Does Age Influence the Poor Prognosis after Aneurysmal SAH Surgery in Elderly Patients?

Sim, Jong-Eun,Kim, Hyung-Dong,Song, Young-Jin,Noh, Seung-Jin The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2006 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.40 No.5

Objective : The incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage has been increasing. At the same time, surgical results for elderly patients are unsatisfactory and no guidelines of treatment are available. We carried out a study comparing variable factors and surgical results between young and old age groups to find ways to improve prognosis. Methods : A retrospective study was carried out on 754 patients who were operated on between 1990 and 2004 by the same surgeon in our hospital. The patients were divided into seven groups according to age : 93 patients below 40 years of age [Group I], 419 patients aged $40{\sim}59$ [Group II], 115 patients aged $60{\sim}64$ [Group III], 82 patients aged $65{\sim}69$ [Group IV], 28 patients aged $70{\sim}74$ [Group V], 12 patients aged $75{\sim}79$ [Group VI] and 5 patients over the age of 80 [Group VII]. We then checked their medical history, Fisher's grade, Hunt-Hess grade, postoperative complications, and Glasgow Outcome Scale. Results : Age was not a statistically significant factor among patients below 70 years of age [P $value{\ge}0.05$]. But for those aged 70 and older, the age factor had a statistical value [P $value{\le}0.001$]. In addition, there was a close correlation between Hunt-Hess grade IV and V patients, and those with vasospasm, and hydrocephalus after surgery, with poor prognosis in elderly patients as well as young patients [P $value{\le}0.001$]. Conclusion : Advanced age [under the age of 70] dose not precluded adequate surgical treatment in patient with AN SAH, and we should be also alert to preventable causes of delayed neurological deterioration for improving the outcome in all elderly groups.

Performance evaluation of sea water heat exchanger installed in the submerged bottom-structure of floating architecture

Sim, Young-Hoon,Hwang, Kwang-Il The Korean Society of Marine Engineering 2015 한국마린엔지니어링학회지 Vol.39 No.10

Floating architecture is a type of building that is geographically located on a sea or a river. It floats under the influence of buoyancy, and does not have an engine for moving it. Korea is a peninsula surrounded by sea except on the north side, so floating architectures have been mainly focused on two points: solving the issue of small territory and providing various leisure & cultural spaces. Floating architectures are expected to save energy effectively, if they use sea water heat, which is known to be clean energy with infinite reserves. To use sea water heat as the heat source and/or heat sink, this study proposes a model in which a sea water heat exchanger is embedded in the concrete structure in the lower part of the floating architecture that is submerged under the sea. Based on the results of performance evaluations of the sea water heat exchanger using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis and mock-up experiments under various conditions, it is found out that the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger is in the range of $3.06{\sim}9.57^{\circ}C$, and that the quantity of heat transfer measured is in the range of 3,812~7,180 W. The CFD evaluation results shows a difference of 5% with respect to the results of mock-up experiment.

The Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Effects of Red Pepper Seed and Red Pepper Pericarp (Capsicum annuum L.)

Sim, Ki-Hyeon,Han, Young-Sil The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2007 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.12 No.4

In this study, we examined the antimutagenicity of red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp ethanol extracts using the standard Ames test in the presence and absence of S9 mix. The extracts showed inhibitory effects on both the TA98 and TA100 Salmenella Typhimurium strains against the mutagenic activity of promutagen 2-aminoanthracene, and were also protective against the directly acting mutagens sodium azide and 2-nitrofluorene. The red pepper seed elicited stronger antimutagenicity than the red pepper pericarp. Both the red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp directly quenched nitric oxide to different degrees and the scavenging activities increased with increasing concentrations. Nitric oxide scavenging activity ranged from $22{\sim}77%$ in the red pepper seed, and from $36{\sim}49%$ in the red pepper pericarp. The TEAC values for red pepper seed extract were $47.89{\pm}1.64mg\;g^{-1}$ in the ABTS radical scavenging assays, while those of red pepper pericarp extract were $94.18{\pm}1.61mg\;g^{-1}$. Therefore, we conclude that red pepper seed and red pepper pericarp have antimutagenic activities as well as antioxidant activity.

