Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan

Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo 대한언어학회 2001 언어학 Vol.9 No.1

Chiung, Wi-run Taiffalo. 2001. Romanization and Language Planningin Taiwan. The Linguistic Association, of Korea Journal 9(1), 15-43.Although Taiwan is currently a Hancha (Han characters)-dominated society, romanization was in fact the first writing system used in Taiwan. The first romanized orthography is the Sinkang manuscripts introduced by the Dutch missionaries in the first half of the seventeenth century. Thereafter, Han characters were imposed to Taiwan by the Sinitic Koxinga regime that followed in the second half of the seventeenth century. As the number of Han immigrants from China dramatically increased, Han characters gradually became the dominant writing system. At present, romanization for Mandarin Chinese is an auxiliary script simply used for transliteration purpose. As for Taiwanese romanization it is mainly used by particular groups, such as church followers and the Taiwanese writing circle. This paper provides readers an overall introduction to the history and current development of romanization in Taiwan from the perspectives of literacy and sociolinguistics.(The University of Texas at Arlington)

Marriage in early twentieth century Northern India: Hindi literature vis-à-vis social transformations

Justyna Wiśniewska-Singh 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 2016 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.22 No.1

This paper explores how a changing social situation in late colonial northern India influenced issues related to marriage. The most controversial matters, also reflected in Hindi literature of the time, were: proper age at marriage, ritual concerns, marriage expenses as well as effects of child marriage and child widows. The paper draws mainly on Hindi novels by Ayodhya Singh Upadhyay and Kishorilal Goswami, published in the beginning of the twentieth century. For the most part, conservative and didactic in their outlook, they put forward interesting postulates concerning disputable matters. Some of the ideas, like reducing unnecessary wedding expenses, are worth considering even today. The analysis of literary sources also reveals the expectations of future brides and grooms. The attention paid by Hindi writers to a number of marriage practices confirms the status of marriage as one of the most important social institutions.

전자 서명을 활용한 Wi-Fi Beacon Frame 인증 기법

정경헌(Gyeong Heon Jeong),강상위(Sang Wi Kang),권태경(Taekyoung Kwon) 한국통신학회 2023 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.11

한국 연안의 장염 비브리오균에 관한 연구 : 2. On the Morphological Characters and Biochemical Properties of Ⅴ. parahaemolyticus 2. 분리균의 특징에 관하여

