하빈 신후담의 『주역』 해석 일고찰

최영진(Choi, Young-jin),이선경(Yi, Suhn-gyohng) 한국학중앙연구원 2014 한국학 Vol.37 No.2

이 글은 조선 후기 실학자이자 역학자인 하빈(河濱) 신후담(愼後聃, 1702?1761)의 역학사상을 그의 주저 『주역상사신편(周易象辭新編)』을 통하여 고찰한 것이다. 이 글은 신후담 역학사상연구의 첫걸음으로 건괘(乾卦)를 중심으로 그의 『주역』해석의 특징을 살펴보았다. 『주역상사신편』은 신후담의 중기역학사상을 담고 있는 저작이다. 27세에 집필에 착수하여 33세에 완료한 이 저작에서 신후담은 정주(程朱)역학을 기반으로 하면서 이미 자신만의『주역』해석방법을 제시하고 있다. 먼저 『주역』의 편제에 대하여 신후담은『주역전의(周易傳義)』와 같이 전체를 12편으로 나누지만, 곤괘(坤卦) 이하의 배열구조는 옳지 않다고 보고, 경(經)은 경(經)대로, 전(傳)은 전(傳)대로 분류하는 건괘의 괘사?효사?단전?상전의 체제로 『주역』전체를 다시 편집한다. 이는『주역』의 ‘경’ 부분과 ‘전’ 부분에는 일정한 사상적 차이가 있다고 보는 것이라 할 수 있다. 신후담은 괘효사를 해석할 때 각 효의 자리(位)와 그에 따른 상(象)을 면밀히 분석한다. 상을 통하여 ‘의리’를 도출하며 점(占)을 언급하지는 않는다. 특히 효변(爻變)을 효사 해석의 구체적 방법으로 명시하여 각 효를 모두 효변에 입각해 풀이한다. 상과 효변에 입각한 『주역』 해석은 신후담에게 하나의 방법론이라 할 수 있을 정도로 구체화된 것이다. 이는 정주(程朱)의 역학과는 확연히 구별되는 특징이다. 조선 역학사에서 신후담 이전에 효변을 활용한 괘효사 해석의 사례는 간간이 있었지만,『주역』 효사 전체를 효변에 입각하여 해석하는 사례는 아직 찾을 수 없다. 또한 한 세대 뒤 인물인 정약용(1762?1836)이 효변을『주역』 해석의 방법론으로 체계화하였음을 볼 때, 양자의 효변론에 대한 비교연구, 더 나아가 성호(이익)학파 역학사상의 특징을 전체적으로 조감하는 연구가 필요할 것이다. 신후담의 역학은 ‘의리’를 추구한다는 점에서 정주의 역학을 계승하고 있으며, 효의 자리와 상의 관계를 철저하게 분석·종합하고, 효변을 괘효사 해석의 중심방법론으로 체계화하였다는 점에서『주역』 해석에 새로운 지평을 연 것으로 생각된다. This paper investigates the theory of Yi(易) held by Shin Hudam(愼後聃, 1702?1761) by examining his Zhouyixiangcixinbian(『周易象辭新編』). In particular, I focus on his interpretation of Qian Gua(乾卦) as it is the steppingstone of studying his theory of Yi. Shin starts to write Zhouyixiangcixinbian when he is 27 and finishes it at the age of 33. So, it represents his thoughts of Yi in the middle period of his academic career. In this book, Shin develops his own interpretation of Zhouyi (『周易』), drawing upon Cheng Yi’s and Zhu Xi’s theories. He divides Zhouyi with 12 sections as in Zhouyizhuanyi (『周易傳義』). However, unlike the existing way, he rearranged Zhouyi separating the Scriptures (經) from the Interpretations(傳). This reorganization reflects his view that there is a theoretical difference between the two different kinds of portions in Zhouyi. In interpreting the meaning of hexagram and the line, Shin fully analyzes the place of each line(爻) and its corresponding image(象). He draws out the implications of hexagram and the line without mentioning divination(占). Especially, he explicates each line based on the principle of lines’ change(爻變). Shin’s theory of Yi(易) is distinguished from Cheng Yi’s or Zhu Xi’s in that it is built upon the images and the principle of lines’ change in interpreting the lines. It also precedes one of the four interpretations of Zhouyi known as xiaobian(爻變) given by Jung Yakyoung(丁若鏞, 1762?1836). In conclusion, Shin’s theory succeeds Chen Yi’s and Zhu Xi’s in that it employs the implications (義理), whereas it differs from them in that it highlights the place of each line and its corresponding image and takes the principle of the lines’ change as the principal method of interpreting Zhouyi.