영골(靈骨).강압혈(降壓穴) 자극(刺鍼)이 혈압(血壓)에 미치는 영향(影向)

임영남,심성용,한지완,고호연,박종형,한양희,전찬용,김동우,Yim, Young-Nam,Sim, Sung-Yong,Han, Ji-Wan,Ko, Ho-Yeon,Park, Chong-Hyeong,Han, Yang-Hee,Chun, Chan-Yong,Kim, Dong-Woo 대한한방내과학회 2004 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.25 No.2

Objective : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical effect of the non-pharmacological anti-hypertension method, acupuncture, for hypertensive patients. Methods : 26 patients diagnosed with hypertension were each treated by one of three methods: an anti-hypertension drug(adalat soft capsule), venepuncture, and acupuncture. In cases of rising blood pressure, patients were treated by their one of the three methods, and blood pressure was measured at regular intervals. Result : As for the group of acupuncture treated patients on Young-gol(ling-gu) and Gang-ap-hyul(jiang-ya-xue), readings dropped 18.0mmHg in systolic blood pressure and 6.50mmHg in diastolic blood pressure. This was a greater effect than that seen in the venepuncture treated patients. Blood pressure checked one hour after acupuncture treatment showed a greater difference than blood pressure checked after thirty minutes. Conclusion : Safe reductions in blood pressure were observed through the non-pharmacological method of acupuncture on Young-gol(ling-gu) and Gang-ap-hyul(Jiang-ya-xue).

Effect of pressure and temperature on bulk micro defect and denuded zone in nitrogen ambient furnace

Choi, Young-Kyu,Jeong, Se-Young,Sim, Bok-Cheol The Korea Association of Crystal Growth 2016 韓國結晶成長學會誌 Vol.26 No.3

The effect of temperature and pressure in the nitrogen ambient furnace on bulk micro defect (BMD) and denuded zone (Dz) is experimentally investigated. It is found that as pressure increases, Dz depth increases with a small decrease of BMD density in the range of temperature, $100{\sim}300^{\circ}C$. BMD density with hot isostatic pressure treatment (HIP) at temperature of $850^{\circ}C$ is higher than that without HIP while Dz depth is lower due to much higher BMD density. As the pressure increases, BMD density is increased and saturated to a critical value, and Dz depth increases even if BMD density is saturated. The concentration of nitrogen increases near the surface with increasing pressure, and the peak of the concentration moves closer to the surface. The nitrogen is gathered near the surface, and does not become in-diffusion to the bulk of the wafer. The silicon nitride layer near the surface prevents to inject the additional nitrogen into the bulk of the wafer across the layer. The nitrogen does not affect the formation of BMD. On the other hand, the oxygen is moved into the bulk of the wafer by increasing pressure. Dz depth from the surface is extended into the bulk because the nuclei of BMD move into the bulk of the wafer.

염모제 도포방법에 따른 인체 적혈구의 산화스트레스 비교

김영철,심미자,권정숙 한국환경독성학회 2004 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.19 No.2

To ascertain the effects of hair dyeing application on oxidative stress in human, a mixture of permanent black colored hair dye with the same amount of oxidant containing 6% hydrogen peroxide was used. A hair dyeing with contacting the scalp(conventional dyeing) and a hair dyeing with 3 to 4mm away from the scalp(alternative dyeing) were applied to each 15 young healthy women. Blood was taken from the brachial vein at two sampling times, just before and 6 hours after the hair dyeing, and antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant contents were measured in red blood cells. After increased, malondialdehyde(MDA) contents for conventional dyeing group was shown to a tendence for more increased than alternative dyeing group. After dyeing, reduced glutathione(GSH) contents for conventional dyeing group was shown to a tendence of more decreased than alternative dyeing group. After dyeing, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activities were significantly decreased in conventional dyeing group(p<0.01), however, SOD and CAT activities were not significantly decreased in alternative dyeing group. After dyeing, there was no significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase(GPX) activity both for conventional dyeing group and alternative dyeing group. Therefore, after dyeing, the degree of oxidative stress in red blood cells for alternative dyeing group was appeared to be lower than conventional dyeing group.

