17세기초 사행록에 나타난 명나라 말기의 위기 상황

윤세형(Yoon, Se-Hyung) 숭실대학교 한국문학과예술연구소 2015 한국문학과 예술 Vol.15 No.-

17세기는 역사상 명청교체기에 해당한다. 요동에서 일어난 후금은 세력이 점차 강성해져 중원을 장악하게 되었다. 1621년부터 1637년까지는 육로사행길이 막혀 해로사행으로 바뀌었다. 명은 1644년 결국 망하였지만 명의 말기적 증세는 17세기 초반의 사행록 곳곳에서 확인할 수 있다. 본고는 명나라 말기의 위기상황을 최현의 <朝天日錄>(1608년)을 중심으로 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 이 이외에도 보충자료로 김중청의 <朝天日錄>(1614년), 조즙의 <癸亥水路朝天錄>(1623년), 이덕형의 <朝天錄>과 홍익한의 <朝天航海錄>(1624년), 김육의 <朝京日錄>(1637년) 등을 활용하였다. 2에서는 ‘中華秩序의 당위성과 기대’에 대해 살폈다. 중화질서는 중국 중심의 세계관, 즉 華夷觀을 바탕으로 ‘책봉-조공’ 관계가 이루어지는 상태이다. 중화질서는 무력이 아니라 禮敎를 매개로 유지되는 질서이다. 17세기 명이 현실적으로 기울어가고 있었지만 조선 성리학자들은 중화질서를 신봉하고 이에 대한 기대의 끈을 놓지 않았다. 3에서는 17세기 사행록에 나타난 ‘명나라 말기의 위기 상황’을 구체적으로 살폈다. 살펴본 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 禮敎가 쇠퇴하고 異敎가 성행하였다. 둘째, 大小官員의 貪風이 성행하였고 환관이 국정을 전횡하였다. 셋째, 군사방비가 허술하였고 잦은 오랑캐의 침입이 있었다. 넷째, 당파싸움이 심했고 국고탕갈로 재정이 바닥난 상태였다. Historically, the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century corresponds to the changing period from Ming to Qing Dynasty. Hugeum that appeared in Yodong became gradually stronger and eventually took hold of Jungwon. From 1621 to 1637, land route for envoys visit to China was blocked and it was changed to sea route. Although Ming Dynasty eventually perished in 1944, its symptoms of decadence could be confirmed in various parts of envoy’s visit record in the beginning of the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century. This paper is to examine the critical situations of the late Ming Dynasty specifically centering on CHOI, HYUN’s 〈Jocheon Ilrok〉(‘1608). In addition, as supplementary data, the researcher also used KIM, JUNG CHEONG’s 〈Jocheon Ilrok〉(‘1614), CHO, JEUB’s 〈Gyehaesuro Jocheonrok〉(‘1623), LEE, DEOK HYUNG’s <Jocheonrok>, HONG, IK HAN’s 〈Jocheon Hanghaerok〉(‘1624) and KIM, YUK’s 〈Jokyung Ilrok〉(‘1637), etc. In II, the researcher examined ‘appropriateness and expectations of Chinese world order system’. In Chinese world order system, ‘appointment- tribute’ relationship was made based on China centric view. Chinese world order system was maintained through courtesy education not through power. Although in the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century, Ming Dynasty was actually falling into a decline, Joseon’s Confucian scholars adhered to Chinese world order system and did not let go of the expectations of it. In Ⅲ, the researcher specifically examined ‘critical situations of Ming Dynasty’ appearing in the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century envoy’s visit record as follows. First, courtesy education fell into decline and heathenism was prevalent. Second, indulgence of great and small government officials was prevalent and eunuchs tyrannized state affairs. Third, military defense was poor and there were frequent invasion of the barbarians. Fourth, partisanship was severe and national finance was depleted because of waste of state coffers.

