ICT 융합 전화과정의 동태성 : 실리콘밸리 지식 융합 사례를 중심으로

정순기,이병호 한국IT서비스학회 2013 한국IT서비스학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Convergence is now the trend of knowledge information society. Information technology and knowledge transfer are main sources of convergence. There are many articles which studied outcomes of convergence while there are few articles that try to study the process of convergence. The purpose of this study is to investigate how convergence is dynamically formalized. For the ana lysis, we used Institutional Analysis and Development(IAD) framework from the point of convergence. IAD framework could synthetically study the origin and the process of convergence. We investigated the case of si llicon valley whether or not dynamics of ICT convergence could be explicable by IAD framework. The results shows that ICT technology and knowledge could be the enabler for the formation of convergence. ICT technology accelerates convergence and knowledge convergence from information converge different technologies and industries. This article provides a theoretical foundation for future research to analyze dynamics of ICT convergence by the IAD framework. For the future work, it is recommended that a study is to be empirically analyzed the dynamics of ICT convergence.

융합교육의 체계화를 위한 융합교육의 방향과 기초융합교과 설계에 대한 제언

김혜영 한국교양교육학회 2013 교양교육연구 Vol.7 No.2

It is true that concurrent social phenomenon cannot be understood in a single academic framework since modern society lies on complicated environment. To facilitate persons who can lead complicated society, new types of education resources are required which implicate innovative insights and capabilities. A single notion of academy and segregated scholastic system are difficult to provide human resource satisfying the needs of complicated society. Therefore, the convergence of education is highlighted since it provides innovative socio-insight by emergence of different disciplines. Because of this, numerous universities suggest convergence education as an education tool to comprehend new streams of social phenomenon. However, existing convergence education only provides a single course which aggregates inter-dependent classes or solely independent classes which merged with other disciplines. Although indeed these two types of education take major role in the convergence education, some considerations might subsequently follow for establishing a system to stabilize objective of convergence educations. Taking various discipline related courses or practicing concurrent situation through multiple scholastic methods would not guarantee to student possess capability to understand new phenomenon and required knowledge. Thus, the universities need to response both desires of society on convergence education and rationale object of convergence education establishing basic convergence education system based on existing convergence education and classes for driving great impact of the education. This research suggests a way of establishing convergence education implicating on principle of convergence and its phenomenon. This will implicate hinges between the existing education system and convergence education. To do this, the research employs limitations of respected literatures, current state of convergence education and principle of convergence education to provide a guide line of establishing basis of the convergence education. 현재의 사회현상들은 기존의 단일 학문들로는 해석이 되지 않다는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 이러한 복잡한 사회현상에 적응하고 사회를 이끌어가기 위해서는 새로운 관점과 역량을 가진 새로운 인재가 필요하게 되었다. 그러나 단일학문 또는 분화된 학문 체계로는 새로운 시대에 맞는 인재를 양성하기 어렵기 때문에 학문 간의 결합을 통해 새로운 관점을 갖게 하는 교육이 필요해진 것이다. 때문에 많은 국내·외 대학에서는 현상을 새롭게 설명하고 해석할 수 있는 학문으로 ‘융합’을 제안하고 교육으로 실현하고 있다. 융합교육이 전체 대학으로 확산되고 있는 현재의 시점에서 보다 안정적이고 효과적인 운영을 위해 철저한 고민이 필요하다고 판단된다. 학생들에게 교과과정에서 여러 학문에 관련된 수업을 듣도록 하는 것만으로 또는 현재의 현상을 여러 학문을 통해 해석해보는 연습을 시킨다고 해서 학생들이 앞으로 벌어질 새로운 현상을 해석하고 필요한 지식을 융합할 수 있는 능력이 생기는 것은 아닐 수 있기 때문이다. 앞으로도 지속적으로 변할 사회에 대비하고자 할 때, 여러 가지 사회적 요구에 부응하고 융합교육의 궁극적인 목표를 만족시키면서 융합교과의 특징을 충실히 반영하여 융합교육과정을 완성해야 할 것이다. 이를 위한 방법의 하나로 융합교육과정 안에서 기초적인 융합소양을 키울 수 있는 기초융합교과를 설계하여 융합교육의 기반을 튼튼히 할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 융합교육의 현황을 점검하여, 바람직한 융합교육의 방향을 제안하고, 교양과목으로 융합의 원리 및 융합현상 등을 설명할 수 있는 기초융합교과의 설계를 제안함으로써 기존의 교육과 융합교육의 연결고리를 만들어줄 수 있는 방안을 논의하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 본 연구에서는 기존의 연구자들이 제안하고 분석하였던 현재 융합교육의 현황 및 한계, 융합교과의 요건 및 원칙 등을 통해 기초융합교과의 설계방향을 제안한다. 본 연구가 작은 초석이 되어 각 대학이 융합교육과정을 설계하고 구체적인 융합교과를 개설하고자 할 때 보다 쉽게 방법을 모색할 수 있기를 기대한다.