노랫말 바꾸기 활동이 유아의 어휘력, 창의성에 미치는 영향

이효숙,심성경,백영애,김경의 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교육과학연구소 2004 교육과학연구 Vol.35 No.1

본 연구는 노랫말 바꾸기 활동이 유아의 어휘력과 창의성에 미치는 영향을 알아본 것이다. 본 연구대상은 만 5세 유아 40명이었고, 16주에 걸쳐서 통제집단은 일반적인 노래부르기 활동을, 실험집단은 노랫말 바꾸기 활동을 실시하였다. 검사도구는 김영태 등(1995)의 그림어휘력 검사와 전경원(2000)의 창의성 검사를 사용하였다. 검사결과, 1) 노랫말 바꾸기 활동은 유아의 어휘력 발달을 유의하게 증진시켰다. 2) 노랫말 바꾸기 활동은 유아의 창의성 발달에도 효과가 있었는 데, 상상력과 신체영역을 제외하고는 모든 척도별 창의성(유창성, 융통성, 독창성)과 영역별 창의성(언어, 도형)을 유의하게 증진시켰다. 따라서 노랫말 바꾸기 활동은 유아의 어휘력과 창의성 발달에 효과적인 활동임을 알 수 있다. This study investigated the effects of changing the verse of the song on young children's vocabulary and creativity. The activities were designed by researchers and constructed by 4 steps such as 1) learning a new song, 2) changing the words, 3) creating a song book, and 4) presentation. The subjects of this study were forty five-year old children from two classes at G kindergarten in K City. Twenty children were in the experimental group and twenty children were in the control group. The method of changing the verse of the song was used over a 16 week period. The vocabulary test(Kim Young Tae et al, 1995) and The creativity test(Jeon Gyeong-Weon, 2000) were administered and analyzed by t - test with SPSS/pc programs. The results were as follows: 1) Changing the verse of the song contributed to increasing young children's vocabulary significantly. 2) Changing the verse of the song contributed to increasing young children's creativity significantly. And the significant effects appeared in sub-scales of fluency, flexibility, and originality except imagination and in sub-areas of language and figure.

유아를 위한 통합적 문학활동 교수모형의 효과 : 이야기를 중심으로

이은상,임영심 안양대학교 人文科學硏究所 1995 人文科學硏究 Vol.3 No.1

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to analysis the effect on the child's understanding of story structure during young children's integrated literature Activity. 48 young children were chosen and randomly divided into an experimental group,a comparison group and a control group. The children in the experimental group who engaged in a integrated literature Activity interacted with their teacher rather freely. The teacher organized the environment and encouraged metacommunication between children by allowing spontanous dramatic play. The comparision group children also participated in a integrated literature Activity but under the teacher's direction. They followed what thor teacher suggested doing after they listented to the story. The children in the control group only heard the stories, which were the same as these of the comparision and the control groups. The experiment was performed for 12 weeks from June 16.1994 to Swmtember 2. The effects of the child-teacher interaction while children engaged in a integrated literature Activity were tested at the 4th,8th,and 12th week during the experiment. ANCOVA was employed for statistical treatment. The results are as follows: The experimental group children's ability to comprehend the story structure and their ability to infer was significantly improved.

