직무스트레스 연구의 동향과 향후 방향

문형구,최병권,고욱 한국인사관리학회 2010 조직과 인사관리연구 Vol.34 No.3

In this study, we critically analyzed 56 studies on job stress published in academic journals in the field of human resource management and organizational behavior in Korea. Three analytical procedures were used to analyze, derive key features and limitation and provide implication for future researches regarding job stress in Korea. First is to general overview of the studies, hence we overally examined the number of studies per year, antecedents and consequence studies,study method. Second analysis was conducted in the aspects of a definition and dimensions, theory and type of study, and research method such as measures. Finally, we analyzed major findings of empirical studies, focused on antecedents,consequences and moderating variables of job stress. We discovered a few limitations through our analyses. First, related to definition and dimension, many researches did not clearly define the conceptual definition of job stress and job burnout. Also there is no discussion on the distinction and relation between these two terms, and hypotheses are verified without considering the subordinate dimensions of job stress and job exhaustion. A few studies did not use the exact terms of antecedents of job stress, job stress, and outcomes of job stress. Second, related to theory and research type, there were many studies that fragmentarily listed previous studies that used similar variables or hypotheses,without applying various theories related to job stress and job burnout. Many studies were repetitions of previous studies, using different models or theories or situations, and even those that verified new variables or models added new variables or models to existing research models. Also, there were studies that verified the relation between antecedents and outcomes of job stress without considering job stress itself. Thirdly, related to research method, while foreign studies are conducted on a wide range, including theory, term, measurement tools,sub-dimensions, qualitative analysis, and literature review, domestic researches are limited to empirical researches that conduct surveys based on foreign job stress theories and models, and therefore do not reflect the situations of Korea. Also a longitudinal study is needed in order to understand the cause and effect of job stress, but all domestic empirical studies use a cross-sectional analysis. Fourth,related to the level of analysis, there were no studies on groups or organizations and all empirical studies were limited to a personal level. There were various measurement tools for job stress, which made it difficult to combine the research results. Also a few studies neglected to provide basic information on measurement tools and measurement methods. Finally related to substantive analysis, many domestic studies on job stress were limited to examining the antecedents related to job or role. They were also more focused on examining antecedents and moderators of job stress rather than outcomes. Most researches presumed that job stress had a negative effect on the attitude and behavior of organization members,and there seemed to be a lack of consideration on whether this was true. Unlike foreign researches, domestic researches showed an insufficiency on personal and organizational methods on coping with job stress. In this study we suggest the following research directions for domestic researches on job stress. (1) Concept and dimension - A determination on the conceptual definition of job stress and job burnout, researches that examine the conceptual difference and relationship between job stress and job burnout,researches that consider the sub-dimensions of job stress and job burnout,researches that clarify the antecedents and outcomes that affect the sub-distentions of job stress and job burnout, researches that verify the effects of outcome variables, and a accurate use of job stress related terms. (2) Theory and research type - In-depth researches that apply various theories rel... 본 연구에서는 국내 주요 학술지에 발표된 총 56편의 직무스트레스 관련 연구들을 비판적으로 고찰하고 향후 연구방향을 제시하였다. 직무스트레스 연구에 대한 고찰은 전반적 현황 분석, 개념․이론․연구형태․연구방법 분석, 그리고 실질적 분석 등 세 가지 측면에서 이루어졌다. 국내 직무스트레스 연구의 주요 한계점들로 1) 전반적 현황 분석에서 직무 스트레스의 선행요인 중 주로 직무 및 역할 관련 요인들에 치중, 직무스트레스의 개념과 차원에 대한 개념적 연구의 부족, 종단면적 연구의 부족 등, 2) 개념․이론․연구형태․연구방법 분석에서는 직무스트레스에 대한 개념적 정의 부족, 직무스트레스와 직무소진간의 관계에 대한 논의의 미흡, 직무스트레스와 직무소진 하위차원에 대한 연구 부족, 직무스트레스 이론의 다양성 및 심층적 분석의 부족 등, 3) 실질적 분석에서는 직무스트레스의 조직 수준에서의 조절변수에 대한 연구 부족, 직무스트레스의 결과변수에 대한 연구 부족, 직무만족․조직몰입․이직의향 등 몇몇 결과변수에 치중 등을 지적하였다. 직무스트레스의 향후 연구방향으로, (1) 개념 측면에서 직무스트레스․직무소진의 개념적 정의의 명확화, 직무스트레스와 직무소진의 개념적 차이 및 이 두 개념간의 관계의 심층적규명, 직무스트레스와 직무소진의 하위차원에 따른 선행요인 및 결과변수의 규명과 관련한 연구의 필요성 등을 제시하였다. (2) 이론․연구형태와 관련해서는 다양한 이론을 활용한 직무스트레스 연구, 직무스트레스의 결과변수 및 매개변수 규명 연구의 활성화, 직무스트레스 연구 시에 직무스트레스 직접 측정의 필요성 등을 제시하였다. (3) 연구방법과 관련해서는 직무스트레스 측정도구의 지속적인 활용, 측정도구와 측정방법에 대한 충실한 정보 제공, 직무스트레스 연구방법의 다양화, 한국적 상황을 고려한 연구의 필요성 등을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 (4) 실증 연구와 관련해서는 다양한 직무스트레스의 선행요인 및 결과요인 규명 연구, 직무스트레스 대처 방식에 대한 연구, 조직 차원에서 직무스트레스의 완화 방안에 대한 연구, 연구의 표본 선정에의 주의 등을 제시하였다.

