http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
노숙현,이동훈,최충렬,박만,박병윤,최정 한국환경과학회 2003 한국환경과학회지 Vol.12 No.4
This study was conducted to provide the basic information to know reasonable method for the removal and treatment of municipal solid wastes(MSWs). MSWs four different sources(apartment, residence, commerce, office/industry) in Daegu city were collected, and bulk density, physical composition, moisture, combustible, ash, elements and heating values were investigated. The values of bulk density were at range of 0.30~0.41ton/㎥. The percentages of foods, papers, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of wet muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 27.3~46.4&, 21.2~38.4%, 10.3~11.9%, 3.8~5.2%, 0.5~1.7%, 6.9~8.7% and 1.9~2.6% respectively. The percentages of papers, foods, vinyls/plastics, textiles, rubbers/leathers, metals and glasses/ceramics of dry muncipal solid wastes from three sources except office/industry were at range of 21.2~40.4%, 14.2~30.1% 15.2~17.8%, 4.0~6.0%, 0.9~2.8%, 12.2~14.1% and 3.1~3.7% respectively. The moisture contents of foods, woods, textiles and papers in wastes were at range of 65.7~76.2%, 34.6~50.0%, 22.2~44.8 and 30.6~44.4% respectively. The carbon contents of vinyls/plastics, rubbers/leathers, textiles, woods, papers and foods in wastes were at range of 75.88~79.87%, 58.24~70.74%, 45.23~51.63%, 42.29~45.58%, 40.19~48.4% and 25.86~36.25% respectively. The low heating values of foods, papers, woods, textiles, rubbers/leathers and vinyls/plastics by Dulong's law were at range of 178~1,353㎉/㎏, 770~1,660㎉/㎏, 995~1,629㎉/㎏, 2,133~2,432㎉/㎏, 4,200~7,275㎉/㎏ and 6,384~8,722㎉/㎏ respectively, and the high heating values of them were at range of 782~2,056㎉/㎏, 2,459~3,314㎉/㎏, 3,056~3,592㎉/㎏, 4,381~5,087㎉/㎏, 5,005~8,066㎉/㎏ and 10,032~10,739㎉/㎏ respectively.
Yoon, Won Sik,Kim, Dong Won,Park, Jun-Mo,Cho, Illhun,Kwon, Oh Kyu,Whang, Dong Ryeol,Kim, Jin Hong,Park, Jung-Hwa,Park, Soo Young American Chemical Society 2016 Macromolecules Vol.49 No.22
<P>A novel electron-accepting bis-lactam building block, 3,7-dithiophen-2-yl-1,5-dialkyl-1,5-naphthyridine-2,6-dione (NTDT), and a conjugated polymer P(NTDT-BDT) comprising NTDT as an electron acceptor and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) as an electron donor are designed and synthesized for producing efficient organic solar cells. The thermal, electronic, photophysical, electrochemical, and structural characteristics of NTDT and P(NTDT-BDT) are studied in detail and compared with those of the widely used bis-lactam acceptor 3,6-dithiophen-2-yl-2,5-dialkylpyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DPPT) and its polymer P(DPPT-BDT). Compared to DPPT derivatives, NTDT and P(NTDT-BDT) exhibit remarkably higher absorption coefficients, deeper highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels, and more planar conformations. A bulk heterojunction solar cells based on P(NTDT-BDT) exhibit power conversion efficiency of up to 8.16% with high short circuit current (J(sc)) of 18.51 mA cm(-2), one of the highest J(sc) values yet obtained for BDT-based polymer. Thus, it is successfully demonstrated that the novel bis-lactam unit NTDT is a promising building block for use in organic photovoltaic devices.</P>
Reviews on Natural Resources in the Arctic: Petroleum, Gas, Gas Hydrates and Minerals
Yoon, Jong-Ryeol,Kim, Yea-Dong Korea Institute of Ocean Science Technology 2001 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.23 No.1
The Arctic consists of numerous sedimentary basins containing voluminous natural resources and two of the world's major oil and gas producing areas. The western Siberia Basin in the Arctic region has the largest petroliferous province with an area of 800 ${\times}$ 1,200 km and produces more than 60% of total Russian oil production. The North Slope of Alaska produces about 20% of the U.S. output, i.e., 11% of the total U.S. consumption. Being small compared to those regions, the Canadian Northwest Territories and the Pechora Basin in Russia produce only fair amount of oil and natural gas. There are also many promising areas in the northern continental shelf of Russia. In addition to Russia, Svalbard and Greenland have been investigated for oil and gas. Gas hydrates are widespread in both permafrost regions and arctic continental shelf areas. The reserves of gas hydrates in the Arctic Ocean are about 20${\sim}$32% of total estimated amounts of gas hydrates in the world ocean. Mineral mining is well developed, especially in Russia. The major centers are located around the Kuznetsk Basin and Noril'sk. They are major suppliers of gold, tin, nickel, copper, platinum, cobalt, iron ore, coal as well as apatite. There are also some minings of lead-zinc in Alaska and Arctic Canada.
