기독교적 관점에서 본 북한 용서 개념, 가치

김경숙 기독교통일학회 2023 기독교와 통일 Vol.14 No.1

‘Forgiveness’ seems to be the inevitable historical request for Koreans, who have to reconstruct the history of divisional violence into a history of peace and prosperity. In particular, during the period of North Korea’s transition from dictatorship to democracy, forgiveness will be urgently requested in the process of healing multi-layered damage such as the recovery of the social community and healing of individual and human relations. This study questioned whether the value of forgiveness exists in North Korea, and reflected on the 'North Korean forgiveness' that affects the lives of North Koreans in humanities and theology. First of all, from a biblical point of view, the characteristics of Christian forgiveness based on the value of life respect and love were examined, focusing on Jesus’ forgiveness. As for the concept of North Korean forgiveness, three concepts were derived: ‘Forgiveness as an absolute impossibility,’ ‘Forgiveness as a mercy of the leader,’ to invented for North Korea's Three Generations of Succession and System Stabilization and ‘Forgiveness as a bribe’ to cover up everyday illegal activities resulting from economic poverty. In closing, it was revealed that there was no value of Christian forgiveness in North Korean forgiveness, and emphasized the need for the Korean churches to be restored as a life-and-love community. 용서는 분단폭력의 역사를 평화번영의 역사로 재구성해가야 하는 우리에게 피할 수 없는 역사적 요청이다. 특히 북한에서 독재-민주주의에로의 전환기에 사회공동체 회복, 개인 및 인간관계의 치유 등 다층적인 손상을 치유하는 과정에서 용서는 절박하게 요청될 것이다. 본 연구는 “북한에 용서라는 가치가 존재할까?”라는 질문을 던지고 북한 사람들의 삶에 영향을 미치는 북한의 용서 개념에 대해 인문학적·기독교적으로 성찰하였다. 우선, 성서적 관점에서, 예수의 용서를 중심으로 생명 존중-사랑의 가치에 기반한 기독교적 용서의 특징들을 고찰하였다. 북한에서 용서 개념으로 북한의 3대 세습과 체제 안정화를 위해 발명된 ‘절대적 불가능으로서 용서’와 ‘수령의 자비로서 용서’ 개념, 그리고 경제적 결핍의 산물인 불법행위의 일상화가 만들어낸 ‘뇌물로 사는 용서’ 개념을 도출하였다. 끝으로, 북한에서의 용서 개념에 기독교적 용서의 가치가 부재하다는 것을 밝혀내고, 생명-사랑의 공동체로서 한국교회의 회복을 강조하였다.

용서신념이 분노에 미치는 영향: 자아분화를 통한 용서의 매개된 조절효과 검증

한형준,이희경 한국상담학회 2012 상담학연구 Vol.13 No.2

This study tested the mediated moderating effect of forgiveness through differentiation of self in the relation between forgiveness belief and anger. The mediated moderating effects were tested among 575 adults, using questionnaires regarding forgiveness belief, Enright forgiveness inventory-Korean shorts, differentiation of self scale and state-trait anger expression inventory-Korean version. The main results are as follows. First, by analyzing the correlations among the variables, there was a significant positive association among forgiveness belief, differentiation of self, and forgiveness. On the other hand, anger shows a significant negative correlation with forgiveness belief, differentiation of self, and forgiveness. Second, by using multiple regression modeling among forgiveness belief, differentiation of self, and forgiveness, there exists a significant interation between forgiveness belief and differentiation of self in forgiveness. As a result, the group high on differentiation of self shows a significant difference in the relationship between forgiveness belief and forgiveness. On the other hand, the other group low on differentiation of self does not reveal significant difference. Third, the result of testing the mediated moderation hypothesis based on the suggestion by Preacher et al.(2007), indicates that an indirect effect, forgiveness belief to anger through forgiveness depends on differentiation of self, was significant. Finally, based on the findings the implications and limitations of the current study were discussed. 본 연구는 용서신념과 분노의 관계에서 자아분화를 통한 용서의 ‘매개된 조절효과’를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대학생 및 성인 575명을 대상으로, 용서신념, 자아분화, 용서, 분노 수준을 측정하고, 위계적 회귀분석과 구조방정식을 실시하여 가설을 검증하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 각 변인의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 용서신념, 자아분화, 용서 사이에 유의한 정적 상관이 있었으며, 분노는 유의한 부적 상관이 나타났다. 둘째, 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하여 용서신념과 용서의 관계에서 자아분화의 하위수준인 정서적 단절과 가족 퇴행의 상호작용효과를 검증하였다. 그 결과, 정서적 단절과 가족 퇴행이 낮은 집단의 경우 용서신념에 따라 용서에서 유의한 차이가 있는 반면, 정서적 단절과 가족 퇴행이 높은 집단에서는 이러한 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 셋째, Preacher 등(2007)이 제안한 구조방정식모형을 사용하여 용서신념이 분노에 미치는 영향에서 자아분화를 통한 용서의 매개된 조절효과 검증을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 용서신념과 자아분화의 상호작용과 분노의 관계에서 용서가 주는 매개효과는 완전매개모형이 적합한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의 및 제한점과 향후 연구방향을 기술하였다.