남성 사무직 근로자들의 직무스트레스와 간기능 이상과의 관련성

홍정연,김형렬,이보람,김용규,구정완,박정일 大韓産業醫學會 2009 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.21 No.2

목적: 사무직 근로자의 직무스트레스와 간기능 이상의 관련성을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 근로자 건강검진에 참여한 남성 사무직 근로자 664명을 대상으로 응답자 직접 기입식 건강 검진 문진 및 한국인 직무스트레스 측정도구(Korean Occupational Stress Scale)의 결과와 각 근로자의 간기능 검사결과를 통해 간기능 이상에 영향을 주는 요인에 대해 분석하였다. 결과: 직무요구도 및 전체 직무스트레스 수준이 높은 군에서 간기능 이상률이 증가하였다. 음주 행동과 BMI에 따라 근로자 군을 분류하였을 때, 직무요구도 및 전체 직무스트레스 수준이 높은 군에서 간기능 이상률이 증가 하였다. 불건강 음주를 하는 군과 BMI 25이상 비만자군의 경우 직무스트레스의 수준이 간기능 이상에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 직무요구도 및 전체 직무스트레스 수준이 높은 군에서 간기능 이상과 관련성을 보였다. 따라서 직무스트레스의 조직적 관리 및 접근을 통해 간기능 건강에 기여 할 수 있을 것이다. Objectives: We wanted to investigate the relationship between job stress and liver dysfunction in Korean male white collar workers. Methods: A total of 700 male white collar workers who worked at one electronic institute and who participated in an annual surveillance program were recruited: 664(94.9%) workers were initially recruited and the data for 36 workers was excluded due to poor responses and a past history of liver disease. The questionnaire survey included the participants' general characteristics, the job-related factors, the health-related behaviors and job stress. Job stress was assessed using the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF). We merged the job stress data with the individual liver function results by conducting annual surveillance. Multiple logistic regression analysis with adjusting it for the Confounding variables, including alcohol drinking and the body mass index (BMI), was used to evaluate the relationship between job stress and liver dysfunction. Results: After adjustment for the confounding variables, the proportion of liver dysfunction cases was significantly higher in the groups with a high level of job stress, as assessed by the 'job demands and total score'. After conducting a stratified analysis with considering alcohol drinking and the BMI, the prevalence odds ratio of liver dysfunction was higher in the groups with a high level of job stress, as assessed by the 'job demands and total score'. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the level of job stress (and especially that assessed by the job demands and total score) is related to liver dysfunction. Thus, further preventive efforts and studies are needed to reduce job stress and address liver dysfunction.