호텔 기업의 직원가치의제(EVP:Employee Value Proposition)가 직무만족, 조직몰입에 미치는 영향 연구

윤석형(Sug-Hyung·Yoon),변정우(Jung-Woo·BYun) 한국관광레저학회 2017 한국관광레저학회 학술발표대회 Vol.2017 No.6

The purpose of this study, based on theories and previous studies, are to analyze the effects EVP, how they influence their job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The results of this study, Firstly, subordinate elements of EVP, great company, interesting works, self-development, wealth and compensation had meaningful effects on job satisfaction. Secondly, subordinate elements of EVP, great company, interesting works, self-development, wealth and compensation had meaningful effects on organizational commitment. Finally, In the relationship between EVP, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment, POS showed a moderating effect.

아침형-저녁형의 측정을 위한 한국어판 조합척도의 교차 타당화

이형영,윤진상,국승희 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.2

연구목적 : 일주기 리듬의 유형을 분류하는 설문지는 일주기 리듬을 연구하고, 교대근무의 적응력을 예측하기 위해 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 Smith 등 (1989)의 조합척도를 한국어판으로 표준화한 윤진상 등(1997)의 한국어판 조합척도(Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)를 실제 직장인들에게 적용할 수 있는 지를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 간호사 115명(순환교대 근무자 85명, 주간고정 근무자 70명)과 여대생 247명을 대상으로 KtCS와 생활습관 설문지(Life Habit Questionnaire : LHQ)를 배포하였다. 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각에 대해 KtCS 점수의 분포도를 검증하고 백분위 10이하의 점수를 받은 군을 저녁형, 백분위 90이상의 점수를 받은 군을 아침형, 그 중간의 점수를 받은 군을 중간형으로 정의하였다. 두 군 각각에서 KtCS 점수의 내적 일치도를 구하고, 요인 분석을 하였으며, 일주기 리듬의 유형에 따른 생활습관의 차이를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 KtCS 점수는 부적으로 편포되어 있었으나 유의하지는 않았고, KtCS의 평균점수에서도 유의한 차이가 없었다. 간호사 군에서 Cronbach alpha는 .836이었으며, “취침과 가상의 선호시간”, “아침의 각성”, “기상시간”의 세 요인이 추출되었는데, 문항 11이 요인 1에 추가적으로 부하된 경우 외에는 본 연구의 여대생 군 및 윤진상 등 (1997)의 요인분석 결과와 거의 동일하였다. 여대생 군에서 KtCS의 내적 일치도는 Cronbach alpha .787이었고, “취침과 기상의 선호시각”, “기상시각”, “아침의 각성” 세 요인이 추출되었다. 또한 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 생활습관에서도 일주기 리듬간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 즉 각성, 수행, 업무 혹은 학습효과가 최고조에 이르는 시간대는 저녁형이 가장 늦고, 다음이 중간형, 아침형 순이었으며, 오전 학습효과는 아침형이, 저녁의 학습효과는 저녁형이 가장 높았으나, 오후의 학습효과에서는 저녁형과 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 취침시각과 기상시각은 저녁형이 가장 늦었지만, 총 수면시간에서는 저녁형, 중간형, 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 간호사에서 KtCS의 심리측정 속성은 여대생에서의 분포도, 내적 일치도, 타당도가 매우 유사하였고, 윤진상 등(1997)의 연구결과와도 유사하여서, KtCS 활용의 일반화 가능성이 시사된다. Objectives : It is necessary to develop a questionnaire to classify the circadian rhythm for studying circadian rhythms and predicting shift work adaptability. This study attempted to confirm the general applicability of “Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)” by Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997), a Korean version of Composite Scale(CS) by Smith et al(1989). Methods : KtCS and Life Questionnaire(LHQ) were administered to 155 nurses(65 rotating shift nurses,, 70 nurses on a fixed day schedule) and 247 female university students. We tested the distribution of KtCS scores and then subjects were categorized on the basis of their KtCS scores into evening(E), intermediate(I), and morning(M) types. Cut-off points for these categories were set at the 10th and 90th percentiles. We obtained the results of the internal consistency and the structure of factors of KtCS. We also compared the difference of life habits according to the circadian rhythm types. Results : In both groups, nurses and female university students, the distributions of KtCS score were negatively skewed but not significantly and the KtCS mean score was not significantly different. In nurses, Cronbach's alpha was 0.836, and three extracted factors were ‘preferred times of performance and going to bed’, ‘rising time’ and ‘morning alertness’. In female university students, Cronbach's alpha was 0.787, and the same three factors as nurses were confirmed. However, only item 11 was loaded to factor 1 for the nurse group, whereas it was loaded to factor 2 for the student group. Life habits significantly differed among the three circadian rhythm types. The time of perceived peak alertness(mental and physical) was the latest in the E-type. The quality of academic performance during the morning was the highest in the M-type, and during the evening it was the highest in the E-type, but during the afternoon there was no significant differences among the three types. The bedtime and the rising time were latest in E-type, but the sleep lengths were not significantly different among the three types in both groups. Conclusion : The psychometric properties of KtCS in nurses were very similar to those of female university students and the previous findings of Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997). This result supports that KtCS can be generally applied.