대학생의 특성용서, 상태용서, 용서 결정요인의 관계

정성진,서경현 한국청소년학회 2011 청소년학연구 Vol.18 No.6

This study was to explore relationships among trait forgiveness, state forgiveness, and forgiveness determinants of Korean college students. The participants were 219 Korean college students. The psychological scales used in this research included the following: Forgiveness Trait scale, Korean Forgiveness Scale, STAXI(anger), STAI(anxiety), CES-D(depression), and Rosenberg's Self-esteem scale. Results revealed that there was no difference in trait forgiveness and state forgiveness according to sex, age, and religion. There was no difference in state forgiveness according to situational factors of forgiveness, that is, when the transgression was occurred and what the transgression was. While there were significant differences in trait forgiveness according to, other situational factors, severity and unfairness of the transgression. The more serious and unfair the transgression was, the lower state forgiveness score. It was found that no difference in state forgiveness according to relational factors of forgiveness, that is, offender and the period of relationship at the transgression. Significant correlations were found among trait forgiveness, state forgiveness, and psychological factors of forgiveness, that is, anger, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Trait forgiveness showed highly negative correlations with trait anger, trait anxiety, depression, and state anxiety and highly positive correlation with self-esteem. While state forgiveness showed highly negative correlations with state anger, state anxiety, trait anxiety, and depression. Factors to highly predict state forgiveness were severity of transgression, unfairness of transgression, state forgiveness, the period of relationship at the transgression, and trait forgiveness. While factors to highly predict trait forgiveness were trait anxiety and trait anger. The implications and limitations of the study were discussed. 본 연구의 목적은 한국 대학생들의 특성용서와 상태용서와 용서 결정요인 사이의 관계를 탐색하는 것이다. 연구 참여자는 대학생 219명이다. 본 연구에서 사용한 척도는 용서특질척도, 한국인용서척도, 상태특성분노척도, 상태특성불안척도, 우울척도(CES-D), Rosenberg 자기존중감척도이다. 분석 결과, 성별, 연령, 종교에 따라 특성용서 및 상태용서의 차이가 유의하지 않았다. 용서의 상황적 요인인 상처 받은 시점, 상처의 내용에 따라 상태용서에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 반면, 용서의 다른 상황적 요인인 상처의 심각성과 부당성에 따라 상태용서에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 상처 받은 사람이 상처가 심각하다고 생각할수록 또는 상처가 부당하다고 생각할수록 상태용서 점수가 낮았다. 용서의 관계적 요인인 상처 준 사람, 상처 받았을 때 상처 준 사람과 알고 지낸 기간에 따라서는 상태용서에 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 용서의 심리적 요인인 분노, 불안, 우울, 자기존중감은 특성용서 및 상태용서와 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 특성용서는 특성분노, 특성불안, 우울, 상태불안과 높은 부적상관을, 자존감과는 높은 정적상관을 보였다. 반면, 상태용서는 상태분노, 상태불안, 특성불안, 우울과 유의한 부적상관을 보였다. 상태용서를 강력하게 예측하는 요인으로는 상처의 심각성, 상처의 부당성, 상태분노, 상처 준 사람과 알고 지낸 기간, 특성용서가 있었다. 반면 특성용서를 강력하게 예측하는 요인은 특성불안과 특성분노였다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 함의와 제한점에 대해 논의하였다.