한국 30∼40대 성인에서의 인지적 스트레스와 심박동 변이의 상관관계

고현민(Hyunmin Koh),신호철(Ho Cheol Shin) 대한스트레스학회 2011 스트레스硏究 Vol.19 No.4

정신적 스트레스와 심혈관 질환 사이의 깊은 연관성에 대해 많은 기전들이 연구되고 있다. 스트레스에 대한 노출 상태와 인지 과정이 심장의 자율신경 조절기능에 미치는 영향은 중요하다고 생각된다. 본 연구는 30~40대 성인을 대상으로 2010년 1월부터 5월 동안 연구가 진행되었으며 이평숙의 생활사건 스트레스량 측정, 인지적 스트레스 반응척도 이용하여 스트레스량을 평가하였고 SA-2000E (medicore 2002)를 이용하여 5분간의 심전도 기록을 통해 HRV를 측정하였다. 인지적 스트레스량은 HRV 지표 중 SDNN, TP, LF와 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였으며 이는 나이, 비만도, 흡연을 보정한 이후에도 의미 있게 나타났다. 생활사건 스트레스량은 HRV와 관련성이 없었다. SDNN에 통계적으로 유의하게 영향을 주는 위험인자로는 나이, 비만도, 흡연, 인지적 스트레스였다. 심장의 자율신경기능은 생활사건 스트레스량보다는 개개인이 스트레스 정도를 인식하는 방식에 따른 인지적 스트레스량이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 따라서 인지적 스트레스가 심혈관 질환의 위험인자로 작용할 가능성이 시사되었다. 향후 스트레스 관리에서 심박동 변이를 심혈관 질환 발생의 예측인자로 사용 할 수 있을 지에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. There were many attempts to evaluate the correlation between stress and cardiovascular disease. It is important that stressful emotional status and process can impact on dynamic autonomic control of the heart. Subjects between the age of 30s and 40s were recruited from January to May of 2010. To examine the association of emotional stress and heart rate variability (HRV) we gathered life event stress scale scores, cognitive stress response scale scores, and HRV data using 5-minute electrocardiographic recordings of subjects. Cognitive stress score was inversely associated with three indices of HRV (SDNN, TP, and LF) significantly After adjusting for age, BMI. However, there was no significant relationship between life event stress score and HRV. We found cognitive stress had a significant correlation with SDNN as a predictive variable. Cardiac autonomic function had stronger relationship with the amount of cognitive stress, which is subjective to individual, than the amount of life event stress. Therefore cognitive stress can possibly be considered as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. We suggest further studies about stress management to prevent cardiovascular disease and using HRV as a predictive marker. (Korean J Str Res 2011;19:273∼279)

심근경색 모델 흰쥐에서 스트레스가 B-type Natriuretic Peptide 발현 및 심박변이율 변화에 미치는 영향

이삼윤(Sam Youn Lee),이미경(Mi Kyoung Lee),김남호(Nam-ho Kim),주민철(Min Cheol Joo),조항정(Hyang Jeong Jo),강지숙(Ji Sook Kang),김병숙(Byung Sook Kim),윤선식(Sun Sik Yoon),최을식(Eul Sig Choi),이문영(Moon Young Lee) 대한스트레스학회 2010 스트레스硏究 Vol.18 No.3