최위경,이원재,전세규 釜山水産大學校 1971 釜山水産大學 硏究報告 Vol.11 No.1

우리 나라 연안의 V. parahaemolyticus의 분포에 관하여 전보에 발표하였다. 본보에서는 그들의 형태, 생리 및 생화학적 특징에 관하여 보고한다. 본 실험에서 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 배양적 특징을 보면 37±2℃, 20±2시간 배양과정에서 오랜지색으로 변하는 것과 37±2℃, 20±2시간 배양후 서서히 초록색에서 황색이나 황색을 띈 오랜지색으로 변화하였고, Milk시험에도 배양후 Alkali Curd로 변화하는 것과 Acid Curd로 변화하는 것 등이 구별되었다. 2) 발육 식염농도는 0.5∼10.0%까지의 범위를 관찰하였는데, 발육정도가 최저, 최적, 최고 등으로 구별할 수 있었다. 즉 1 Group는 7.0%에 발육이 왕성하였고, 2 Group는 7.0%까지는 발육이 왕성하나 10.0%에서 ±, 3 Group는 5.0%까지 발육이 왕성하나 7.0%에서 ±로 나타났다. 또한 세 Group 모두가 3.0%의 농도에서는 발육이 가장 왕성하였다. 3) 형태학적 특징은 Table 1과 같고 생리 및 생화학적 특징은 Table 2와 Table 3과 같다. The morphological characters and biochemical properties of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish, shellfish, mud, crustaceans, sea water and cephalophodas have been studied in order to determine the possible origins of food poisoning in Korea. The results are summarized as follows: 1. V. parahaemolyticus are divided into 3 groups, considering from the morphological characters and biochemical properties, because those have somewhat a difference in V.P. reaction, milk peptonization, color change on selective medium(TCBS agar) and growth rates of the concentration with sodium chloride in biochemical properties though they are almost the same in morphological characters. 2. The growth rate of Group 1 is abundant with 7% sodium chloride, the growth rate of Group 2 is abundant with 7% sodium chloride but moderate with 10.0% sodium chloride. The growth rate of Group 3 is abundant with 5% sodium chloride but moderate with 7% sodium chloride. 3. There are two types of color change on TCBS agar which are cultivated at 37±2℃ for 20±2 hours. One immediately changes to orange and the other changes from green to yellow or yellowish orange. 4. The morphological characters and biochemical properties are shown in Tables 1-3. The morphological characters and biochemical properties of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish, shellfish, mud, crustaceans, sea water and cephalophodas have been studied in order to determine the possible origins of food poisoning in Korea. The results are summarized as follows: 1. V. parahaemolyticus are divided into 3 groups, considering from the morphological characters and biochemical properties, because those have somewhat a difference in V.P. reaction, milk peptonization, color change on selective medium(TCBS agar) and growth rates of the concentration with sodium chloride in biochemical properties though they are almost the same in morphological characters. 2. The growth rate of Group 1 is abundant with 7% sodium chloride, the growth rate of Group 2 is abundant with 7% sodium chloride but moderate with 10.0% sodium chloride. The growth rate of Group 3 is abundant with 5% sodium chloride but moderate with 7% sodium chloride. 3. There are two types of color change on TCBS agar which are cultivated at 37±2℃ for 20±2 hours. One immediately changes to orange and the other changes from green to yellow or yellowish orange. 4. The morphological characters and biochemical properties are shown in Tables 1-3.