Yoon, Sang Eun,Kang, Yeongkwon,Noh, So Yeon,Park, Jeongwoo,Lee, Sang Yeon,Park, Jaehong,Lee, Dae Woon,Whang, Dong Ryeol,Kim, Taekyeong,Kim, Gun-Ho,Seo, Hyungtak,Kim, Bong-Gi,Kim, Jong H. American Chemical Society 2020 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.12 No.1
<P>Intercorrelation of thermoelectric properties of a doped conjugated semiconducting polymer (PIDF-BT) with charge carrier density, conductive morphology, and crystallinity are systematically investigated. Upon being doped with F4-TCNQ by the sequential doping method, PIDF-BT exhibited a high electrical conductivity over 210 S cm<SUP>-1</SUP>. The significant enhancement of electrical conductivity resulted from a high charge carrier density, which is attributed to the effective charge-transfer-based integer doping between PIDF-BT and dopant molecules. Based on the systemic characterization on the optical, electrical, and structural properties of doped PIDF-BT annealed at different temperatures, we investigated the characteristic correlations between thermoelectric properties of PIDF-BT films and their four-probe electrical conductivity, charge carrier density, and charge carrier mobility obtained from AC Hall effect measurements. This study revealed that exercising fine control over the crystallinity and conductive migration of the conjugated polymer films can be a strategic approach to suppressing the degradation of the Seebeck coefficient at high charge carrier density and ultimately to maximizing the power factors of organic thermoelectric devices.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Yoon, Young Eun,Lee, Hyung Ho,Kim, Ki Hong,Park, Sung Yul,Moon, Hong Sang,Lee, Seung Ryeol,Hong, Young Kwon,Park, Dong Soo,Kim, Dae Keun Wolters Kluwer Health 2018 Medicine Vol.97 No.45
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>Background:</B></P><P>Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN) and focal therapy (FT) have both been successfully employed in the management of small renal masses. However, despite this being the era of minimally invasive surgery, few comparative studies exist on RPN and FT. The aim of our study is to review perioperative, renal functional and oncologic outcomes of FT and RPN in cT1 renal masses.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>Literature published in Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases up to April 22, 2018, was systematically searched. We included literature comparing outcomes of FT (radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, microwave ablation, and irreversible electroporation) and RPN. Studies that reported only on laparoscopic partial nephrectomy or open partial nephrectomy, and review articles, editorials, letters, or cost analyses were excluded. In total, data from 1166 patients were included.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>From 858 total articles, 7 nonrandomized, observational studies were included. Compared with RPN, FT was associated with a significantly lower decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (weighted mean difference [WMD] −8.06 mL/min/1.73 m<SUP>2</SUP>; confidence interval [CI] −15.85 to −0.26; <I>P</I> = .04), and lower estimated blood loss (WMD −49.61 mL; CI −60.78 to −38.45; <I>P</I> < .001). However, patients who underwent FT had a significantly increased risk of local recurrence (risk ratio [RR] 9.89; CI 4.24–23.04; <I>P</I> < .001) and distant metastasis (RR 6.42; CI 1.70–24.33; <I>P</I> = .006). However, operative times, lengths of stay, and complication rates were revealed to be similar between FT and RPN.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>RPN has a substantial advantage in preventing cancer recurrence. However, in the era of minimally invasive surgery, FT has advantages in renal function preservation and less bleeding. Long-term follow-up for survival rates and comparative analysis of microwave ablation and irreversible electroporation are needed to extend FT for patients with significant morbidities and for those who need sufficient renal function preservation with minimal bleeding.</P>
김동욱,최창욱,송준민,권희,나수균,윤승렬,손치수 대한골절학회 1997 대한골절학회지 Vol.10 No.2
From January 1991 to August 1996, we experienced 17 cases of metal failure among 150 cases of plate fixation of femur fracture. We analyzed the cases and obtained the following results: l. Among 17 cases, 15 cases were closed fracture and 2 cases were open fracture. In 11 cases, the fractures were located on the midshaft of femur and most of them was segmental or comminuted. According to AO classification,14 cases(82%) were type B(B1:1, B2:4) and C(C l:7, C3;2). 2. The interval between initial operation and metal failure was 8 months on average. 3. The cause of metal failure were bone defect remaining after initial operation, fragment necrosis due to periosteal denuding of large free bone fragments, early weight bearing, selection of inappropriate implants and improper operation technique. 4. Plate breakages were occured in l 1 cases and screw fractures and screw loosening in 6 cases, Most of plate breakage was due to remaining bone defects, and most of screw fractures and loosening was due to inappropriate implants and improper operation technique. In conclusion, accurate preoperative evaluation on the fracture site, fracture pattern. and appropriate selection of internal fixative are important for proper bone healing. Based upon our result, we suggest semiopen technique with minimal soft tissue injury and initial early bone graft for bone defect.