두경부 편평상피암에서의 MIB-1, p53, bcl-2와 apoptosis의 발현 및 상호 연관성

손용준,한지용,윤형기,장수원,윤혜경,김우형,이희철 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.4

Objective : Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck represents approximately 2.0∼4.0% of all malignant tumors, with an etiology closely associated with smoking, drinking and various genetic alterations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of MIB-1, p53, bcl-2 and apoptosis according to degree of differentitation of squamous cell carcinoma. Methods and Material : forty-eight cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were selected for this study. MIB-1, p53, bc1-2 expression rate were studied by iromunogistochemical staining and the number of apoptosis observed by TUNEL method. Results : The expressioins of MIB-1, p53, bcl-2 and apoptosis were found in 56.3%, 50.0%, 14.6%, 85.4%, of 48 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The expression of MIB-1, p53 and apoptosis were more higher in poorly differentiated cases than well differentiated cases. MIB-1 expression was related with p53 mutation (p<0.05) and apoptosis rate(p<0.05). Conclusion : From these results. the expressions of MIB-1, bcl-2 and apoptosis were related with degree of differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma and correlation among these parameters.

치성 낭종의 임상-병리학적 소견과 TGF-α 및 TGF-β 발현

한경민,김용환,박진혁,윤형기,윤혜경,김우형,이희철 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.4

Objective : Periapical cyst is a relatively common disease but heterogenous in histogenesis, and inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of varying degree are associated in the cystic wall. The aim of thes study is to evaluate the clinico-pathologic characteristics such as patient's age, ses, location, and the degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of periapical cyst and the role of TGF-α and TGF-β cytokines in the inflammed periapical cyst. Methods and Material : The materials were 43 cases of periapical cyst and clinical information with age, sex, location(maxilla vs mandible, right vs left, region involved) were recorded. Histopathological examination on the degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis and immunohistochemical stining for TGF-α and TGF-β were perfomed. Satistical analyses between clinical parameters, the degree of inflammation and fibrosis and expressions for TGF-α and TGF-β were followed. Results : 1. Thirt(69.8%) of 43 cases were older than 20 year-old. and no significant differences of incidence according to patient's sex was noted. In 25(58.1%) out of 43 case. 20(54.1%) out of 37 cases, and 20(48.8%) of 41cases, the cyst was located on the maxilla. in right side and in premolar region respectively. 2. The cysts of developmental and inflammatory origin were 24(55.8%) and 19(44.2%) of 43 cases, respectively and there were no siginificant differences of patient's age, sex, and location of cysts according to the origin of cysts. 3. Fibrosis was more conspicuous in cases older than 20 year-old. (p=0.0179), but no significant difference in the degree of inflammatory reaction according to patient's age and in the degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis according to sex and location of the cysts were seen. 4. Inflammatory reaction was slightly more in cysts of inflammatory origin, but no significant defferences in degree of inflammation and fibrosis according to origin of the cysts. 5. The degree of inflammatory reaction and TGF-α and TGF-β expressions showed a tendency of positive correlation(p=0.1563), but there were no statistically significant relationships between the degree of inflammation and fibrosis and TGF-α and TGF-β expressions. 6. In the cysts of developmental origin, TGF-α expression in the epithelial cells was significantly increased than inflammatory origin, but TGF-α and TGF-β expressions in the inflammatory cells and stromal cells showed no significant difference according to the origin Conclusion : The degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of periapical cysts was different according to patient's age and location of the cyst. TGF-α and TGF-β cystokines seemed to be involved in the inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of periapical cyst, however, TGF-α and TGF-β expressions was not parallel to the degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis. These results suggest that other cytokines in addition to TGF-α and TGF-β may also be involved in the inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of periapical cyst. Increased TGF-expression in the epithelial cells of the cysts of developmental origin could be a helpful finding to defferentiate the origin of the periapical cyst.