용서신념과 분노의 관계: 타인을 향한 자비불안을 통한 용서하기의 조절된 매개효과

이지현,김은하,신희천 한국상담학회 2018 상담학연구 Vol.19 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating model of college students’ forgiveness in mediating the relationship between forgiveness beliefs and anger and controlling mediating effects of the fear of compassion to others. Subjects were 397 university students. They participated in this study by responding to the following questionnaires: Forgiveness Belief, Forgiveness, the Fear of compassion for others, Anger. The data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0 and SPSS Macro. The results were as follows. First, the significant partial mediating effect of forgiveness on the relationship between forgiveness belief and anger was found. Second, the significant moderating effect of the fear of compassion for others on the relationship between forgiveness belief and forgiveness was found. That is, the higher the fear of compassion toward others, the less the relationship between positive forgiveness beliefs and forgiveness. Third, the moderated mediating effect was found that mediating effect of forgiveness decreased with higher the fear of compassion toward others in the relationship between forgiveness belief and anger. Also, based on the results, the limitations of the study and suggestions for future study were discussed. 본 연구에서는 대학생을 대상으로 용서하기가 용서신념과 분노 간의 관계를 매개하는지, 그리고 타인을 향한 자비불안이 용서하기의 매개효과를 조절하는지 알아보기 위해 조절된 매개모형을 검증하였다. 이를 위해, 경기도 소재 대학교에 재학 중인 397명의 학생을 대상으로 용서신념, 용서하기, 타인을 향한 자비불안, 분노를 측정하였고, SPSS Macro를 사용하여 자료를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 용서하기는 용서신념과 분노 간의 관계를 부분매개 하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 타인을 향한 자비불안이 용서신념과 용서하기 간의 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 타인을 향한 자비불안이 높을수록 긍정적 용서신념과 용서하기의 관계성이 줄어드는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 조절된 매개효과가 나타났는데, 용서신념과 분노 간의 관계에서 용서하기의 매개효과는 타인을 향한 자비불안이 높을수록 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 의의, 제한점, 후속 연구를 위한 제언 및 상담에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다.

용서의 윤리-호모 울토르(Homo Ultor)에서 호모 이그노센스(Homo Ignocense)로-

이종원 21세기기독교사회문화아카데미 2014 신학과 사회 Vol.28 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to both survey the desire for revenge and forgiveness, as well as explain how we can change the desire for revenge into forgiveness. At first, I will analyze the causes of revenge and their limitations. I will look at the spirits and characteristics of forgiveness and ideal models of forgiveness. Through this I will seek the solutions for our troubled world with various conflicts. Michael McCullough said that there are three truths about revenge and forgiveness. The first truth is that the desire for revenge is a built-in feature of human nature, the second truth is that the capacity for forgiveness is a built-in feature of human nature, and the third truth is that to make the world a more forgiving, and less vengeful place. We shouldn't try to change human nature, but change the world. McCullough suggested that we change the world that surrounds our life, because human nature is flexible, multifarious, and exquisitely sensitive to context. We can do this by making the factors that evoke the desire for revenge less abundant social environments in which humans reside, and by making those environments more abundant in the factors that evoke forgiveness. The capacity for forgiveness, like the desire for revenge, is also an intrinsic feature of human nature that exists today. From the perspective of Christian ethics, forgiveness is the divine model that shows sinners given generous grace unforgivable human. But we must take notice of the dangers of cheap grace with forgiveness. Forgiveness is surrendering the right to get even and changing one's feeling toward the offender. The final goal of forgiveness is reconciliation with the offender. Forgiveness is the main solution that opens the new possibility for our community and society's future. Therefore those who experienced God's generous forgiveness would try to practice forgiveness with others. 본 소고에서는 갈등을 넘어 진정한 화해로 이끄는 용서의 미덕에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 인간 본성에 내재한 복수심을 충동질하는 원천과 그로 파생되는 문제점들을 지적하고, 기독교적인 의미에서 용서가 지니는 특징들을 분석하고자 한다. 기독교 윤리적 관점에서 볼 때, 용서는 하나님이 인간에게 보여준 진정한 사랑의 모형이요, 용서받을 수 없는 자에게 베푸는 과분한 은혜라고 말할 수 있다. 하나님의 과분한 용서를 체험한 자들은 용서하는 것이 진정한 도덕적 선이라는 확신을 갖게 된다. 그런 점에서 용서는 상호 화해를 위해 새로운 가능성을 여는 열쇠이다. 온전한 의미의 용서는 가해자에게 회개와 도덕적인 변화를 요구하기 보다는 선물로 주어지는 것이어야 한다. 이러한 용서만이 지구촌을 대립과 갈등을 넘어 화해와 상생의 길로 나아가도록 이끄는 힘이 된다. 남아프리카공화국의 진실과 화해위원회는 아파르트헤이트로 인한 대립과 갈등을 용서와 화해로 변화시켜 진정한 용서의 정신을 보여주었다.‘진실말하기’를 통한 사면은 값싼 은혜가 아니었으며, 망각 또한 아니었다. 그동안 자행되었던 부정의로 인한 분열과 갈등을 진실말하기와 사면을 통해 용서와 화해로 변화시켰다. 이는 가해자들의 참회와 도덕적인 변화를 전제로 한 용서가 아니라, 단지 진실만을 말하도록 함으로써 용서라는 선물이 만든 결과였다. 진정한 용서는 선물로 주어지는 은혜이며, 망각이 아니라 과거의 잘못을 되풀이하지 않기 위해 기억하는 것이다. 따라서 용서를 선택하는 것은 온전한 삶을 위한 새로운 여정의 시작이며, 화해와 상생의 열린 미래를 향한 희망찬 걸음이다.

