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이금산 ( Guem San Lee ),김정훈 ( Jung Hoon Kim ),최고야 ( Go Ya Choi ),강대훈 ( Dae Hoon Kang ),황성연 ( Sung Yeoun Hwang ),정승일 ( Seung Il Jeong ),김홍준 ( Hong Jun Kim ),주영승 ( Young Sung Ju ) 대한본초학회 2008 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.23 No.4
Objectives: To determine the standards for discrimination of Magnoliae Cortex, the experiment of specific external-internal characters and the physicochemical pattern analysis were performed. Methods: External characteristics was observed using a stereoscope. Paraffin-mediated sectioned materials were stained by Ju`s method. Physicochemical patterns of materials were analyzed using HPLC. Results: 1. Botanical characteristics: Magnolia officinalis had one seed and a white flower, while M. obovata had two seeds and a white flower. Machilus thunbergii had berry and spherical fruits and yellowish green panicles. 2. External characteristics: M. officinalis and M. obovata were dark and thick. M. officinalis was gray brown and greasy while M. obovata was light-gray, less oily and smoothly sectioned. Machilus thunbergii was thin and relatively light or yellow-brown, coarsely sectioned and faintly specific scents. 3. Internal characteristics: The bast parts of M. officinalis and M. obovata were commonly wider than Machilus thunbergii. The cork cortex of M. officinalis was 10~mg/L cell layers with many oil cells, while that of M. obovata was 4~7 cell layers with less oil cells. Machilus thunbergiis xylem which consisted of ring-shaped cambium at 1st and 2nd part was occupied in large portion. 4. Physicochemical pattern: Both M. officinalis and M. obovata involved honokiol and magnolol. All kinds of M. officinalis involved Magnatriol B but one kind of M. ovobata and all of Machilus thunbergii didn`t. Machilus thunbergii showed different pattern of chromatogram from that of 2 species above. Conclusions: These results could be used as standards for discrimination of Magnoliae Cortex and as the method of objectification in medicinal herbs giving the basic resource for bioactivity research.
김정훈 ( Jung Hoon Kim ),이금산 ( Geum San Lee ),최고야 ( Go Ya Choi ),황성연 ( Sung Yeoun Hwang ),김홍준 ( Hong Jun Kim ),정승일 ( Seung Il Jeong ),주영승 ( Young Sung Ju ) 대한본초학회 2009 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.24 No.2
Objectives: To determine the discriminative criteria for Atractylodes rhizomes, the experiment of external-internal characteristics and physicochemical pattern analysis were performed. Methods: External characteristics was observed using stereoscope. The sectioned materials which were covered with parffin were stained by Ju`s method. Physicochemical patterns were analyzed using HPLC/DAD. Results: 1. External shape of original plant: Atractylodes macrocephala and A. japonica had relatively long petioles and 3-5 parted leaves. A. macrocephala had big purple flowers whereas A. japonica had relatively small white flowers and pinnate bracts. A. lancea had sessile leaves and white flowers, and the end parts of degenerated stamens were bent. 2. External shape of herbal medicine: A. macrocephala which was fist-shaped rhizome had pa-pillate processes and the cross section was light gray and sulcate. A. japonica and A. lancea were connected-beady or tubercular rhizomes, and the cross sections were both yellow-colored white. However, the cross section of A. japonica was fibrous, the width of cortex was narro-wer than that of stele, and radial shape in cortex was rare, whereas the width of cortex in A. lancea was similar to that of stele in size, and radial shape in cortex was obvious. 3. Internal shape of herbal medicine: A. macrocephala and A. lancea did not have lignified fascicles in cortex. However, the vascular bundles and vessels of A. macrocephala were wedge shaped and radial arrangement, and vascular bundles were densely populated in stele whereas those of A. lancea were repeatedly arranged and thinly extended to cortex. A. japonica had lignified fascicles in cortex and the width of vascular bundles was conspicuously thick with narrow intervals. 4. Physicochemical pattern analysis: A. macrocephala and A. lancea contained atractylenolide Ⅰ and atractylenolide Ⅲ whereas A. japonica contained atractylenolide Ⅰ, atractylenolide Ⅲ, diacetyl-atractylodiol, compound-4, compound-5. The three species of Atractylodes rhizomes showed different chromatogram patterns. Conclusions: The results could be used as discriminative criteria for Atractylodes rhizomes and as fundamental materials to researches of further pattern analysis and biological reaction.
A study on Educational Characteristics of Interactivity in Educational Media
Soo-Yeoun Choi,Yong-Ju Kwon 한국교원대학교 뇌기반교육연구소 2017 Brain, Digital, & Learning Vol.7 No.3
Educational media, which are widely used in educational fields, have the characteristic of interactivity. However, most of the studies are focused only on the development of educational media and analysis of learning effectiveness. There is no analysis of the educational characteristics of specific interactivity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of interactivity in smart education media. In addition, we aimed to investigate the educational characteristics of specific interactivity through examples of effectiveness of interactivity with neurological basis such as fMRI. As a result, interactivity is a fundamental characteristic of learner s experience of immersion, and this experience of immersion creates a desire to process information to learners. In other words, experience of immersion by interactivity is an important characteristic that motivates learners to learn. On the neurological basis, the striatum and medial orbitofrontal Cortex(mOFC) were activated in the interactive media. These areas are known to play a role in motivation and reward structure. In other words, it can be seen that there are properties that are effective in causing learners to voluntarily learn.
Cytokine response in Balb/c mice infected with Francisella tularensis LVS and the Pohang isolate
Eun-Ju Kim,Sang-Hee Park,Young-Sill Choi,Soo-Kyoung Shim,Mi-Yeoun Park,Man Suck Park,Kyu-Jam Hwang 대한수의학회 2008 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.9 No.3
We investigated the immune response induced by the Francisella (F.) tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) and the Pohang isolate. After the Balb/c mice were infected intradermally (i.d) with 2 × 104 cfu of F. tularensis LVS and Pohang, respectively, their blood and organs were collected at different times; 0, 3, 6, 24, 72, 96, 120 and 168 h after infection. Using these samples, RT-PCR and ELISA analysis were carried out for the comparative study of the cytokines, including TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12. In the Pohang-infected mice at 120 h, the liver showed a 53 times higher level of TNF-α and a 42 times higher level of IFN-γ than the respective levels at the early time points after infection. The levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ induced by LVS were 5 times lower than those induced by the Pohang isolate. Also, the organs from the Pohang-infected mice showed higher levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-12 than the levels in the LVS-infected mice. The blood from the Pohang-infected mice at 120 h revealed about a 40 times increased level of IFN-γ, and IL-10 was also increased by 4 times at 96 h compared to an early infection time point, while IL-4 was not induced during the whole infection period. These results suggest that F. tularensis may induce a Th1-mediated immune response to in vivo infection and the Pohang isolate has a higher capacity than the LVS to induce an acute immune response in Blab/c mice.