긴장 및 조절 눈모음과다 내사시 환자들에서의 사시 수술 후 결과

이민우(Minwoo Lee),한승한(Sueng-Han Han),한진우(Jinu Han) 대한안과학회 2018 대한안과학회지 Vol.59 No.5

목적: 높은 조절눈모음비(accommodative convergence per accommodation, AC/A) 눈모음과다 내사시 환자들과 낮은 조절눈모음 비를 가진 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시 환자들에서 양안 내직근 후전술(bilateral medial rectus recession)의 수술 결과를 비교하였다. 대상과 방법: 근거리 사시각이 원거리 사시각보다 10 prism diopter (PD) 이상 큰 환자들 중에서 양안 내직근 후전술을 시행한 환자들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 눈모음과다 내사시 환자들 중 사시 수술을 경험한 모든 환자들의 의무 기록을 확인하였고, 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시 환자 6명과 높은 조절눈모음비(AC/A) 눈모음과다 내사시 환자 10명을 대상으로 하였다. 마지막 추적 관찰 기록에서 원거리와 근거리 주시 시 각도 편차가 10 PD 이하이며, 원거리와 근거리의 사시각이 8 PD 이하인 경우를 성공적인 수술 결과로 정의하였다. 결과: 수술 당시의 평균 연령은 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시군에서 5.9 ± 1.6세였고, 높은 조절눈모음비 눈모음과다 내사시군에서는 7.3 ± 2.9세로 관찰되었다(p=0.301). 수술 후 추적관찰기간은 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시군에서 2.7 ± 2.9년, 높은 조절눈모음비 눈모음과다 내사시군에서 4.0 ± 3.3년으로 유의미한 차이가 없었다(p=0.426). 근거리와 원거리 사시각의 차이는 모든 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시 환자(100%)에서 10 PD 이내로 줄어들었으나, 높은 조절눈모음비 눈모음과다 내사시군의 경우 10명 중 오직 6명(60%)만이 10 PD 이내로 줄어들었다. 수술의 성공률은 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시군에서 5명(83.3%), 높은 조절눈모음비 눈모음과다 내사시 환자군에서 5명(50%)으로 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시군에서 수술의 성공률이 더 높은 것을 확인하였으나, 숫자가 작아 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 확인되지는 않았다(p=0.307, Fisher’s exact test). 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시 환자 5명에서는 증량 양안 내직근 후전술을 시행하였고 5명(100%) 모두에서 성공적인 수술 결과를 확인하였다. 결론: 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시 환자에서 양안 내직근 후전술을 시행하였을 때 6명 중 5명(83%)에서 성공적인 수술 결과를 확인하였으 며, 이는 높은 조절눈모음비 눈모음과다 내사시군에서 확인한 수술 성공률(50%)에 비해 높았다. 또한 높은 조절눈모음비 눈모음과다 내사시 환자군에서 증량 내직근 후전술을 시행할 때에 비하여 긴장 눈모음과다 내사시 환자군에서 증량 내직근 후전술을 시행할 때더욱 높은 성공률을 기대할 수 있을 것이다. <대한안과학회지 2018;59(5):465-470> Purpose: To investigate the surgical outcomes of augmented bilateral medial rectus (BMR) recession in patients with low accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio tonic convergence excess esotropia (ET) compared to high AC/A ratio convergence excess ET. Methods: This study included patients with esodeviation ≥10 prism diopter at near than at distance fixation who underwent BMR recession. The medical records of all esotropic patients with convergence excess who underwent strabismus surgery were reviewed. Six patients with tonic convergence excess and 10 patients with a high AC/A ratio met the study inclusion criteria. A successful outcome was defined as a near or distance angle of deviation ≤8 prism diopter and a ≤10 prism diopter difference between the two at the final recorded visit. Results: The mean age at surgery was 5.9 ± 1.6 years in the tonic convergence excess ET group and 7.3 ± 2.9 years in the high AC/A ET group (p = 0.301). The average length of the postoperative follow-up was 2.7 years (range, 0.6–8.4 years) in the tonic convergence excess ET group and 4.0 years (range, 0.6–8.4 years) in the high AC/A ET group (p = 0.426). Near-distance disparities were reduced in all patients with tonic convergence excess ET within 10 prism diopter postoperatively, but in only 6 of 10 patients in the high AC/A ET group. Five of 6 patients (83.3%) had successful outcomes in tonic convergence excess ET group; 5 of 10 patients (50%) had successful outcomes in the high AC/A ET group. Conclusions: In our series, five patients (83%) obtained successful results in the tonic convergence excess ET group compared with 50% in the high AC/A ET group. Augmented BMR recession can be safely performed in esotropic patients with tonic convergence excess. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2018;59(5):465-470