심박변이율의 감소는 심근 경색 환자에서 예후의 악화와 관련되어 있다. 심박변이율 중 very low frequency가 심부전환자의 예후를 판단할 수 있는 독립적 인자로서 사용이 가능하다고 보고된 바 있으며, 심실의 압력 증가에 반응해서 생성되는 B-type natriuretic peptide가 심근 경색의 예후 인자로서 사용할 수 있음 역시 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 심근경색 모델을 제작하여 일정의 회복 기간을 거친 다음 다시 일정 기간의 스트레스를 겪게 한 후 심박변이율의 변화 및 심실 조직에서의 BNP 발현 정도를 비교하여 스트레스에 의한 영향을 관찰하고자 하였다. Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐 15마리를 대상으로 하였다. 실험동물은 인위적 스트레스 및 수술을 받지 않은 대조군(CON, n=5), 심근경색 수술을 받은 후 restraint stress를 받지 않은 군(MI+No Stress, n=5), 심근경색 수술을 받은 후 1주일 동안 restraint stress를 받은 군(MI+Stress, n=5)으로 분류하였다. 심근경색 모델 제작 직후 15분 이상 심전도의 변화를 기록하였으며, 2개월 정도 후 심근경색 수술을 받은 동물을 두 군으로 나누어 그 중 한 군에는 1주일 동안 restraint stress를 가한 후 restraint stress를 가하지 않은 동물과 심박변이율을 비교 분석하였다. 심실 조직은 좌심실 전벽 부위의 위축을 관찰할 수 있었고, 대식세포에 의하여 응고, 괴사된 심근세포의 탐식과 혈관이 풍부한 육아조직 및 섬유 변화를 볼 수 있었다. 심박변이율은 심근경색 수술을 받은 직후 심박수는 유의한 증가를 보였고, standard deviation of the normal to normal intervals (SDNN), very low frequency (VLF) 및 low frequency (LF)의 유의한 감소를 보였다. 심근경색 수술을 받았던 동물에서 두 달 정도의 회복 기간을 거친 후 스트레스를 받지 않은 군은 심박수 및 기타 심박변이율 분석에서 SDNN 값을 제외하고는 정상군과 유의한 차이를 관찰할 수 없었던 반면 1주일 동안 스트레스를 받은 군에서는 심박수가 다시 유의하게 증가했을 뿐만 아니라 SDNN, VLF 및 LF 역시 정상군과 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면 심근경색 동물에 대해 1주일 동안 스트레스를 가한 결과 심박변이율이 감소하고 심실에서의 BNP 발현은 더욱 증가하여 악화함을 보여주고 있다. Diminished heart rate variability (HRV) is associated with less favorable prognosis after myocardial infarction (MI). It has been reported that very low frequency (VLF) power in HRV analysis is an independent risk predictor in patients with congestive heart failure and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) can be used as a prognostic factor of MI. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether stress has an effect to the changes of BNP expression and/or heart rate variability in MI model in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: control group (CON), MI group (MI+No Stress), and MI followed by stress group (MI+Stress). MI+Stress group rats were raised for a two month recovery period after the operation, followed by being exposed to restraint stress for 2 hours per day for 1 week. Electrocardiogram was recorded after the operation and the last day after 1 week of stress. The frequency components of HRV were calculated in the frequency domain such as VLF, low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and so on. In HRV analysis, standard deviation of the normal to normal intervals (SDNN) was significantly reduced in both groups compared to the control group. VLF and LF also were significantly reduced in MI+Stress group compared to the control groups. In addition, BNP expression in western blotting was shown the strongest bands in MI+ Stress group among experimental groups. These results suggest that BNP and HRV were aggravated by stress in MI rat model. (Korean J Str Res 2010;18:275∼285)

