth, relationships, contribution, health, spirituality, accomplishment and experience, pleasure), 133 preliminary items were extracted on the basis of two measures(2005) of Kasser and Ryan(1996), Grouzet, Kasser who developed Al based on the target information theory of the theory of self-determination. Difficult questions and comment after checking and time were confirmed by carrying out pilot-test for 30 middle school students, the average was 2.55-4.59, the standard deviation was 1.327-.927 and the questions over the average were removed on the pilot-test. In addition, the questions with 2-3 times frequency were removed depending on the frequency response on the open questionnaire, 8 factors (money, image, reputation, personal growth, relationships, contribution, health, spirituality) and 57 preliminary questions were confirmed finally by removing 'achievement and experience' that previous studies didn't have and 'conformity' and 'pleasure' extracted from the open questions.
Step 3 is to extract the questions, 511 students of the five middle and high schools in Gyeonggi-do participated in the final preliminary questions. To make preliminary questions, items were modified and excepted considering first a correlation between item-total score, a cross-correlation between questions, the average and standard deviation, maximum likelihood estimation by utilizing AMOS 18.O was conducted. As a result, 8 factors (money, image, reputation, personal growth, relationships, contribution, health, spirituality) and a total of 32 items were extracted. Cronbach α of the full scale was .there were 94, contribution-.848, health-.806, spirituality- .824, relationship- .779, growth- .820, material- .851, image- .779, recognition- .779. The 8 factors showed relatively high reliability. In this study, confirmatory factor analysis was done for the 8 factors to verify factor structure of Korea youth's life goals identified through the result of the 1st confirmatory factor analysis. For confirmatory factor analysis, AMOS(analysis of movement structure) 18.0 was used and conducted through maximum likelihood estimation. The model fit indices were /df=3.827, less than .05, TLI=.887, CFI=.909, and RMSEA was .067, which meant less than .07 of the standard value so adequate model fit indices appeared.
Research Q 2 is to validate Korea youth's life goals scale, to confirm the 8 factors, 32 questions extracted from research 1 as the final items, it was conducted for 414 students of 8 middle and high schools in Gyeonggi-do. First, to check cross-validity, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out for the questions, the value of was 793.554(df=406), TLI- .930, CFI- .952, RMSEA- .049 so that it can be more worthy of acceptance than the preliminary investigation.
Finally, to examine criterion validity for the 32 questions confirmed from the factor analysis, correlation analysis with parental perception scale, life satisfaction and positive/negative emotion scale and basic psychological needs scale was done. As a result, 'growth', 'spirituality', 'contribution', 'relationships' of implicit goals showed a significant positive correlation with parental autonomy support(parental preception scale), 'reputation', 'image', 'money' of extrinsic goals did no correlation with parental autonomy support. Positive emotion also displayed a positive correlation with internal goals, negative emotion did a negative correlation. In the relationship with basic psychological needs, it had a significant positive correlation with 'growth', 'contribution', 'health' of implicit goals and no correlation with extrinsic goals. Therefore, the criterion validity of Korea youth's life goals scale can be seen to have been confirmed.
To assess convergent validity, there was a negative correlation with depression and 'growth', 'contribution', 'health', 'relationships' of implicit goals and a positive correlation with extrinsic goals, and only 'reputation' was statistically significant. In the relationship with achievement goals, mastery goal showed a corelation with all factors and 'growth', 'contribution', 'health' of implicit goals did a high correlation, and performance approach goal was confirmed to have a high corelation with 'reputation', 'image', 'material' of extrinsic goals. In case of performance avoidance, it had no correlation with 'growth', 'health', 'relationships' of implicit goals, and a significantly positive correlation with 'image', 'material', 'reputation' of extrinsic goals. Therefore, Korea youth's life goals scale can be evaluated to have convergent validity.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구의 목적은 학업상황에서 청소년의 생애목표의 중요성을 밝히고 한국 청소년의 생애목표 척도를 개발하여 기본심리욕구, 심리적 안녕감, 부모의 자율성 지지, 성취목표, 우울 등과의 관계를 규명함으로써 한국 청소년의 생애목표 척도를 타당화 하려는 것이다. 연구 목적을 구체적으로 진술하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 생애목표와 관련된 선행연구의 고찰과 개방형 설문조사 결과를 종합하여 생애목표의 구성요소를 탐색한다. 둘째, 탐색된 생애목표의 구성요인을 기초로 이를 측정할 수 있는 척도를 개발하고 타당화 한다. 본 연구는 두 개의 연구 문제로 구성되며, 각 연구 문제는 다음과 같다.