Localization of Antigenic Sites at the Amino-terminus of Rinderpest Virus N Protein Using Deleted N Mutants and Monoclonal Antibody

Kang-seuk Choi,Jin-ju Nah,Young-joon Ko,Shien-young Kang,Yi-seol Joo 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

of Antigenic Sites at the Amino-terminus of Rinderpest Virus N Protein Using Deleted N Mutants and Monoclonal AntibodyKang-seuk Choi*, Jin-ju Nah, Young-joon Ko, Shien-young Kang1 and Yi-seok JooNational Veterinary Research and Quarantine service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 480 Anyang, Gyounggi 430-824, Korea1Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, KoreaReceived April 2, 2003 / Accept July 10, 2003J. Vet. Sci. (2003), 4(2), 167-173JOURNAL OFVeterinaryScience*Corresponding author: Kang-seuk Choi National Veterinary Research and Quarantine service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 480 Anyang, Gyounggi 430-824, Korea Tel: +82-31-467-1860, Fax: +82-31-449-5882 E-mail: choiks@nvrqs.go.kr

Slide Session : OS-IFD-07 ; Infectious Disease : In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin Against Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus

( Myung Jin Lee ),( Kye Hyung Kim ),( Jong Youn Yi ),( Su Jin Choi ),( Chung Jong Kim ),( Nak Hyun Kim ),( Kyoung Ho Song ),( Pyoeng Gyun Choi ),( Ji Hwan Bang ),( Wan Beom Park ),( Eu Suk Kim ),( San 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin Against Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Myung Jin LEE1, Kye-Hyung KIM1, Jongyoun YI2, SuJin CHOI1, Chung-Jong KIM1, Nak- Hyun KIM1, Kyoung-Ho SONG1, Pyoeng Gyun CHOI1, Ji-Hwan BANG1, Wan Beom PARK1, Eu Suk KIM1, Sang-Won PARK1, Hong Bin KIM1, Nam Joong KIM1, Myoung- Don OH1 Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea1, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Korea2 Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel Bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). No effective antiviral therapy is proven yet, but clinical use of ribavirin (RBV) has been tried. We investigated the antiviral effect of RBV against SFTSV in vitro. Methods: To test for cytotoxicity of RBV, Vero cells were treated with different concentrations of RBV (3.90 to 500 μg/mL, two-fold dilution) and analyzed by cell viability MTS assay 48h post-infection. To determine antiviral activity of RBV against SFTSV, Vero cells were infected with SFTSV strain Gangwon/Korea/2012 at 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per well in a 96-well plate, and RBV was added at the concentrations showing no or minimal cytotoxicity. Viral RNAs were extracted from the culture supernatants and quantifi ed using one-step real-time reverse transcription- PCR to amplify the partial large segment of SFTSV. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA with Tukey`s post hoc test. Results: Cytotoxicity due to RBV was not observed at RBV concentration =31.3 μg/ mL. Viral RNAs at 24h post-RBV treatment were reduced with increasing RBV concentrations (1-32 μg/mL), compared with those of mock-treated cells (P <0.01, Figure). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of RBV was 3.69 μg/mL at 24h post-RBV treatment. Conclusions: Our study shows that RBV has antiviral effect against SFTSV in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies are required to evaluate the effi cacy of RBV in SFTS.

McNamara분석법에 의한 한국성인 정상교합자의 두부방사선 계측학적 연구

최이준,김종철 전남대학교 치과대학 1990 전남치대논문집 Vol.2 No.1

This study was performed to establish the Cephalometric standards of Korean adults by McNamara analysis. A cephalometric analysis was made from 103 subjects over 20 years of age, that consisted of 51 males and 52 females with normal occlusion and acceptable profile. The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. Distribution from measured values were obtatined. 2. Greater measurements were shown in male than in female in Effective Mandibular Length(EML), Effective Midfacial Length(EMiL), Maxillo-mandibular differential(Mx-Mn diff) and Lower anterior facial height (LAFH) in linear measurement of each group. 3. Mandibular plane angle of female was larger than that of male. It represents female has more dolichocephalic pattern. 4. Facial axis angle of korean adult was greater than that of Ann Arbor sample. It means Gnathion of Korean adult is located more posteriorly than that of Ann Arbor sample.