4차 산업혁명을 대비하는 융합교육과정에 관한 연구 - 디자인교육을 중심으로 -

손상희 한국상품문화디자인학회 2019 상품문화디자인학연구 Vol.56 No.-

A new phase of college education, headed by the Fourth Industrial Revolution recently, is to reflect the education of universities that solve the lack of on-site practical skills, the lack of problem-solving skills and the lack of creativity. This study investigated and analyzed the concept of convergence, the necessity of fusion design education, the status of convergence curriculum and curriculum opening. Analyzing the current status of the establishment of fusion design education in domestic professional universities, the first is the name of the department of convergence or related departments running departments. The ministry aims to foster the talent of fusion design, including the Ministry of Convergence Technology, the Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Department of Humanities Society and Design, the Department of ICT Convergence, the Department of Creative Arts and Convergence, the College of Culture and Technology, and the Department of IT. Second, the Department of Convergence Technology Engineering → Department of Media Design → Department of Metallurgical Design, Department of Humanities and Design → Department of Visual Design, Department of Visual Design → Department of Game Content/Multimedia, Department of Creative Arts Convergence, Department of Culture, Media, Department of Information Media, Department of IT → Department of Multimedia Contents, Department of Education. Thirdly, there was a somewhat different pattern of operation between professional and general universities. There is a similarity between professional and general universities in that they operate the department of convergence and the department of convergence. However, there is a difference in that ordinary universities operate fusion subjects under the system of obtaining a degree after completing the integrated curriculum as a major, not as a major, at the time of admission. Also, the subjects corresponding to the 4th Industrial Revolution are subject to convergence design, big data, VR contents, smart cars, start-up process, and design window convergence method. The educational direction of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is aimed at fostering cooperation and communication and fostering lifelong learners, emphasizing the development of talents, including learners' self-directed project learning, discussion and cooperative learning. Converged human resources education starts with the education of science, technology, and engineering, and requires convergence in various fields, so professional universities require active university reorganization in accordance with national policy and educational direction. 최근 제4차 산업혁명이 지향하는 대학교육의 새로운 국면은 현장 실무능력 부족, 문제해결능력 부족, 창의성 부족을 해결 하는 대학의 교육을 반영하는 것이다. 본 연구는 융합의 개념, 융합디자인 교육, 융합교육과정 및 교과목 개설 현황 등을 조사하여 분석하였다. 국내 전문대학의 융합디자인 교육의 개설현황을 살펴본 결과에 따르면, 첫째는 융합학부 또는 학과 를 운영하는 관련학과 명칭들을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 융합기술공학부, 기계공학부, 인문사회·디자인학부, ICT융합학부, 창의 예술융합학부, 컬쳐텍계열, IT학부 등의 각각 융합디자인 인재양성을 지향하고 있다. 두 번째는 융합기술공학부→미디어디 자인과, 기계공학부→금형디자인과, 인문사회·디자인학부→시각디자인학과, ICT융합학부→게임콘텐츠과/멀티미디어과, 창 의예술융합학부→뉴미디어콘텐츠과, 컬쳐텍계열→방송영상미디어과, IT학부→멀티미디어컨텐츠학과로 학과(전공)의 교육 과정이 구성되어 있으며, 실제적으로 융합된 교육과정을 진행하기 보다는 보여지기식 구성으로 운영되고 있다는 판단이다. 세 번째는 전문대학교과 일반대학교 간의 운영형태는 다음과 같다. 융합학부 내 학과를 편재 운영하고, 융합교과목을 운영 하고 있다는 점에서 전문대학교와 일반대학교 유사한 점이 있다. 다만, 일반대학교는 융합학과를 별도로 운영하면서 입학 당시 학과(전공)가 아닌 융합전공 교육과정을 주전공으로 이수한 후 학위를 취득하는 제도로 융합 교과목을 운영한다는 점 에서 차이가 있다. 또한 4차 산업혁명에 대응하는 교과목은 융합디자인, 빅데이터, VR콘텐츠, 스마트자동차, 창업프로세스, 디자인창의융합방법론 등의 교과목을 운영하고 있다는 점도 차이가 있다. 4차 산업혁명 교육 방향은 협력과 소통의 함양 및 평생학습자의 육성을 목표로 하고 있으며, 학습자의 자기주도형 프로젝트 학습, 토론, 협동학습 등 인재 육성을 중요하 게 강조하고 있다. 융합형 인재 교육은 과학(Science), 기술(Technology), 공학(Engineering)의 교육으로 출발하여 다양한 분야의 융합을 요구한다는 점에서 전문대학교는 현장 직무능력을 겸비한 인재융성을 국가정책 및 교육방향에 의거하여 적 극적인 대학의 재구조화가 되고 있다는 판단이다.

CONSUMER PERCEPTION ON TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURAL CONVERGENCE MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF A FASHION BRAND: FOCUSED ON DETERMINANTS OF ADOPTION