연구문제1 한국 청소년용 생애목표 척도의 구성요인은 무엇인가?
연구문제2 한국 청소년용 생애목표 척도는 신뢰 있고 타당한가?
각각의 연구문제에 대한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 연구1의 단계1은 내용분석(content analysis)을 통해 한국 청소년을 위한 생애목표의 구성요인을 탐색하고 확인하여 원문 항을 추출하려는 것으로 생애목표와 관련된 개방형 질문지를 제작하여 중․고등학교 23개교 198명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 유사하거나 중복되는 것을 묶어 570개의 문항을 얻었다. 이를 토대로 생애목표와 관련된 선행연구에서 제시하고 있는 청소년 생애목표의 구성요인으로 분류하여 11가지 하위요인(돈, 이미지, 인기, 순응, 자기수용, 소속, 공동체, 건강, 영성, 안전, 쾌락)과 237개의 원문 항을 추출하였다.
단계2는 1차 예비 문항 제작에 관한 것으로 자기결정성 이론의 목표내용이론에 근거해서 AI를 개발한 Kasser와 Ryan(1996), Grouzet, Kasser 등(2005)의 두 가지 척도를 바탕으로 11개의 하위요인(돈, 이미지, 인기, 순응, 개인 성장, 관계, 기여, 건강, 영성, 성취와 경험, 쾌락), 133개의 1차 예비문항을 추출하였다. 사전검사(pilot-test)는 중학생 30명을 대상으로 실시하여 난해한 문항, 검사 후의 소감, 그리고 걸리는 시간 등을 확인하였으며, 사전검사(pilot-test)에서의 평균은 2.55-4.59였으며, 표준편차는 1.327-.927이였으며, 평균이 4.0이상인 문항은 제거하였다. 또한 개방형질문지에 응답한 빈도수에 따라 2∼3개의 빈도에 해당되는 문항은 제거하였으며, 선행연구에서 없는 ‘성취와 경험’ 문항과 개방형 질문에서 한 문항씩 추출된 ‘순응’과 ‘쾌락’은 제거하여 8요인(돈, 이미지, 명예. 개인 성장, 관계, 기여, 건강, 영성), 57문항을 최종 예비문항으로 확정하였다.
단계3은 본 문항을 추출하려는 것으로 경기도 5개 학교에 다니는 중학생과 고등학생 511명을 대상으로 최종 예비문항 설문에 참여하였다. 예비문항을 만들기 위해 우선 문항-총점 간 상관, 문항 간 상호 상관, 평균과 표준편차를 고려하여 문항이 수정 또는 제외하였고, AMOS 18.0 프로그램을 활용하여 최대우도추정(maximum likelihood estimation)을 통해 실시하였다. 그 결과 8요인 돈, 이미지, 명예. 개인 성장, 관계, 기여, 건강, 영성) 총 32문항이 추출되었다. 척도 전체 Cronbach α는 .94이었고, 기여 .848, 건강 .806, 영성 .824, 관계 .779, 성장 .820, 영성 .851, 이미지 .779, 인정 .779로 나타났다. 8개의 요인들 모두 비교적 높은 신뢰도를 나타냈다. 본 연구에서는 1차 확인적 요인분석 결과를 통해 밝혀진 한국 청소년 생애목표의 요인 구조를 다시 한 번 검증하기 위해 8개의 요인을 대상으로 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 확인적 요인 분석은 AMOS(analysis of movement structure) 18.0 프로그램을 사용하였으며, 최대우도추정(maximum likelihood estimation)을 통해 실시하였다. 모형의 적합도 지수는 /df=3.827로 .05이하로 나타났고, TLI=.887, CFI=.909로 나타났으며, RMSEA은 .067로 나타나 기준치 .07이하에 해당됨으로 적절한 적합도 지수를 보여 주었다.
연구2에서는 한국 청소년 생애목표 척도를 타당화 하려는 것으로, 연구1에서 추출된 본 조사 문항 8요인, 32문항을 최종문항으로 확정하기 위해 경기도 소재의 중․고등학교 8개교의 학생 414명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 우선 교차타당도를 확인하기 위해 이 문항을 대상으로 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고, 값이 793.554(df=406), TLI는 .930, CFI는 .952, RMSEA는 .059로 나타나 예비조사보다 더 수용할 만하다고 할 수 있다.