Self-Forgiveness Moderates the Effects of Depression on Suicidality

Minjee Jung,Yeonsoo Park,Seung Yeon Baik,Cho Long Kim,Hyang Sook Kim,Seung-Hwan Lee 대한신경정신의학회 2019 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.16 No.2

Objective: Not all depressive individuals are suicidal. An increasing body of studies has examined forgiveness, especially self-forgiveness, as a protective factor of suicide based on that suicide is often accompanied by negative self-perceptions. However, less has been studied on how different subtypes of forgiveness (i.e., forgiveness-of-self, forgiveness-of-others and forgiveness-of-situations) could alleviate the effects of depression on suicide. Hence, this study examined forgiveness as a moderator of depression and suicidality. Methods: 305 participants, consisted of 87 males and 218 females, were included in the study. The mean age was 41.05 (SD: 14.48; range: 19–80). Depression, anxiety, and forgiveness were measured through self-report questionnaires, and suicidal risk was measured through a structuralized interview. Moderations were examined through hierarchical regression analyses. Results: Depression positively correlated with suicidality. Results of the hierarchical regression analysis indicated forgiveness as a moderator of depression on suicidality. Further analysis indicated only forgiveness-of-self as a significant moderator; the effects of forgiveness-of-others and forgiveness-of-situation were not significant. Conclusion: These findings suggest that forgiveness-of-self is essential in reducing of the effects of depression on suicidality. It is suggested that self-acceptance and the promotion of self-forgiveness should be considered as an important factor when developing suicide prevention strategies.

외상 피해자의 무력감 회복을 위한 용서 프로그램의 상담적 개입 -정서표현을 위한 저널테라피 활용을 중심으로-

허영자 한국기독교상담심리학회 2010 한국기독교상담학회지 Vol.19 No.-

The study of PTSD was accelerated around 1970 when vetrans from Vietnam War returned. Nowadays trauma category is extended to the issues of neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and inequality caused by the differences of race, gender, age, culture, religion, legal status,social status and other factors. Viewing from this changed perspective of trauma and PTSD, our diagnosis and treatment should be different from those of the past because trauma victims are not limited to some special population. Also we can find that many people around us are suffering from PTSD, therefore understanding and caring them appropriately would be an important job in the area of pastoral care. In the treatment of PTSD victims,multifaceted approaches are used. Psychoanalytical approach, cognitivebehavioral approach, family and couple therapy, EMDR, group therapy, and spritual approach etc. This study is focused on the effects of forgiveness therapy in the recovery of powerlessness of PTSD victim. Forgiveness, as the essence of Christianity, can be defined as the surrender of the rights for revenge to God’s hand. Forgiveness has a magnificient healing power in mind, body, spirit and relationships with God and people. Scientifically it has been proved that physical, psychological and relational health were improved after the victims decided to forgive perpetrators. In spite of a great healing power of forgiveness, it is not easy to forgive. There can be obstacles to prevent people from experiencing the healing power of forgiveness. They are misconceptions about forgiveness as follows;forgiveness is forgetting, forgiveness is restoration or reunion, forgiveness is an act of weakness, and forgiveness is an event. Therefore, forgiveness education can be an important bridge to help victims to move to the decision of forgiveness. Forgiveness is not an event but a process. Forgiveness specialists define that it has several stages or dimensions. In Christian community, it is likely to emphasize the decision phase of forgiveness too much. As a result, emotional expression through remembering and mourning the loss is neglected. When truma victims express and accept their repressed negative emotions, relating to their trauma, they can move to the decision phase of forgiveness more easily. Emotional inhibition results bad impacts on body, mind, sprit and relationships. Expressive writing helps trauma victims to re-experience the trauma and re-interprete it. Journal as the safest place for victims to express their emotions and thoughts, it can be an effective tool to help trauma victims to continue the journey of forgiveness.