천연 생약재 열수 및 알코올 추출물의 어병 세균에 대한 항균력

최혜승,김이청,이주석,조미라,서창호,박수일 한국어병학회 2004 한국어병학회지 Vol.17 No.1

감초 외 48종의 천연 생약제로부터 열수 및 알콜 추출액을 제작하여 19 균주 어병 세균을 대상으로 항균력을 조사한 결과, 알콜 추출액은 22종, 열수 추출액은 16종이 어병 세균에 대하여 항균력을 나타내며 이 중 13종의 생약재는 알콜 및 열수 추출액 모두 8㎜ 이상의 저지대를 나타내어 항균력이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 열수 추출물에서 항균력을 나타내는 약재 중 그람 음성균에 감수성이 양호한 약재는 저지대 8 ㎜ 이상을 나타내는 애엽, 개옻나무, 연교, 지유, 파엽, 대황 및 황금이었으며, 그람 양성균에 항균력이 양호한 약재는 삼지구엽초, 육계 및 보골지 등 이었다. 그리고 오매, 황련, 계혈등, 상백피, 오배자 및 오미자는 저지대가 8㎜ 이상으로 그람 음성,양성균 모두에 항균력이 있었다. 알콜 추출물중에서 그람 음성균에 항균력을 나타내는 것은 백작약, 오매, 선모 및 황금 등으로 저지대가 8㎜ 이상으로 측정되었으며, 그람 양성균에 항균력을 나타내는 것은 감초, 계혈등, 단삼, 상백피, 육계 및 보골지 등으로 저지대가 8㎜ 이상이었다. 또한 그람 음성, 양성균에 모두 8㎜ 이상의 저지대를 나타내는 것은 애엽, 개옻나무, 황련, 지유, 오배자 및 오미자 등이었다. 그러나 이 중에서 오배자 열수 추출물의 어병 세균에 대한 발육 저지대가 32㎜로 그람 음성, 양성균 모두에 가장 뛰어난 항균력을 나타내어 다른 생약재와 다른 광범위 생약재인 것으로 나타났다. 애엽, 황금, 지유, 오매, 황련 및 오배자 열수 ·알콜 추출물은 tetracycline에 내성을 나타내는 균주에 감수성을 나타내었다. Hundreds of medicinal herbs have been using for the purpose of diseases treatment and immune enhancement for human being and other animals including fishes. Among them, 49 species of medicinal herbs were selected and tested for antibacterial activities against 19 strains of fish pathogenic bacteria in different 4 species. The 49 medicinal herbs were extracted by water and ethyl alcohol. The extracts were freeze dried and some paper discs from the extracts were prepared for the evaluation of antibacterial activity. The tested pathogenic bacteria were 5 strains of Edwardsiellu tarda, 5 strains of Vibrio sp., 4 strains of Lactococcus gawieae, 1 strain of Lactococcus raffinose. 1 strain of Streptococcus parauberius, and 3 strains of Streptococcus iniue. The Galla rhois (Obaeja), Gaeonnamu and Hwangleyon showed antibacterial activities on both gram negative and gram positive fish pathogenic bacteria. The Youkgae, Sangbaekpi, Bogolji and Gamcho showed very effective antibacterial activities on gram positive pathogens while Jiyu, Aeyoeb and Yeonkyo showed very effective on gram negative pathogens.