시퀀싱 공통염기서열을 이용한 바이러스 동정 도구 개발

윤형우 주성전문대학 2008 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

PCR has been developed as a rapid and sensitive method for detection of viruses from clinical samples But to identify virus by examination materials produced by PCR is very incorrect Thus, the DNA sequencing base sequence of virus is needed to analized The DNA sequencing to identify virus can be used to gain important information on genes, genetic variation and gene function The computer program to identify virus must developed because the DNA sequencing data is very inaccuracy In this study several methods was developed and proposed to identify virus accurately It was merited to develop SCBS(Sequencing Common Base Sequence) which automatically identify a virus SCBS considers the method of identification qualities such as common ratio value with the sequencing base sequence and gene sequences registered in the NCBI GenBank together with 3 coxakivirus isolates Validation of SCBS was conducted

DP-Matching과 HMM을 이용한 온라인 필기 한자 인식

윤병훈,김형태,하진영 강원대학교 정보통신연구소 2007 정보통신논문지 Vol.11 No.-

On-line handwritten Chinese character recognition systems should be fast and yield accurate results in order to be practical systems. DP-matching method for variable length input requires building several allographs (multiple models) per class, which inevitably reduces the recognition speed. HMM is a good alternative, since one HMM per class is usually sufficient to model large variation of data. We proposed a recognition system in which HMM and DP-matching method are combined to improve the recognition speed and recognition accuracy at the same time. The HMM method using structure code features produces recognition candidates, then DP-matching method using chain code features reorders the candidates to get more accurate results. In doing so, we accomplished fast and accurate recognition results for 2,362 Chinese character classes. We also adopted result verification method to discriminate confusable character classes. We got 97.44% recognition accuracy using the proposed method in 113 ms per character in average.

균형마취의 문제점

尹馨培 단국대학교 1988 論文集 Vol.22 No.-

The balanced anesthesia, which introduced by Lundy in 1926, be used to produce the different component of anesthesia. Nowadays, balanced anesthesia which opium used as major anesthetic agent, has been widely used in anesthesia for cardiac surgery. The main advantages of opium-induced anesthesia in maintains of stable cardiovascular hemodynamics during surgery. But, occasionally in some patients reveals following dissadvantages: hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, muscle rigidity, and awareness during operation. The hypotensive disorder was prominent in morphine and demerol which significant release of histamine. The hypotensive disorder was common in fentanyl anesthesia and high incidence after sterneotomy. The bradycardia was common problems in all opoid except meperidine which structural similarity with atropine. The muscle rigidity revealed in all opioid. The muscle rigidity and awareness are appeared in all opioid anesthesia. For the prevefnt or treatment of above side effects, following items being recommanded: 1. slow injection of narcotics 2. premedication with atropine, neuromuscular blocker and antihistamines 3. adequate fluid replacement 4. cautious use of supplements which induces of significant depression of cardiovascular hemodynamics

요골동맥을 이용한 관동맥 조영술의 유용성

윤정한,이승환,이한요,김장영,김일회,최윤종,이형준,이명옥,김승년,황성오,홍인수,최경훈 대한순환기학회 1998 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.28 No.10

Cl^- 및 SO^--_4 施肥가 栽培作物의 酵素活性에 미치는 影響

尹衡植 慶北大學校 生産技術硏究所 1969 生産技術 Vol.3 No.-

Comparative effect of fertilizers containing sulphur and chlorides on enzymic activity in cultural plants, corn, lettuce and spinach, respectively by sand and soil culture, were investigated. The results were as follows; 1. The activity of carbohydrase due to sulphate-containing fertilizers is higher than that of chloride-containing fertilizers. 2. Enzymic activity obtained by sand culture is relatively higher as compared with that of soil culture. 3. As a whole, fertilizers containing chlorides inhibited the activity of enzymes in cultural plants more than sulphate fertilizers as in parts of corn.