용서(Forgiveness) 그림책에 나타난 용서개념 발달단계와 만 5세 유아의 용서개념에 대한 연구

이찬숙,강선경 한국어린이문학교육학회 2023 어린이문학교육연구 Vol.24 No.4

This study examined the concept of forgiveness and its developmental stages as depicted in forgiveness-themed picture books and the concept of forgiveness thought of by 5-year-old children. The subjects of this study were 12 forgiveness picture books and thirty 5-year-old children from a kindergarten in Gyonggi-do. The Forgiveness Picture Books and the children's transcriptions of the interviews were all transcribed and qualitatively analyzed. This study adopted Enright's six-stage model of forgiveness development as the foundation for a developmental justice model inspired by Kohlberg. The results of this study are as follows. First, the concept of forgiveness depicted in the picture book appears in various ways, from level 1 forgiveness as retaliation to level 6 forgiveness as practicing unconditional and true love. In all picture books, there is a victim, a perpetrator, and a conflict between the two. However, it ends at stage 5, forgiveness as social harmony and peace, and stage 6, forgiveness as the practice of unconditional love. Second, the results of 5-year-old children's concept of forgiveness revealed that all children showed decentralization by considering other's perspective. All children were able to distinguish between intentionality and unintentionality in their peers' actions shown in the VTR, The forgiveness development stage of 5-year-old children showed the highest proportion of manipulative or compensatory stages based on apology.

부모의 용서와 부모-자녀 의사소통이 남녀 아동의 용서에 미치는 영향

김은혜(Eun Hye Kim),도현심(Hyun-Sim Doh),김민정(Min-Jung Kim),이선희(Sun Hee Rhee) 한국아동학회 2016 아동학회지 Vol.37 No.6

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental forgiveness and parent-child communication on school-age children’s forgiveness in late childhood. Methods: A total of 231 fifth and sixth graders (122 boys and 109 girls) living in Daegu participated in the study. They responded to questionnaires regarding parental forgiveness, parent-child communication and children’s forgiveness. The data were analyzed by t-tests, Pearson’s correlations, and SEM using SPSS 18.0 and LISREL 9.1. Results: First, paternal forgiveness had a direct effect on children’s forgiveness. Second, parental forgiveness had an indirect effect on children’s forgiveness through parent-child communication. Finally, multigroup analyses revealed that paternal forgiveness had a direct effect and an indirect effect through father-child communication on boys’ forgiveness, whereas maternal forgiveness had an indirect effect on girls’ forgiveness through mother-child communication. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the gender of parents and children needs to be considered to explain school-age children’s forgiveness. In addition, these findings have implications for future research and practice by highlighting the importance of parental forgiveness and parent- child communication in forgiveness education programs for children and parent education programs.

용서의 가능성에 관한 철학적 고찰: 데리다, 리쾨르, 세계평화통일가정연합의 관점을 중심으로

황진수 사단법인 한국평화연구학회 2022 평화학연구 Vol.23 No.4

Jacques Derrida, Paul Ricoeur, and the FFWPU. Derrida focuses on the unconditional aspect of forgiveness in a way that forgiveness is to forgive what cannot be forgiven. While Ricoeur puts a precondition that the wrongdoer must repent, he also hopes that the miracle of forgiveness is intervened to set free the painful memory. In the perspective of the FFWPU, the aporia between the unconditional and the conditional forgiveness is derived from an attempt to divide transcendentally the divine forgiveness from the human forgiveness. The concept of forgiveness in the FFWPU is established on the premise that forgiveness is an aspect of love in the give and receive action and the human forgiveness is not fundamentally different from the divine forgiveness. In order to heal the wounded heart, both the wrongdoer and the victim have to participate in the give and receive action of forgiveness in a conscious manner. The unconditional forgiveness is possible through the form of the conditional forgiveness whereas the conditional forgiveness is possible through the practice of the unconditional forgiveness. 본 논문은 자크 데리다, 폴 리쾨르, 하늘부모님성회 세계평화통일가정연합(이하 가정연합)의 용서 개념을 서로 유기적으로 연결시키며 용서의 가능성에 관한 철학적 고찰을 시도한다. 데리다는 용서할 수 없는 것을 용서하는 것이라는 용서의 무조건성을 강조한 반면, 리쾨르는 가해자의 참회를 조건적으로 전제하며 용서의 기적이 인간의 고통스런 기억을 풀어주기를 희망한다. 가정연합의 관점에서 볼 때, 무조건적 용서와 조건적 용서 사이의 아포리아는 신과 인간의 용서를 초월적으로 구분하려는 시도에서 비롯되는 것이다. 가정연합의 용서 개념은 용서가 쌍방향성을 갖는 사랑의 한 양태이고 신과 인간의 용서가 본질적으로 다르지 않음을 전제로 한다. 상처 입은 심정을 회복하기 위해 피해자, 가해자 모두가 의식적으로 용서의 수수작용에 참여해야 하며, 무조건적 용서는 조건적 용서의 형식 속에서, 조건적 용서는 무조건적 용서의 실천을 통해서 가능하다.