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제주도 방언의 상대높임과 ‘-느-’- ‘-수다’와 ‘-읍네다’는 어떻게 다른가?
고영진 한국방언학회 2019 방언학 Vol.0 No.29
In Jeju Dialect, there are two honorific sentential endings equivalent to the standard Korean ending ‘-sɨpnida’: ‘-suda’ and ‘-ɨpneda.’ This paper explains the differences between these two sentential endings. Specifically, this paper argues the meaning of ‘permanent state’ which is expressed by ‘-nɨ-’ in adjectives in Jeju Dialect that is proposed by Ko(2007). The ending ‘-ɨpneda’ can be analyzed into four different morphemes as ‘-ɨp+nɨ+ɨi+da’. However, ‘-suda’ does not contain ‘-nɨ-’ which means ‘permanent state.’ This is the reason that caused the difference between ‘-suda’ and ‘-ɨpneda’ in Jeju Dialect. We often find the difference in meanings between two endings in adjectives but rarely in verbs. Another difference in two endings is that ‘-suda’ does not connect directly to a verb stem nor to the imperative and suggestive. 이 글에서 우리는 제주도 방언에서 상대높임을 나타내는 두 표현, 즉 ‘-수다’와 ‘-읍네다’에는 어떠한 의미차가 있는가를 밝혀 보려고 한다. 고영진(2007)에 의하면, 제주도 방언에서는 ‘-느-’가 형용사와도 자유롭게 결합할 수 있는데, 그 때 그것의 의미는 “항상성”이라고 한다. 본고에서 논의한 두 어미는 상대높임의 등분은 같으나, ‘-읍네다’의 ‘-네-’에는 “항상성”을 뜻하는 ‘-느-’가 녹아 있기 때문에 “상대높임과 항상성”의 의미를 가지나, ‘-수다’에는 ‘-느-’가 들어 있지 않기 때문에 “상대높임”의 뜻밖에 없다. 이러한 ‘-수다’와 ‘-읍네다’의 구별은, 형용사에서 전형적으로 나타나는 것이 보통이기는 하나, 동사에서도 확인이 된다. 다만, ‘-수다’는 동사의 어간에 직접 통합되지 않으며, 명령 및 청유형과도 공존할 수 없음이 특징적이다.
으뜸풀이씨의 도움풀이씨 되기에 대하여 : 국어 문법화의 한 과정으로서
고영진 연세대학교 국어국문학과 1995 연세어문학 Vol.27 No.-
도움풀이씨는 어휘적 의미를 표현하기보다는 문법적 의미를 나타낸다는 점에서 으뜸풀이씨에 비해서 상대적으로 문법적 성질이 강하다고 할 수 있다. 예를 들어 '먹고 있다'라는 말을 분석했을 때에 우리는 이들 두풀이씨의 본래적 의미라 할 수 있는 '먹(食)'과 '있-(存在)'가 합해진 것으로 보기보다는 '먹-(食)'이라는 주요한 의미를 전제하고 난 다음에, 그러한 동작이 게속되고 있는 것으로 파악한다.
고영진,박정오 대한임상병리사협회 1983 대한임상병리사회지 Vol.15 No.1
Respiratory chambers or especially equipped rooms may be used to measure the gaseous exchange as well as the heat produce. This method is not applicable to routine laboratory tests and is used chiefly in research work. Indirect calorimetry is oxygen consumption can be used as an index for calculating heat production because one liter of oxygen produces a know number of calolies when it is completely used in combustion. The rate of heat production per hour per square meter is determined from the rate of utilization of oxygen. Mean values of oxygen utilization obtained according to sex, age, body-weight and height. The results obtained from 456 cases of male and female were as follows: 1) The mean value of oxygen consumption are 298 male was 227.4 and female was 195.4ml/min. 2) Below 29 years male was 232.7 and female was 191.1, 30 to 39 years male was 231.0 and female 231. 0 and female was 195.7, 40 to 49 years male was 224.3 and female was 199.8, 50 to 59 years male was 222.3 and female was 189.5, above 60 years male was 207.5 and female was 181.1ml/min. by the age. 3) Below 49kg male was 212.2 and female was 183.9, 50 to 59kg male was 221.9 and female was 197.2, 60 to 69kg male was 230.9 and female was 206.6 70 to 79kg male was 240.3 and female was 208. 1, above 80kg male was 250.0ml/min by the body weight. 4) Below 149cm female was 188.0, 150 to 159cm male was 208.8 and female was 195.4, 160 to 169cm male was 226.9 and female was 198.1, above l70cm male was 234.lml/min, by the height.