Holographic Interferometry를 이용한 하악 구치부 도재소부 전장관용 금속 구조물의 굴곡성향에 대한 연구

최진웅,우이형,최부병 慶熙大學校 齒科大學 1995 慶熙齒大論文集 Vol.17 No.1

Flexion of a metal/ceramic fixed partial denture(FPD) frameworks under function can cause fracture of porcelain or deterioration of the cement seal. This study evaluated the flexion characteristics of three-unit mandibular FPI) frameworks, replacing the second premolar under compressive load(200g, 400g). Testing was accomplished with real-time holographic interferorrmetry, using 6 porcelain fused-to metal frameworks. Tested alloys were non-precious alloy(Heracles, Holland), semi-precious alloy(Degudent U, Germany) and precious alloy(Degudent H, Germany). Changes of the fringe patterns according to the heat treatment (porcelain firing cycle), various loads (200g, 400g), occlusal forms (occlusal porcelain veneering, facial porcelain veneering), various alloys and post-soldering units were compared. Dental study model (Nissan dental products, Inc. D51DP-500A, Japan) and six 3-unit metal/ceramic fixed partial denture frameworks were used as experimental materials. 36 holograms were taken on fixed dental study model b using the 10mW He-Ne laser and real-time holographic interferometry. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn : 1. In the frameworks for facial porcelain veneering, the semi-precious alloy framework was least deformed and precious alloy framework, non-precious alloy framework orderly before heat treatment, and the deformation was not shown great difference among three alloys after heat treatment and post-soldering. 2. In the frameworks for occlusal porcelain veneering, the precious alloy framework was greatest deformed and the deformation was not difference between semi-precious alloy framework and non-precious alloy framework before, after heat treatment, and the deformation was not shown great difference among three alloys after post soldering. 3: In the non-precious alloy frameworks for facial porcelain veneering and occlusal porcelain veneering, the deformation was greatly decreased after heat treatment and conversely increased after post-soldering. 4. In the semi-precious alloy framework for facial porcelain veneering, the deformation was not detectable after heat treatment and increased after post-solder. And in the framework for occlusal porcelain veneering, the deformation was slightly decreased after heat treatment and increased after post-soldering. 5. In the precious alloy framework for facial porcelain veneering, the deformation was greatly decreased after heat treatment and increased after post-soldering. And in the framework for occlusal porcelain veneering, the deformation was greatly decreased after heat treatment and decreased after post-soldering.

테니스에 대한 태도와 참가 의도의 관계

최재운,한이영 한국스포츠리서치 2001 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between attitude toward tennis and intention across tennis participation stage. Subjects(N = 281) of this study were tennis participants of N and C city in C province who were selected using systemic purposeful sampling. All subjects completed the attitude toward tennis and intention questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling for latent variables. The conclusions were as followings: First, the planned behavior theory have higher structural validity to explain the tennis participating phenomena of tennis adoption stage. Second, the direct effect of attitude toward tennis on intention is greater than subjective norm in tennis adoption stage. Third, the planned behavior theory have higher structural validity to explain the tennis participating phenomena of tennis adherence stage. Fourth, the direct effect of subjective norm on intention is greater than attitude toward tennis in tennis adherence stage.