Haesung Whang,Eunju Ko 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06

With traditional boundaries among culture, technology, finance, politics, and ecology are disappearing (Friedman, 1999), the need of businesses to deliver unusual experiences to the consumers have increased in order to survive and thrive. With consumer’s need diversifying and getting more complex, capturing receiver’s attention is becoming the key issue for brands (Jung & Shin, 2010). Resultantly, the traditional operators are feeling the necessity to co-operate with those in other fields to obtain differentiation. Hence, even without one consensus meaning existing, the emphasis on the word 'convergence' is consistently growing. Its popularity of use reflects the era we live in, where boundaries are fading and unaccustomed ideas are brought together (Lord & Velez, 2013). However, despite its importance increasing, researches on convergence marketing are very limited. Most of the studies focus only on qualitative research, especially on case studies or defining conceptual definition of term convergence. Thus, not much is known of how consumers perceive this new way of approach. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to first, understand how the consumers perceive marketing of technology and marketing of culture, and second, how the convergence of these two influence on brand perception. The concept of convergence holds meaning in all sorts of fields from telecommunications, computer sciences, mathematics, logic, to economics, sociology, accounting and others (Lord & Velez, 2013). Although it seems that the word convergence is more or only related to the information technology discourse, however in large, although it is true that it was mainly based on the advance of information technology, the concept of convergence is frequently used both in the media industry and the other academic fields. From media industry, it denotes the ongoing restructuring of media companies as well as to describe the various intersections between media technologies, industries, content and audiences. Yet, in academic fields, in the same context of convergence several other terms are frequently used in the literatures, for example as alliance, partnership, sponsorship, and collaboration (Appelgren, 2004) which is all based on the same ‘coming together’ yet differs in specific goal. The convergence marketing that emerged from the intensified competition among brands co-operates with those in other fields in order to create differentiating point. The convergence in fashion industry is found with two main streams of technology convergence and cultural convergence (Wi, 2013). In line with the fact that convergence in everyday life bases from the improvement of technology, the application of technology in fashion industry is also found throughout the production process, from design to production and distribution. Unlike 2000s where fast fashion changed the fashion system, the impact of technology seems to be the largest in the turn of 2010 (Choo et al., 2012; Ko, Kim, & Lee, 2009). As the convergence of marketing and IT can create rich, technologically enabled digital experiences that engage, delight, and serve the consumer, now it plays a part as a source of innovation (Lord & Velez, 2013). Accordingly, with pioneering advantages that technology appliance can deliver, many luxury brands have adopted new technology in its marketing strategies, including QR code in the magazine ad, hologram technique replacing the plastic mannequin, motion reacting interactive show window are to name a few. Similarly, culture for marketing is found with consumers pursuing more and more cultural and intellectual activities with the improvement of the standard of living. As concept of art exemplified from the marketing standpoint evoke general connotations of sophistication, culture, luxury and prestige (Martorella, 1996), many luxury brands are applying cultural contents to improve brand images (Hagtvedt & Patrick, 2008). In sum, to satisfy consumers’ diverse need, brands are trying to incorporate not only using the novel digital devices, but also conveying the cultural contents to provide emotional stimulus. Thus, this study focuses on the marketing communication using convergence of technology and culture that aims to gain consumers’ evaluation. This study applies complex model of Technology acceptance model to Pleasure-arousal-dominance theory to better understand how consumers perceived and adopt the new type of marketing strategy. TAM is a widely employed in various studies to predict users’ behavior intentions (Hsu & Lu, 2004). Technology acceptance model suggested by Davis (1989) is agreed as the theoretical background useful to explain individual adoption behavior with the introduction of such relatively new medium like this make users to experience new ways (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Yet, in the model application stage, it was suggested that TAM model focuses only on the judgment of the system of technology and lacks the ability to explain other potentially important factors that can influence on users’ acceptance process. Thus, similar to the other previous researches, this study also linked the emotion response to the existing technology acceptance model (Igbaria, Zinatelli, Cragg, & Cavaye, 1997; Venkatesh, 2000). This was due to the fact that the usage of technology is extending throughout the industry, and emotional factors are found to work as an important factor in such work. Many other approaches have been made in order to explain the emotional side of the adoption, yet in this study, pleasure-arousal-dominance theory which is often used to explain in marketing communication discourse and is supported in application for experiential aspect (Holbrook & Batra, 1987). Pleasure-arousal-dominance theory (PAD; Mehrabian & Russell (1974)) suggested by Mehrabian & Russell (1974) explains the three basic emotion status to mediate approach-avoidance behaviors in any environment based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response(S-O-R) paradigm. It explains that individual’s emotional status is aroused by the mediating environment (Donovan, Rossiter, Marcoolyn, & Nesdale, 1994). Yet, interpreting the recent studies arguing that in consumption related emotions situation, dominance is not necessary (Donovan et al., 1994), this study was adopted as a two-dimensional construct that can impact the user’s behavior intention. In sum, this study applies perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, pleasure, and arousal as the determinants of adoption. In addition, not simply examining the adoption process of the convergence marketing, but this study relates to the actual effect on consumers’ brand evaluation. The appliance of TAM as the part of individual dimension variable was found in recent studies that investigated the effect of adverting with interactive medium (Han & Park, 2010; Shim, 2009). Previous literatures have suggested the perceived usefulness significantly influences on the attitude toward the retailer that provides such experience (Lee et al, 2006). Especially, such studies were made within the e-commerce conditions, such as investigation of consumer behavior towards a non-profit organization’s virtual store (Chen et al, 2002), influence of perceived usefulness positively influencing on attitude towards the online retailer and intentions to use from such retailer (Vijayasarathy, 2004), and determinants of adoption (usefulness, ease of use, and enjoyment) on the attitude toward the online retailer (Lee et al, 2006). On this account, brand attitude, and purchase intention was examined. In this study, survey method in order to investigate how consumers perceive the convergence marketing in the marketing communication context, and further, how they evaluated the brand performing convergence marketing. Preliminary study was first proceed to understand how marketing of technology and marketing of culture is recognized by consumers, and further, manipulate each stimuli. The adoption process was investigated using technology acceptance model combined with pleasure-arousal-dominance theory, as a part of the individual variables. With mediating effect of consumer characteristics found to be important in convergence marketing (Kim, 2007), personal innovativeness, art involvement, and need for uniqueness was applied to see the mediating effect. Therefore, a survey was conducted to see the differences in the degree of convergence. The preliminary research with 183 samples indicated that convergence marketing method was preferred over the dedicated marketing of technology or culture. Thus, the experimental design that was designed in a form of 2 by 2 between subjects factorial design with factors of innovation of technology and classiness of culture, the 513 samples collected a total of 485 samples being used. The analysis indicated that as the convergence traits of novelty and classic increase, determinant of intentions were strongly generated, followed by the increasing intention to accept, continued to building positive brand attitude and purchase intention. Yet, in specific, novelty trait had direct influences on making emotional feeling, including pleasure and arousal, rather than on generating cognitive reaction. It was the classic trait that had relationship in between cognitive and emotional reaction. Additionally, it was also found that in case of emotional feeling were evoked, pleasure and arousal, it influenced on building positive brand attitude continued to purchase intention even if adoption intention was not made. Moreover, when adoption intention was made, the direct influence on positive brand attitude was found to be significant. Meanwhile, determinants of adoption were found to have the significant influence on adoption intention and on brand attitude. The positive influence of determinants of adoption on adoption intention is in line with a number of researches on ETAM. When perceived to be higher, all resulted in higher adoption intention (Tzou et al., 2009). In terms of brand attitude, it was found that only the emotional variables of pleasure and arousal that had direct influence to have marketing effectance, which coincides with the result of Childers et al. (2001). This study indicates that compared to the perceived usefulness and ease of use, enjoyment was a stronger driver to predict the attitude. In sum, the result implies that convergence marketing can work to satisfy both the cognition dimension as well as the emotional facet. When drivers of determinants of adoption is generated, it strongly influence on the adoption intention. Yet, in order to have the marketing communication effect on brand attitude and purchase intention, it is necessary to consider the emotional aspect, either pleasure or arousal. Such relationship is not only related to the cultural contents, but technology itself can now deliver emotional feelings to the consumers. Thus, the marketing director should focus on the usage of technology to involve emotional facets. In addition, all individual characteristics were found to be significantly moderating. Result of the effect of personal innovativeness implies that those of highly innovated tends to not only have strongly influence on adoption intention, but also had significant effect of advertising effect compared to the less innovated groups. The moderating effects of art involvement turned out that those highly involved in art, novelty did not matter much compared to the less involved group. In case of need for uniqueness, the significant relationship of perceived pleasure on brand attitude was found, yet unlike expected, those low in need for uniqueness had significantly stronger adoption intention. Thus, this can be perceived as due to the marketing activity targeting the mass audience, lacking the attractiveness towards those in higher need for uniqueness. Thus, in order to attract both those in high and low need of uniqueness, delivering both usefulness as well as pleasure is important. The result of this study contributes to understanding on status and recent trend of convergence marketing activities. Further, it is meaningful in that it is in line with the recent studies of applying TAM in combination with PAD theory as well as within the context of marketing communication. Thus, the result of this study is expected to be helpful in understanding the new hybrid consumers and give suggests useful information for establishing future brand communication plans. Yet, to further understand the interpretation process of consumer studies that incorporate variables suggested from the interview should be incorporated in the study.