韓國 商法에 있어서의 英美 會社法의 繼受에 관한 硏究

姜渭斗 東亞大學校 1979 東亞論叢 Vol.16 No.1

Prior to 1962, Korean business corporations were provisionally regulated by the old Commercial Law which the Japanese Government had enacted before 1945. With the liberation in 1945 the new independent Korean war and the ensuing political and social disorders delayed the formation of the Korean Commercial Law. The Korean Government formulated the new Commercial Law, and with the National Assembly's approval of the law promulgated it on 20 January 1962. The law formally took effect on 1 January 1963. The provisions of the old Commercial Law governing the business corporations have their basic edeas on the spirit of " Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch". The edeology of the law came from the early capitalism thoughts whose theoretical base was mainly for the protection of the private property rights. Therefore business corporations under the law could not legally accept the idea of "the separation of the ownership from the management of the enterprise." In fact, economic developments of Korea were the goal aimed at in enactment of the new Commercial Law. The leading factors primarily considered centered on raising the necessary capitals, encouraging the private business investments, facilitating the introduction of foreign capital loans into the nation as well as preparing the organs of business corporation for effective managements. Particularly, these organs were to be so institutionalized as to help the professional business administrators to play to the best of their managing skills. These requirements were expected to be fulfilled not under the business corporation laws of the continental legal systems, but under the Anglo-American ones. The new Commercial Law, though founded on the continental legal systems, is so made as to adapt itself to the social economic situation of the Korea of the early 1960's. It can be said that Korea's newly enacted Commercial Law, which regulates the activities of business corporations, is a product of a Commercial Law, which regulates the activities of business corporations, is a product of a Compromise between the German and the Anglo-American law systems related to them. Such provisions as the non-par value stock, cumulative vote, and option right are excluded from the law, because the actual situations did not allow their inclusion in the law. However, the original principles of both the authorized capital and the board of directors are accepted, though some revisions are made to be fit for our social economic conditions. The important principles of our Commercial Law influenced by the Anglo-American legal systems are as follows ; authorized capital, convertible share, redeemable share, non-voting share, and issue of shares at a discount to improve the capital mechanism, ⅱ) board of directors as well as the reduction of authorities on the stockholders' meeting and the auditor aimed at the effective management, ⅲ) injunction, representative suit, the rights of inspection access to books and papers to strengthen the rights of stockholders. Unlike the "Prinzip des festen Grundkapitals", authorized capital principle under the Anglo-American countries bases itself on the "Kons truktionstheorie" under which a business corporation can be founded after the subscriptions to one more stocks by each promotor. In the modern business circles, operations are carried with stresses obviously on promoting the profits rather than on maintaining the satable assets. Because of convenient and prompt capital raising through easily set-up business corporations and effective management of them, the strict application of the "Prinzip des festen Grundkapitals" is sometimes neglected. To meet the economic needs, the "Prinzip des festen Grundkapitals" itself should not be strict. Therefore, the provisions of the Korean Commercial Law compromise to give birth to the principle of authorized capital with the "Prinzid des festen Grundkapitals as follows: " One half of total stocks shall be issued by the corporation at the time of its foundation, and the rest of them will be issued by the board of directors in compliance with the financial need at any time". The board of directors under the old Commercial Law was only a suborgan of the stockholder's meeting, and implemented the decisions made by the stockholders' meeting. The auditor supervised the financial and operational managements. Both were on the same level in the organization chart. This type of organization can be said proper from the sense of "checks and balances of power" originating from the modern democratic ideology, though it can hardly be so with the big businesses. Because of the powers of raising capital endowed to the directors through the provisions of the authorized capital system under the new Commercial Law, the director's business executions should be performed deliberately. That is the reason why the board of directors instead of the independent single director system was preferred. Under the new Law, the relations between the business corporation and the directors are of delegation of authority. The directors bear the burdens of carrying out the duties carefully as able managers. In the Anglo-American countries, the board of directors system has been developed on the ground of the fiduciary relations between them. Their prime obligation is the duty of loyalty. On the other hand, Korea's new Law not only adopts the authorized capital system but also delivers the strong executive authority to the board of directors. The very facts logically request that the law should be so revised as to put the duty of loyalty on the directors who are already provided with legal base necessary to perform the duty. Finally, the Korean Commercial Law specifies the provisions of the injunction, the right of inspection access to books and papers, and the representative suit in order to strengthen the status of stockholders. These may have reciprocal functions in connection with the reduction of the authority of the stockholder's meeting. These mechanism will become effective for the minority shareholders in excluding the stockholder's abuses, making a contrast with the single stockholder under the Anglo-American laws. In brief, korea's new Commercial Law reflects on the general tendency seen in greater number of countries toward reallocating powers between the organs of business corporations established on the monopolistic capitalism system. The separation of the ownership from the management of the enterprise should be prerequisite for the effective execution of the new Commercial Law.

外國人 直接投資에 대한 硏究 : 對外經濟證屬이 經濟成長과 所得分配에 미치는 影響에 관한 實증硏究

徐東錫,金洙槿,宋燮瑋,金喆煥 亞洲大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

Dependency theory claims that economic dependency retards economic development and increases income inequlity within peripheral countries. On the other hand, neoclassical development theory predicts that economic linkage to the world economy facilitates economic growth and improves the income distribution. This paper aimes to test the general validity of dependency theory by using a cross section data over 1970s and time series data over the period 1962-1984 of Korea. The time series data allow us to observe the dynamics of dependency theory which emphasizes the "historical process". Four measures of economic dependency or external linkage are used to regress the economic growth rate and Gini coefficients. The control variables additionally employed in our empirical analysis are exports and domestic capital formation. The research design employed is a regression analysis incorporating lag structure. The results indicate that economic dependency has no significant negative effects on growth and income distribution. Thus we conclude that the denpendency theory is not substantiated by our empirical data. The data rather supports the neoclassical development theory.