중·고등학생 장애이해 교육

우이고,이유훈,권택환,김희규,유장순,최세민 국립특수교육원 2004 연구보고서 Vol.- No.3

본 연구는 중등통합교육현장의 장애이해교육 현황과 문제점을 알아보고 바람직한 장애 이해교육 자료를 개발하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구 대상은 중등 통합교육 현장에 근무하는 208명의 교사로 하였으며 이들에게 설문과 심층 면담을 실시하여 통합교육 현장의 장애이해교육 현황과 문제점을 알아보았다. 본 연구를 통해 나타난 결과를 요약 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애이해교육의 필요성에 대한 학교관리자의 인식이 긍정적이지 못한 경우가 많다는 점이다. 이로 인해 교육현장에서 장애이해교육을 실시하기 위한 시간확보와 이해교육을 실시하는데 많은 어려움이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 우선적으로 학교관리자가 장애인식 개선을 위한 장애이해 교육의 필요성을 인식하고 이를 적극적으로 지원할 수 있는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 장애이해교육을 실시하는데 필요한 시간을 확보하기 어려워 장애이해교육을 형식적으로 실시하거나 실시하지 못하는 경우도 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 특수교육담당 장학사나 국립특수교육원과 같은 연구기관에서 장애이해교육의 필요성과 그에 따른 시간확보 방안 등에 대한 지침을 제공해 줄 필요가 있다. 셋째, 장애이해교육 실시 대상이 대부분 일반학생 중심으로 되어 있어 일반 교사나 학부모 그리고 학교 관리자에 대한 장애이해교육이 부족하다는 점이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 일반학생의 장애이해교육과 더불어 교사와 학부모 그리고 학교 관리자를 대상으로 장애이해교육을 실시할 수 있는 자료의 개발과 더불어 교수 방법에 대한 지속적인 관심이 필요할 것이다. 넷째, 장애이해교육 자료가 다양하지 못하다는 점이다. 즉 학생에게 실시하는 장애 이해교육 자료와 교사나 학부모 그리고 학교관리자에게 실시하는 장애이해교육 자료는 그 내용뿐 아니라 전달 방법도 달라야 할 것이다. 그러나 대부분 학교에서는 동일한 자료를 사용하는 경우가 많아 그 효과를 기대하기 어렵다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 교육대상의 특성을 고려한 다양한 장애이해교육 자료를 조속히 개발 보급할 필요가 있을 것이다. 다섯째, 장애이해교육을 실시하기 위한 자료의 수량이 부족할 뿐 아니라 기존의 자료의 질에 대한 만족도가 낮기 때문에 효율적인 장애이해교육을 실시하기 어렵다는 점이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기위해서는 교육현장에서 활용할 수 있는 질 높은 장애이해교육 자료를 지속적으로 개발 보급할 필요가 있다. 여섯째, 장애이해교육활동 시기가 대부분 학기 초나 장애인의 날과 같은 특성 기간에 집중되어 있으며 실시하는 시간 또한 대부분 재량활동시간에 집중되어 있다는 점이다. 이와 같이 장애이해교육을 특정 기간에 집중적으로 실시할 경우 교육의 효과가 지속적으로 나타나기 어렵고 일회성 행사에 그칠 수 있기 때문에 가급적 연중 계획을 세워 실시할 수 있는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다. 일곱째, 장애이해교육을 할 때 사용하는 모델이 시각장애, 청각장애 및 지체부자유 같은 특정 장애영역 중심으로 되어 있다는 점이다. 그런데 대부분 교육현장에는 이러한 장애보다는 발달장애학생이 많기 때문에 이들에 대한 이해교육이 보다 중요하게 다루어져야 할 것이다. 끝으로 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과를 토대로 장차 보다 깊이 있게 다루어져야 할 내용과 정책 결정시 고려해야 될 내용을 중심으로 제언하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 통합교육이 효과적으로 이루어지기 위해서는 무엇보다도 장애학생과 통합교육에 대한 긍정적인 인식이 필요하다. 장애학생의 통합을 위해 물리적인 편의시설과 설비, 교재 교구의 확보도 중요하지만 함께 교육활동에 참여하는 학생과 교직원 그리고 지역사회가 장애학생과 통합교육에 대해 보다 긍정적인 인식을 갖도록 다양한 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 둘째, 현장 중심의 다양한 통합교육관련 프로그램을 개발 보급할 필요가 있다. 일반교육 현장에서의 보다 효과적인 통합교육을 실시하는데 도움이 되는 연구 프로젝트를 다양하게 제안하고, 통합학급교사와 특수교육교사의 협력방안과 장애학생 가족지원 방안 등에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 셋째, 현장교사와 심층면담 결과 장애이해교육에 필요한 자료를 어디에서 구입해야 되는지 알 수 없다고 하는 교사가 많았다. 따라서 기존의 장애이해교육 자료를 활용할 수 있는 도서 목록이나 자료집을 발간하여 현장에서 보다 쉽게 활용할 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 넷째, 설문조사와 면담 결과 아직까지도 장애이핵육의 필요성을 느끼지 못하거나 시간이 없어 장애이해교육을 실시하지 못한다는 교사도 있었다. 따라서 장애이해교육의 필요성에 대한 안내와 교육현장에서 장애이해교육이 지속적으로 이루어질 수 있는 방안이 마련되어야 할 것이다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of disability awareness education and develop materials to teach secondary school students to understand disabilities. In order to achieve the purpose a survey and interviews were conducted to 208 teachers of secondary inclusive schools. The results of the research areas follows. First, school administrators' perception tends to be not positive about disability awareness education. Therefore, there are difficulties in time allocation and implementation of disability awareness education at schools. Measures are needed to improve school administrators' perception to encourage them to support disability awareness education. Second, difficulty in allocating time for disability awareness education is a problem which hinders the implementation of disability awareness education. Special education inspectors or KISE(Korea Institute for Special Education) need to provide directions to time allotment for disability awareness education. Third, most of current disability awareness education is for students without disabilities. Disability awareness education for parents, teachers and administrators lacks in quantity and quality. Therefore, development of various materials and teaching methods for disability awareness education that are appropriate for teachers, parents and school administrators should be developed and continuous concern should be followed. Fourth, there are not various types of materials for disability awareness education for different groups of people. Though different contents or methods work for different groups, most schools actually use the same materials for students, parents and teachers. Various types of materials should be developed to provide efficient disability awareness education for different groups of people. Fifth, materials for disability awareness education lack in quantity and also the quality of current materials is not considered satisfactory. More materials of good quality should be developed and disseminated to the field successively. Sixth, the time for disability awareness education is concentrated on specific times such as the beginning of a school year or the Day for the disabled. Disability awareness education is implemented mostly during discretionary activities classes at schools. It is difficult to expect sustained effects of the education when it happens only at specific times of a year and in specific classes. It is encouraged that schools should set up plans for disability awareness education throughout the year. Seventh, the current disability awareness education tends to concentrate on specific disability category such as visual impairment, hearing impairment or physical disabilities. However, students with developmental disabilities are found more often at schools than the students with disabilities mentioned earlier. Therefore, disability awareness education about developmental disabilities should be regarded as more important. Based on these results here are some suggestions which need to be considered for further research and policy making. First, a positive attitude on disability and inclusive education is most important for successful implementation of inclusion. Besides convenient facilities and materials for the disables students various efforts should be exerted to promote disability awareness of students, school staff and community. Second, various programs related to inclusive education need to be developed and disseminated. Research projects and programs to support inclusive education such as programs to promote collaborative among regular educators and special educators and family support for students with special needs should be carried out in the field. Third, teachers said that they had no information about where they could get materials for disability awareness education in the interviews. Handbooks with lists of materials need to be developed and provided. Fourth, the result shows that there are teachers who do not understand reasons for disability awareness education or can not find time for disability awareness education. Therefore, guidance of the reasons for disability awareness education and measures for disability awareness education at schools should be continuously provided in efficient ways.