융합지향 조직 구축을 위한 융합인재 측정 도구 개발

이서영,권상집 한국지식경영학회 2019 지식경영연구 Vol.20 No.1

This study aims to examine validity and reliability of the convergence talent measurement. Based on the comprehensive literature review on convergence and convergence talent, we draw 4 main competencies (convergence cognitive, accomplishment, problem solving, and attitude) and 10 critical aspects (creative thinking, critical thinking, cooperation, communication, problem-solving, knowledge accessibility, resource utilization, trust, openness, caring) for building an effective convergence-oriented organization. A validity and reliability test survey were conducted for the analysis to investigate the convergence talent scale. With a data of 151 employees in diverse companies, the results show that the factors demonstrated acceptable levels of validity and reliability. The empirical evidences of our study are 10 key aspects comprising four main dimensions which suggest an available scale for measuring the convergent talent for enhancing convergence-oriented organizations. Our research contributes to the expansion of academic and practical implications on convergence, especially in convergence-oriented organizations.

융합관광의 개념화를 위한 탐색적 연구

장혜원 한국관광학회 2016 관광학연구 Vol.40 No.3

Convergence is a phenomenon that has had a profound effect on several industries over the past decades. Despite this, prior research has been limited by a lack of coherent theoretical definitions of convergence in tourism study. This study aims to establish conceptualization for convergence tourism. The concept of convergence tourism was drawn by the inductive method. First of all, the researcher reviewed literature on convergence and industry convergence. Then, the three core attributes of subject, process and performance were derived from the concepts of convergence and industry convergence. This study also tr performed content analysis based upon in-depth interviews with individuals involved in medical tourism, MICE and 6th industrialization. Finally, to establish conceptualization the four categories of: market orientation, cooperation orientation, innovation orientation and value orientation were considered as conceptual attribution. These results suggest that convergence tourism is sustainable tourism and furthermore, convergence tourism is a tourism paradigm. 본 연구는 융합관광이 지속적으로 언급되고 있지만 개념에 대한 학술적 통일성은 부족한 상황에 대한 문제의식에 의해 융합관광의 개념을 구체화하고자 한 것이다. 연구방법은 질적 연구로서 심층면접의 내용을 맥락상으로 분석하는 귀납적 방법을 적용하였다. 연구절차는 먼저, 융합과 산업융합의 개념을 파악한 후 두 개념에서 공통적인 속성을 도출하였다. 다음으로 도출된 공통 속성을 바탕으로 전문가 심층면접을 실시하였으며 이의 내용에 대해 내용분석을 하였다. 개념을 통해 추출하고 계열화하였으며, 이를 주제에 따라 범주화하였다. 이의 결과 융합관광 개념의 구성요소는 시장지향, 협력지향, 혁신지향, 가치지향 등으로 나타났다. 융합관광의 주체는 산업차원으로 시장지향성을 추구하며, 융합의 과정에서는 산업 간의 협력적․수평적 네트워크를 실행하기 위한 협력지향성과 콘텐츠의 창조적 결합을 위한 혁신지향성을 추구하게 되는 것을 의미한다. 이의 결과로는 경제적․사회적 효과를 창출하는 가치지향성을 추구하는 것으로, 결국 융합관광의 출발은 시장지향적 특성에 기반하고 있지만 그 과정에서 타 산업과의 협력을 통해 혁신해 나감으로써 경제적 가치는 물론 지역의 공적 이익에 부합하는 사회적 가치를 창출한다는 점에서 기존의 관광산업과는 차별된다. 융합관광은 지속가능한 관광의 의미를 포함하고 있으며, 더 나아가서 하나의 관광 패러다임으로 볼 수 있음을 시사한다.

A. N. Whitehead의 "과정(process)"에 내재된 융합교육과정의 의미

성정민 사단법인 인문사회과학기술융합학회 2016 예술인문사회융합멀티미디어논문지 Vol.6 No.5

융합교육과정의 “융합(convergence)”은 교육적 개념으로 재개념화 될 필요가 있다. 창조적 생성의 원리인 Whitehead의 “과정(process)”은 융합교육과정의 특수한 의미를 밝혀 줄 수 있는 이론적 근거이다. Whitehead의 과정은 합생(concrescence)과 이행(transition)의 과정으로 구분된다. 합생은 다자(many)가 일자(one)로 통일되어 새로운 현실적 존재를 창조하는 과정이며, 이행은 창조된 현실적 존재가 다자들로 편입되어 세상 만물의 하나로 자리잡는 과정이다. Whitehead의 과정에 내재된 융합교육과정의 의미는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 융합교육과정은 새로운 지식 창출이 가능한 인재를 육성하기 위한 함축적이면서 중요한 교육 내용을 토대로 구성된 교육과정이다. 융합교육과정의 융합은 창조적 인재의 육성을 위한 토대 마련이라는 목적이 있다. 둘째, 융합교육과정은 학생들의 지적 성장과 인성의 성장이라는 두 가지 성장을 목적으로 하는 교육과정이다. 융합교육과정은 지식으로서 교육내용 뿐만 아니라 교육내용의 구성방식인 교육방법적인 면에서 지적 성장과 인성의 성장을 고려하여 구성되어야 한다. The purpose of this study is to interpret “the Meaning of Convergence Curriculum Based on Whitehead's Process”. Educational convergence has been recognized as a kind of academic convergence. However, education is a special area. Whitehead's process is the principle of creative becoming. Whitehead's process is the suitable concept of educational convergence. Whitehead’s “process” consists of “concrescence” and “transition”. “Concrescence” is a process that “many” generates “one”. “Transition” is a process that “one” transfers to “many”. The meaning of convergence curriculum based on Whitehead's process includes the following: First, the convergence curriculum is comprised of implicative and important contents. The convergence curriculum should rear talent to creat new knowledge. “Convergence” of convergence curriculum aims to prepare a foundation of effective curriculum. Second, the convergence curriculum promote intellectual growth and growth of character. Convergence curriculum should be made up of relationship among the students.