마지막으로 요인분석 결과 확인된 32문항을 대상으로 준거 타당도를 확인하기 위해 부모의 지각 척도, 삶의 만족도와 정적/부적 정서 척도, 그리고 기본심리욕구척도와의 상관분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 내재적 목표인 ‘성장’, ‘영성’, ‘기여’, ‘건강’, ‘관계’는 부모의 자율성지지(부모의 지각 척도)와 유의한 정적 상관을 보였으며, 외재적 목표인 ‘명예’, ‘이미지’, ‘돈’과는 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 삶의 만족도의 경우도 내재적 목표인 ‘성장’, ‘영성’, ‘기여’, ‘건강’, 관계에서 유의한 정적 상관을 보였으며, 외재적 목표인 ‘명예’, ‘이미지’, ‘돈’과는 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 정적 정서 역시 내적 목표와 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나났으나, 부적 정서와는 부적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 기본심리욕구와의 관계에서는 자율성에서 내재적 목표인 ‘성장’, ‘기여’, ‘건강’, 관계에서 유의한 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 외재적 목표와는 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 한국 청소년 생애목표 척도의 준거 타당도가 확인된 것으로 볼 수 있다.
수렴타당도를 평가하기 위해 우선 우울과 내재적 목표인 ‘성장’, ‘기여’, ‘건강’, ‘관계’와 부적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났고, 외재적 목표와 정적인 상관관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었으나 명예만 통계적으로 유의하였다. 성취목표와의 관계에서 숙달목표인 경우 모든 요인과 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났으나 내재적 목표인 ‘성장’, ‘기여’, ‘건강’ 등이 높은 상관을 보였으며, 수행접근목표인 경우 오히려 외재적 목표에 해당되는 ‘명예’, ‘이미지’, ‘물질’이 높은 상관이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 수행회피의 경우 내재적 목표인 ‘성장’, ‘건강’, ‘관계’ 등이 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 외재적 목표인 ‘이미지’, ‘물질’, ‘명예’와 유의한 정적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 한국 청소년 생애목표 척도의 수렴타당도가 있는 것으로 평가할 수 있다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서 론 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성과 목적 1
• 2. 연구문제 4
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 5
• 1. SDT의 목표내용이론 5
• 1.1 SDT의 목표내용이론의 개념 5
• 1.2 목표내용이론과 미래시간관점 6
• 1.3 SDT 목표내용이론의 연구 경향 8
• 1.4 기타 목표내용이론 13
• 1.5 SDT와 미니이론 16
• 1.6 SDT의 국내 연구 동향 19
• 2. 생애목표 25
• 2.1 생애목표와 기본심리욕구 25
• 2.2 생애목표와 심리적 안녕감 27
• 2.3 생애목표와 부모의 양육태도 29
• 2.4 생애목표와 성취목표 31
• 3. 생애목표 관련 국내외 주요 척도 34
• Ⅲ. 연구1 : 청소년용 생애목표 척도의 제작 37
• 1. 연구방법 38
• 1.2 연구대상 38
• 1.3 측정도구 39
• 1.4 절차 41
• 2. 결과 43
• 2.1 청소년 생애목표 관련 문항 수집과 내용분석 결과 43
• 2.2 예비 문항 추출 결과 48
• 2.3 청소년 생애목표 척도의 요인구조 분석 결과 53
• Ⅳ. 연구2 : 청소년용 생애목표 척도의 타당화 63
• 1. 연구방법 63
• 1.1 참가자 63
• 1.2 측정도구 63
• 1.3 연구 절차 66
• 2. 결과 67
• 2.1 교차 타당도 결과 67
• 2.2 한국 청소년 생애목표 척도의 타당도 결과 70
• 2.3 준거 타당도 평가 70
• 2.4 수렴 타당도 평가 73
• Ⅴ. 논의 및 결론 75
• 1. 논의 75
• 1.1 한국 청소년 생애목표 척도 구인에 관한 논의 75
• 1.2 한국 청소년 생애목표 척도 타당화에 관한 논의 79
• 2. 결론 81
• 참고문헌 86
• 부 록 106
• Abstract 129

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