迎日灣의 ECOSYSTEM 硏究 3. 水溫

尹伊鏞,朴相來,李東澈,金基台,崔銀珠,安由煥 嶺南大 海洋科學硏究所 1988 Marine Nature Vol.1 No.1

In order to observe hydrological characteristics in the Gulf of Yoeng-il, measurements of water temperature have been carried out from February to August 1983, and from August 1985 to December 1986. Surface water temperatures are closely linked to air temperature and solar-radiation for all littoral stations. Seasonal and annual variations of all horizontal stations are very similar to one another. Vertical variations of water temperatures for the stations located along the central-line of the Gulf are characteristic (and observed) as thermoclines and thermal stratification in the hottest summer-time (August). It is interesting to note that water column temperature of July and September are rather warmer than August, on account of a cold water mass coming from NE direction. For example, surface temperature in June 1982 was above 19℃, but the water below a depth of about 30m drastically drops to 4℃. It is indicative of invasion of water mass from cold current or deep sea.

복합레진의 중합 수축력과 수복물의 결합양상에 관한 연구 제 1 편 : 중합수축력

박남수,최대균,임호남,최부병,우이형 大韓齒科器材學會 1993 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The polymerization contraction forces has a relationship with the contents of filler, and if forces surpass the bond strength between restoration and bonded surface, the failure of bond can be occured. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of filler contents on the polymerization contraction forces and to confirm whether the polymerization forces could induce the bond failure of composite resins to enamel or dentin. Low capacity load cell using strain gauge were prepared and used as a measurement system for polymerization contraction forces. Oxidized alloy surfaces, enamel surfaces and dentin surfaces were used as bonded surface. Measurements of the polymerization contraction forces were done for 1 hour, and a stress at 1 hour after was recorded as a polymerization contraction force. It was considered as a bond failure that the polymerization contraction forces increased and then decreased by the time. The following conclusions were drawn : 1. Polymerization contraction forces of composite resins were decreased by the increase of filler contents. 2. Polymerization contraction forces were increased at thickened resin specimens, but it was not significant at over two millimeter thickness. 3. Bond strength of composite resins to the acid etched enamel surfaces exceeded the polymerization contraction forces and the reduced polymerization contraction forces due to the bond failure were not confirmed. 4. Failure of bond and reduced polymerization contraction forces occured on dentin.