융합패러다임이 변화시킨 현대디자인에 대한 고찰

이순엽,정원준 한국일러스아트학회 2018 조형미디어학 Vol.21 No.4

The previous design area has stayed in the category of practical and purposeful functionality and aesthetics s uch as visual design, image design, industrial design, fashion design, and environment design while the moder n design is expanding to the concept of 'convergence design' as the meanings and areas of design are expand ed in the combination with diverse areas such as management, engineering, and humanities. Now, under the si tuation of the time when it is impossible to stay in the past concept of design, the design concept through ‘convergence’ is expanding the design to new roles. The ‘convergence’ is to create more expanded new entities or value systems by improving the value such as convergence product, convergence service, converg ence industry, and convergence design, through the chemical/physical combination of independent entities like study, technology, product, service, and industry based on the consilience of knowledge or study. We are facing the era of huge change from the age of specialization leading the changes in the world for tho usands of years to the age of convergence. The convergence is one of the universal phenomenons of modern society that could be observed in the whole areas of society, instead of a specific area. Therefore, the discus sion of convergence is spreading to the overall social system after exceeding the descriptive area. The chang ed characteristics of modern design concept include the convergent tendency to understand/interpret the socia l phenomenons of the digital era in the area of business administration, engineering, and sociology in the conn ection with related sciences without being limited to industry and technology. Owing to the appearance of the advanced digital technologies and tools, the divided design boundary is collapsed, which is continuously divers ified into the new design area. Now, the convergence design industry is settled down as the creative knowled ge-based service industry having effects on the whole industries. The significance of this study is to find th e academic basis of this new design paradigm that could play the key role in the future industry through the convergence with humanities, scientific technologies, and industry after exceeding the integrated design thinki ng. 이전의 디자인 영역이 시각디자인, 영상디자인, 산업디자인, 패션디자인, 환경디자인 등 이미 오랫동안 실용적이고 합목적적인 기능성과 심미성 범주에 머물렀다면 현대디자인은 경영, 공학, 인문학 등 다양한 분야와 결합하여 디자인의 의미와 영역이 확장 되어 상호 혼성되는 ‘융합디자인’이라는 개념으로 확장되고 있다. 이제 과거의 디자인 개념에서 머물 수 없는 시대적 상황에 서 ‘융합’을 통한 디자인 개념은 디자인을 새로운 역할로 확대시키고 있다. ‘융합’이란 지식이나 학문의 통섭을 통하여 학 문, 기술, 제품, 서비스, 산업 등과 같이 독립적으로 존재하던 분야 및 개체들이 화학적, 물리적 결합을 통해 융합 제품, 융합 서 비스, 융합 산업, 융합디자인과 같이 그 가치를 더욱 향상해 더 확장된 새로운 개체나 가치체계를 창조하는 것이다. 우리는 과거 분업화의 시대에서 오늘날 수천 년간 세계의 변화를 주도해온 분할적 힘이 융합적 힘으로 대체되는 대전환의 시대 를 맞이하고 있다. 융합은 특정 영역을 넘어 사회 전역에서 관망할 수 있는 현대사회의 보편적 현상의 하나이다. 따라서 융합에 관한 논의는 기술적 영역을 넘어선 사회체계 전반으로 확산되고 있다. 달라진 현대디자인 개념의 특성은 기술에 따른 산업에만 국한되지 않고 인접 학문과 연계되어 경영학, 공학, 사회학적 등의 분야에서 디지털시대의 사회현상을 이해하고 해석하려는 융 합적 경향을 보이고, 고도화된 디지털 기술과 도구의 등장으로 전문분야로 나누어져 있던 디자인 경계도 무너지며 지속해서 새 로운 디자인 분야로 다원화되고 있다. 이제 융합디자인 산업은 전 산업에 영향을 미치는 창조적 지식기반 서비스 산업으로 자리 를 잡고 있다. 이런 새로운 디자인 패러다임은 통합적인 디자인적 사고를 넘어 인문학, 과학기술 및 산업과의 융합을 통해 미래 산업의 핵심적 역할을 할 수 있도록 학문으로서의 근거를 찿는데 연구의 의미를 부여한다.