한국판 스트레스 마인드셋 측정도구의 요인구조, 방법효과 및 측정동일성 검증

박다은 한국산업및조직심리학회 2022 한국심리학회지 산업 및 조직 Vol.35 No.2

Stress mindset refers to implicit beliefs about the effects of stress. Although academical interests in stress mindset are growing, we know next to nothing about whether the original stress mindset scale, developed by Crum and colleagues (2013), can be used for working professionals in Korea. To examine whether the same stress mindset scale can be used in Korean adults with different occupations, we recruited college students and working professionals in finance, medicine, and education (N=531) and asked them to complete stress mindset and perceived stress questionnaires. Findings from a confirmatory factor analysis found no evidence for method effects in the original 8-item stress mindset scale. Furthermore, the results indicated that 4-item stress mindset scale, measuring debilitating effects of stress (Stress Mindset-N4), fits data better than the original 8-item scale and 4-item mindset scale, measuring enhancing effects of stress (Stress Mindset-P4). Measurement invariance testing of Stress Mindset-N4 supports configural, metric invarianc, and scalar invariance. Furthermore, the scale scale reliably predicts perceived distress. ‘스트레스=부정적’이라는 인식이 팽배함에도 불구하고 스트레스의 효과성에 대한 개인의 관점은 차이가 있다. 어떤 사람은 스트레스는 무조건 부정적이라고 믿는 반면 어떤 사람은 스트레스를 통해 성장․발달할 수 있다고 믿는다. 이처럼 스트레스의 효과성에 대한 개인의 신념을 스트레스 마인드셋이라 한다. 본 연구에서는 미국인을 대상으로 Crum과 동료들이 개발한(2013) 스트레스 마인드셋 척도가 국내 다양한 직업군에서 사용될 수 있는지를 요인구조, 방법효과, 측정동일성 검증을 통해 살펴보았다. 대학생과 금융, 의학, 교육 분야에 종사하는 성인 531명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였으며, 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 확인적 요인분석 결과, Crum과 동료들이 제안한 8개 문항으로 구성된 측정모형의 적합도는 양호하지 않았으며, 방법효과를 통제한 모형에서도 적합도가 좋지 않았다. 스트레스의 부정적인 효과성을 측정하는 4문항으로 구성된 도구(Stress Mindset-N4)와 긍정적인 효과성을 측정하는 4문항으로 구성된 도구(Stress Mindset-P4)의 적합도는 양호한 것으로 나타났으며, 그중에서도 Stress Mindset-N4의 적합도가 더 높았다. Stress Mindset-N4와 P4 도구의 직업별 측정동일성 검증에서는 전자는 형태, 요인부하량, 절편 동일성이 지지 되었으며, 후자는 형태, 요인부하량 동일성이 지지 되었다. 더불어 두 도구 모두 지각한 스트레스를 유의하게 예측하였다. 본 연구결과가 가지는 이론적, 실증적 의의를 논의하였다.

여대생의 심박변이도와 스트레스 지수 및 신체적 · 심리적 스트레스의 상관성 연구

양윤권(Yang, Yoon-Kwon) 한국체육과학회 2018 한국체육과학회지 Vol.27 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigated the relationship for the application and the usefulness of correlation analysis in physical stress, psychological stress, stress index and heart rate variability in female college students. The subjects participated in this experiment voluntary for this study were 58 female college students. The physical stress and psychological stress were measure by survey(Son 2010, Cho 2016). The Stress Index(SI) and HRV(Heart Rate Variability) were measured by UBioClip(v70, korea). For analysis, multiple correlation analysis were used by SPSS(ver21). The heart rate variability(HVR) of female college students were negative correlation with physical & psychological stress but not statistics significant relationship. The stress index(SI) of female college students were positive correlation with HRV(Heart Rate Variability) but not statistics significant relationship. The results suggest that high HVR and low SI may have positive effect for physical stress and psychological stress.

Stress-strain Behaviour and Shear Strength of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Xiulei Li,Jianyong Shi 대한토목학회 2016 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.20 No.5

An understanding of the stress-strain behaviour of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is important in landfill design and stability analysis of landfill slopes. A series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on reconstituted MSW specimens. The effect of stress path on the drained stress-strain response and shear strength of MSW were investigated. For the compression stress paths of Δσ3 ≥0, a straight-lined increase section and an upward curvature are observed in the stress-strain curves of MSW; the upward curvature results from the fibrous constituents (primarily plastic and paper) reinforcing the waste matrix; the hardening points defined in stress-strain curves are used as failure criterion to calculate the strength parameters of MSW. For the compression stress paths of Δσ3 < 0, the stress-strain responses of MSW exhibit a rapidly increasing section towards a slowly increasing section without upward curvature; the development of fibrous reinforcement is not enough due to the reduction of confining stress σ3; the failure points defined in stress-strain curves are also used as failure criterion to calculate the strength parameters of MSW. A new method to estimate MSW strength parameters is proposed in this study. The differences of MSW friction angle are very small for different stress path tests. However, the cohesions obtained in compression stress path tests of Δσ3 < 0 are much smaller than that in conventional triaxial compression tests.