몽골시대 高麗의 王命

沈 永 煥(Sim Young-hwan) 한림대학교 태동고전연구소 2012 泰東古典硏究 Vol.29 No.-

몽골시대 고려는 몽골제국(Mongghol Empire)의 외연에서는 자주적인 사직(社稷)을 가지고 있는 ‘國’이었지만, 내부에서는 공주(公主)의 강가(降嫁)를 통한 대몽골 울루스(Dai Ön Yeke Mongghol Ulus)의 일원인 부마(駙馬, güregen)라는 이중적 지위를 가지고 있었다. 따라서 몽골과 고려의 관계는 기왕의 중국의 왕조와 맺었던 책봉(冊封)과 조공(朝貢)의 형태와는 달랐고, 관제 (官制)를 비롯한 정치구조는 몽골제국을 따를 수밖에 없었다.몽골시대 고려는 몽골의 행정감독관인 다루가치(darughachi, 達魯花赤)의 힐난에 따라 기왕에 사용하던 선지(宣旨)를 왕지(王旨)로 고쳤다. ‘宣旨’란 만당(晩唐)에서 오대(五代)와 북송(北宋)을 거쳐 형성된 추밀원(樞密院)에서 발령하였던 황제의 의지(意志)를 말한다. 고려는 성종 10년(991) 10월에 북송의 추밀원을 참작하여 중추원(中樞院)을 설치하였고, 이를 통해 ‘宣旨’를 도입한 것으로 보인다. 고려는 국왕이 ‘王旨’라는 명령을 국왕의 의지로 채택하자 상왕(上王)이나 심왕(瀋王)은 균지(鈞旨)라는 명령을 사용하였다. 몽골시대 황제의 의지는 ‘ǰarliq’인데 이를 한자어로는 성지(聖旨)라 하고, 한어체로 명령문을 작성할 때는 ‘詔書’라고 하였다. 이에 반해, 황태후의 의지 (懿旨), 황태자의 영지(令旨), 제사(帝師)의 법지(法旨), 재상과 부마의 균지(鈞 旨)는 한자어는 달라도 모두 몽골어 ‘üge(言語)’의 이칭이었다. 그러므로 몽골 시대 고려 국왕의 ‘王旨’와 상왕과 심왕의 ‘鈞旨’는 모두 몽골어 ‘üge’의 이칭 이라는 것을 알 수 있다. 몽골시대 고려국왕의 명령을 살펴볼 수 있는 자료로는 공신문서 3점이 전사본으로 남아 있다. 이들 공신문서는 몽골의 문서양식을 차용하여 작성되었 다. 곧, ‘皇帝福廕裏(황제의 福廕에)’라는 전형적인 몽골 명령문의 기두어(起頭 語)를 차용하고 있다. 그런데 고려는 ‘몽골어 직해체’라는 몽골시대 문체(文 體)를 수용하지 않았다. 따라서 이들 공신문서는 본문은 한어체로 작성되었고, 결사(結辭) 또한 세조 쿠빌라이(Qubilai) 이후 확립된 성지(聖旨, ǰarliq)의 한어식(漢語式) 양식인 ‘詔書’ 양식을 차용하여 작성하였던 것이다. 다시 말하면, 몽골시대 고려국왕의 공신문서는 ‘王旨’의 일종으로 ‘üge(言語)’의 한 종류였던 것이다. 이후, 고려는 다시 공민왕대의 반원정책에 이어서 명(明)나라의 등장과 북원(北元)의 관계 속에서 새로운 문서 양식을 도모하였던 것이다. The Goryeo Dynasty in the era of the Mongol Empire had dual-conceptualized standings especially in terms with the Empire; more specifically, although it was a nation externally having an autonomous ruling power (or sovereignty, 社稷), Goryeo was, in the inner manifestation, a güregen(駙馬) that constituted a part of Dai Ön Yeke Mongghol Ulus, being in a status of imperial son in law through marriage with a princess of the Empire s royal family. Therefore, the relationship between the Goryeo and the Mongol was clearly far from that with the earlier Chinese dynasties being characterized by investiture and tribute, which meant that the Goryeo s political system including its administrative system was mandated to be in accord with that of the Empire. The Goryeo Dynasty in the era of the Mongol Empire replaced Sun-ji(宣旨) used up to then to Wang-ji(王旨), submitting to condemning pressure by Darughachi, executive officials designated by the Empire, where the former indicated an emperor s wishes issued by Chumil-won(樞密院, an advisory board to aid king) existing from the end of Tang Dynasty through Five Dynasties and North Song Dynasty. The Goryeo, taking Chumil-won of the North Song into consideration, established Jungchu-won(中樞院) through which Sun-ji was thought to be introduced. As the term Wang-ji was adopted by a king of the Goryeo Dynasty as mentioned above, orders of precedent kings or kings Shim(瀋王, a king forced to stay in China or Mongolia as a sort of hostage) were called Gyun-ji(鈞旨). The term corresponding to emperor s order or wish in the Mongghol Era was ‘ǰarliq’ in Mongolian, matching with Sung-ji(聖旨) in Chinese character or In-seo(詔書) when written in an imperative statement. Meanwhile, an order or wish commanded by an empress was in Chinese expressed as Eui-ji(懿旨); similarly, Young-ji(令旨) in the case of emperor s son (crown prince), Beop-ji(法旨) in the case of Jesa(帝師) and Gyun-ji(鈞旨) in the case of prime minister and king s son-in-law. Despite being different in terms of Chinese characters, they all equivalently meant ‘üge(言語)’ in Mongolic. In this sense, it can be known that such terminology used in Goryeo as Wang-ji and Gyun-ji be identical to Mongolian ‘üge’. There remains three pieces of scripts documenting the achievements of meritorious retainers from which orders of kings in the Goryeo Dynasty can be paleographically investigated. These documents were made following the Mongghol Empire s documental style. More strictly, they borrowed Gidu words(起頭語) that were typical in ancient Mongolian imperative sentences citing as ‘皇帝福廕裏(in the emperor’s grace)’. Nevertheless, the Goryeo Dynasty did not adopt the writing style of the Mongghol Empire called as Jikhaeche in a Mongolic language. Namely, main texts of the archive containing records about vassals of merit were made up with the use of Chinese characters by particularly conforming to the‘詔書’ style in terms of their Gyeolsa(結 辭), an expression in the Chinese language style for delivering Sung-ji (聖旨, ǰarliq), which had been popular since Qubilai Khan. In other words, it could be concluded that documents with regards to meritorious retainers of the Goryeo Dynasty in the era of the Mongol Empire be written in ‘üge(言語)’ as part of Wang-ji. Since then, the Goryeo Dynasty once again pursued a new writing style for documentation amid the complicatedly developing foreign situations from anti-Won policy by King Gongmin to emergence of the Myung Dynasty and correlation with the North Won Dynasty in China.