전자정부와 지식행정

최승원 한국공법학회 2015 공법연구 Vol.43 No.3

정보통신 분야에서의 컨버전스는 융복합콘텐츠와 연동서비스를 의미한다고 할 수 있다. IT 영역에서 컨버전스란 HardwareㆍSoftwareㆍNetworkㆍContent & Service Convergence를 말한다. 이는 5A 즉, anytime, anywhere, anyone 그리고 any platform, any device를 구현하기 위한 핵심이기도 하다. 하드웨어 컨버전스란 데이터가 하드웨어에 종속되어서는 아니 된다는 의미이다. 즉, Any Device를 구현할 수 있어야 한다. 어떤 기기든 상관없이 데이터를 이용할 수 있고, 나아가 기기간에도 데이터가 연동되어야 한다. 소프트웨어 컨버전스란 데이터나 콘텐츠가 가능한 한 소프트웨어에 종속되어서는 아니 된다는 의미이다. 특정 소프트웨어가 하드웨어나 네트워크에 종속되거나 소프트웨어간 호환이 되지 않으면 컨버전스에 장애가 되며, 독점 배타적 플랫폼이나 비표준 소프트웨어 및 하드웨어 종속 어플리케이션은 컨버전스 컨셉과 충돌하게 된다. 네트워크 컨버전스란 데이터 뿐 아니라 가능한 한 하드웨어나 소프트웨어를 네트워크에 종속시켜서는 아니 된다는 의미도 포함한다. IT 컨버전스의 궁극적인 지향점은 콘텐츠와 서비스 컨버전스이다. 위치정보나 자동차 운행정보와 식당이나 주변 관광정보를 연동시켜 준다든가, 여행지의 날씨나 기상정보를 연동시켜 준다든가 등을 위해서는 콘텐츠간 융복합, 콘텐츠와 서비스간 결합 즉, 융ㆍ복합콘텐츠와 연동서비스가 필요하며, 이러한 컨버전스 환경이 전제되어야 한다. 따라서 개방ㆍ공유 정보일수록 특정 디바이스나 소프트웨어에 종속됨이 없이 제공되어야 하는데, 그러려면 비표준을 버리고 표준을 준수하여야 하고, 어플리케이션보다는 웹을 지향하여야 한다. 컨버전스 혁명을 감안하면 오늘날의 전자정부는 온오프라인 융복합 측면에서 접근할 필요가 있다. Paperless가 가야할 미래방향인 것은 분명하고, 문제는 G4C 대국민서비스이다. G4C의 핵심은 수요자 중심의 공공정보 제공 및 민간활용과 다양한 융복합 Paperless Service이다. 개방ㆍ공유ㆍ참여 내지 소통ㆍ협력이라는 정부3.0을 모토로 컨버전스 인프라가 제대로 갖추어진 상태에서, 행정서비스를 전자정부가 부처간 수직적 칸막이가 아닌 수평적 분업과 협업시스템에 의하여 실효적으로 제공할 수 있어야 하고, 이를 통해 PC와 Mobile 환경에서 융복합 콘텐츠와 서비스를 잘 구현해갈 수 있다. 지식기반사회에서 행정지식과 경험 및 노하우를 관리하는 행정체계로 전면적인 개혁을 하여야 하는데, 지식행정시스템을 구축하기 위해서 유념하여야 할 몇 가지가 있다. 첫째, 지식관리(Knowledge Management) 즉, 데이터관리를 하여야 한다. 둘째, 표준화가 중요하다. 우리 사회 전반이 직면하고 있는 현안과제이기도 하다. 표준화는 이종시스템간의 호환연동에 필수적이다. 셋째, PC와 Mobile 동시 구현 내지 Mobile로 이행해가려면 다양한 HW SW 환경을 감안하여 특히 OSMD 즉, One Source Multi Device 컨셉으로 데이터를 관리할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 그러려면 앱보다는 웹을 지향하여야 한다. 다섯째, 고퀄리티 지식검색이 필요한데 이를 위해서는 데이터 관리에 있어서 정형화ㆍ구조화ㆍ유형적 세분화를 지속ㆍ반복적으로 수행하면서 지식의 생애주기 전 프로세스를 통하여 평가나 결과들을 선순환시켜 갈 수 있는 환류시스템을 포함하여야 한다. 여섯째, 웹기반 지식관리에는 정형과 비정형을 다 담을 수 있는 웹문서가 매우 중요한 기능을 하게 된다. 이... Convergence of the information communication field, can be a means linked Services and ConvergentㆍIntegrative content. The convergence in the IT field refers to the HardwareㆍSoftwareㆍNetworkㆍof Content & Service Convergence. This is 5A that is, anytime, anywhere, anyone and any platform, even in the core for implementing any device. The Convergence of hardware, data is a sense that not depending on the hardware. Some regardless in equipment, data can be utilized, the data must be synchronized between the devices further. In other words, it must be able to implement Any Device. The Sofware Convergence, data and contents is a sense that not depending on the hardware. Network Convergence, the data and possible hardware and software to not depend on the network also includes the sense that should not be. Final-oriented point of IT convergence is a convergence of content and services. ConvergentㆍIntegrative between the content, the bond between the content and services, ie, linked services and convergentㆍIntegrative content. is required. And, these convergence environment must become a prerequisite. Therefore, as the open-public information should be provided not depending on species specific devices or software. For this purpose, a non-standard discard it must conform to standards, not the application, it must aim to web. If consideration of these convergence revolution, e-government of today, it is necessary to accessIt in aspects of onlineㆍoffline, convergentㆍintegrativeIt Paperless is a future direction to go is clear, the problem is a service to the G4C. Core of G4C is to provide the public information of the consumer center, take advantage of the private sector, is a variety of fusion-composite Paperless Service. The are several noted to build knowledge management system. First, knowledge management, that is, it must be the data management. Second, standardization is important. Third, OSMD that is, One Source Multi Device concept, it is necessary to manage the data. Fourth, not the application, it must aim to web. Fifth, in the order requires a high quality knowledge search, while performing a stylized-structured-typical Segmentation in data management to continue and repetitive, and a virtuous cycle of evaluation and results throughout the entire life cycle process of knowledge. The must contain a reflux system which can go to. Sixth, the Web-based knowledge management, web document can contain all of the orthopedic and atypical it would be a very important feature. Seventh, to minimize the human intervention as much as possible, it is important to automate as much as possible. Eighth, knowledge management should aim to consumers customize. The knowledge base of the information society, in order to make the data available in safely and any environment, it is necessary to take norms framework harmony on both sides of the technical issues and normative problems. In particular, in the Cloud environment, state of status and functions and administrative activities of conventional administrative is of course a major change of the study of public law also that never directly is maintained. As a basic principle of the method, the e-democracy, the e-legalism, the e-welfare is an important concept that does not change even in the convergence Revolution. Convergence revolution has continued, to go towards the future to find the the balanced contact of harmony, South Korea has to be accurately understand the direction and the way it should proceed for directing the e-government and knowledge management of IT powerhouse.