Physical Exercise Counteracts Stress-induced Upregulation of Melanin-concentrating Hormone in the Brain and Stress-induced Persisting Anxiety-like Behaviors

Kim, Tae-Kyung,Han, Pyung-Lim The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Science 2016 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.25 No.4

<P>Chronic stress induces anxiety disorders, whereas physical exercise is believed to help people with clinical anxiety. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying stress-induced anxiety and its counteraction by exercise using an established animal model of anxiety. Mice treated with restraint for 2 h daily for 14 days exhibited anxiety-like behaviors, including social and nonsocial behavioral symptoms, and these behavioral impairments lasted for more than 12 weeks after the stress treatment was removed. Despite these lasting behavioral changes, wheel-running exercise treatment for 1 h daily from post-stress days 1 - 21 counteracted anxiety-like behaviors, and these anxiolytic effects of exercise persisted for more than 2 months, suggesting that anxiolytic effects of exercise stably induced. Repeated restraint treatment up-regulated the expression of the neuropeptide, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), in the lateral hypothalamus, hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala, the brain regions important for emotional behaviors. In an <I>in vitro</I> study, treatment of HT22 hippocampal cells with glucocorticoid increased MCH expression, suggesting that MCH upregulation can be initially triggered by the stress hormone, corticosterone. In contrast, post-stress treatment with wheel-running exercise reduced the stress-induced increase in MCH expression to control levels in the lateral hypothalamus, hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. Administration of an MCH receptor antagonist (SNAP94847) to stress-treated mice was therapeutic against stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors. These results suggest that repeated stress produces long-lasting anxiety-like behaviors and upregulates MCH in the brain, while exercise counteracts stress-induced MCH expression and persisting anxiety-like behaviors.</P>

운동선수는 스트레스를 어떻게 인식하는가?: 근거이론 관점

소하연,나정은,정지혜 한국체육학회 2023 한국체육학회지 Vol.62 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress perception process of athletes, understand negative stress and positive stress, and derive keywords that are key to converting stress into positive stress. Metacognitive awareness was discovered as a key step in the process of changing the perception of positive stress. The participants in the study were at least national team candidates with extensive player experience, and data was collected through in-depth interviews with 7 players with professional player experience. Afterwards, open coding, axial coding, and selective coding suggested by Strauss and Corbin were applied and analyzed in that order. As a result of open coding, 6 high-level categories, 28 low-level categories, and 215 concepts were derived. A paradigm model was derived through subsequent axial coding. In this model, the causal conditions were stressful situations, including injury and re-injury, burden (environmental), emotional hurt, result orientation, and negative effects of the game. The contextual conditions appeared to be a vicious cycle caused by negative changes due to stress, threats to competition opportunities, repetitive mistakes, irrational judgments, and negative thinking. The central phenomenon was the physical and psychological response caused by stress. Negative reactions were negative thoughts, while positive perceptions included the importance of learning and practice and finding breakthroughs. As a result, negative perceptions were extracted as poor performance, repetition of negative stress, and re-injury, while positive perceptions were extracted as recovery of performance, influence of major hitters, and acceptance. In selective coding, two stress recognition processes were extracted three-dimensionally: a table of the process of first recognizing stress and a table of the process of converting to positive recognition. The core category in the process of positive recognition is presented as ‘metacognition is the key to growing inner strength,’ and the outline of the story is described accordingly. This study distinguished the positive and negative effects of stress and provided a detailed discussion on the process by which stress is perceived positively by athletes.

A Study on HRV and Stress Index Analysis before and after Presentation of Stress-inducing Tasks

( Mi-hyun Choi ) 한국감성과학회 2021 한국감성과학회 국제학술대회(ICES) Vol.2021 No.-

This study aims to analyze the change in the stress index using the heart rate variability (HRV) before and after performing the stress-inducing task. The experiment was conducted with right-handed, healthy men and women in their 20s with normal cognitive abilities. The stress-induced task was presented using the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST) stress paradigm. The stress-induced task was presented using the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST) stress paradigm. In order to subjectively evaluate the level of stress in participants before the experiment, the Korean version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to score the current level of stress in participants. In this study, stress was induced by presenting stress conditions of time limit, the average score of the participant, whether the answer was correct or not, and the obligation to maintain a specific average with arithmetic operation tasks that anyone in their 20s was able to solve.