CFRP적층쉘의 적층구성 및 곡률반경에 따른 관통특성

임광희,조영재,이길성,심재기,김영남,양인영 朝鮮大學校 機械技術硏究所 2004 機械技術硏究 Vol.7 No.1

최근 탄소섬유 강화 복합재료(이하 CFRP)는 비강도, 비강성이 높아 경량화가 요구되는 우주항공분야에서 구조용 재료로 널리 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CFRP 적층쉘의 적층구성 및 곡률반경에 따른 관통 특성을 고찰 하고자 한다. 실험에 사용된 복합재료는 일방향 프리프레그시트로서 적층방법은 〔0₃/90₃〕, 〔0₂/90₂〕s,와 〔0₂/90₃/0〕s, 〔0/90₂/0〕 2계면과 4계면으로 적층하였다. 그리고 다양한 곡률 반경을 적용하였다. (R= 100, 150, ∞). 적층순서에 맞게 적층된 시험편은 경화온도 130℃에서 진공백 성형과정을 오토클레이브로 제작 하였으며 100x140mm 크기로 절단 하였다. 시험편은 강구로 관통시켰으며 ballistic-screen sensor로 속도를 측정하여 충격전 운동에너지와 충격 후 운동에너지를 구할 수 있다. 흡수에너지는 곡률이 커질수록 증가하였으며 4계면 시험편보다 〔0₃/90₃〕s 와 〔0₂/90₂〕s 적층구조를 갖는 2계면 시험편이 흡수에너지가 더 높게 나왔다. Currently, carbon-fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) are widely used in both space and civil aircraft due to their superior stiffness and strength to weight ratios compared to conventional metallic materials. This paper is to study the effects of curvature and staking sequence on the penetration characteristics of CFRP laminated shell. Composite laminates used in this test are CFRP orthtropic laminated plates, which are stacked with two-interfaces 〔0₃/90₃〕s, 〔0₂/90₂〕s and 〔0₂/90₃/0〕s. 〔0/90₂/0〕s. They are manufactured to varied curvature radius (R= 100. 150, 200 mm and ∞). They are cured by heating to the appropriate hardening temperature(130℃) by mean of a heater at the vacuum bag of the autoclave. Test specimens were prepared with dimensions 100mmx140mm. When the specimen is subjected to transverse impact by a steel ball, the velocity of the steel ball was measured both before and after impact by determining the time for it to pass two ballistic-screen sensor located a known distance apart. Absorbed energy increased as the curvature increased. 〔0₃/90₃〕s and [0₂/90₂〕s specimens, which is small interlaminar number, was higher than fore interlaminar specimen.