行爲無能力者의 不法行爲에 대한 監督者의 責任

成渭錫 慶北大學校 法學硏究所 1998 법학논고 Vol.14 No.-

環境汚染에 대한 市民意識의 實態

金渭錫 慶北大學校 師範大學 1982 敎育硏究誌 Vol.24 No.-

Over the past '60's and '70's, our country has carried out a series of economic development plans successfully. On the other hand, however, as side-effects of industrialization, it has caused so many problems, the most serious one of which is pollution, which can threaten the achievements. Therefore, the studies on the realities and speedy measures have become necessary. The aims of this paper are as follows; 1) To arrange our country's realities of pollution problems in th light of historical source. 2) To grasp the Taegu citizens' awareness of the environmental contamination by using questionnaires containing ten items. 3) To study how to preserve natural environment from the pollution on the basis of the above data. The level of the Taegu citizens' consciousness toward environmental contamination is summarized as the followings; 1) Strict control over harmful-gas emitting vehicles is not exercised well (82.0%). 2) The pros and cons of an increase in vehicles in the city are about the same (pros: 50.3%, cons: 43.0%). 3) The ayes and noes of trust in. water supply facilities in the city are 32.2% to 55.0%. 4) The disposal of garbage is not good. (64.5%) 5) The disposal of sewage in the city and a factory's waste water is not good. (75.2%) 6) The rate between citizens who have a strong spirit of nature preservation and those who have a weak one is 39.8% to 47.7%. 7) The pros and cons of the municipal sanitary administration are 49.8% to 36.3%. 8) Citizens' trust in a pharmacist is relatively low. (pros: 18.7%) 9) The farmer's response to soil acidification is divided into two parts: One who has a notion of it is 17.7% and the other who doesn't know well is 43.5%. 10) The noes of inviting the establishment of pollutant emitting factories are 89.0%. Although the difference of responses according to age is almost the same, the young classes' way of thinking seems more progressive. And air pollution is more serious than water pollution in Taegu. In this paper, I took these followings as the measures for natural environment preservation on a national basis according to the realities of pollution and the forms of civil consciousness; 1) Anti-air pollution measures 2) Anti-water pollution measures 3) Anti-noise pollution measures 4) 'city and province-wide' enlargement of natural environment preservation campaign. For each of the above measures, I studied in detail and presented a concrete plan.

回轉圓板에 의한 窒酸化에 關한 硏究

鄭渭得,奇文奉,安鍾洙 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1989 硏究報告 Vol.12 No.1

RBC system was used in order to accomplish the COD removal and nitrification simultaneously in one step. The effect of pH on nitrification rate was examined in a suspended growth system, using microorganism scraped from the rotating discs, and an optimum pH value was between 7.5 and 8.5. Nitrification was not accompanied by a large amount of dissolved oxygen supplied in the system. This might be attributed to the increased thickness of the COD - utilizer - biofilm limited oxygen and substrate transfer for nitrification under high COD loading. It was found that the COD loading must be reduced to below 0.027㎎/㎠·hr, for nitrification to occur in the rotating disc system, and that a multi - stage system could improve the treatment of waste waster containing both high COD and inorganic nitrogen.

글로벌 로지스틱스 환경하에서 e-Logistics 발전방안에 관한 고찰

이위식,서동욱 한국관세학회 2007 관세학회지 Vol.8 No.1

As economic globalization continues, global corporations expend their economic activities around the world. This phenomenon increase the complexity of global logistics management. Therefore global corporations need to offer high quality logistics services to meet customers preferences and satisfy customers demands(changes). They use professional logistics firms more and more to manage global logistics effectively and offer quality service to customers. The goal of e-Logistics is to optimize logistics network and to collaborate across enterprises, to provide visibility of global logistics. Global logistics visibility is composed of several factors ; order visibility, inventory visibility, tracking and tracing, monitoring alert and visibility. The important principle of global logistics is that the trend will evolve from optimization of an individual enterprises to meet a global logistics network. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trend of developments of e-Logistics under global logistics environments.