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Structural Basis for Assembly and Function of a Heterodimeric Plant Immune Receptor
Williams, Simon J.,Sohn, Kee Hoon,Wan, Li,Bernoux, Maud,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Segonzac, Cecile,Ve, Thomas,Ma, Yan,Saucet, Simon B.,Ericsson, Daniel J.,Casey, Lachlan W.,Lonhienne, Thierry,Winzor, Dona American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.344 No.6181
<P><B>Universal Immune Function</B></P><P>Certain pathogen effectors are detected in plants by cytoplasmic receptors. First solving the crystal structures of <I>Arabidopsis</I> receptors, <B>Williams <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 299; see the Perspective by <B>Nishimura and Dangl</B>) discovered that in the resting state, the structures form a heterodimer that readies the complex for effector binding and keeps the signaling domains from firing too early. Once the pathogen effector binds, the structure of the complex shifts such that the signaling domains can form a homodimer to initiate downstream signaling. Similarities between these plant-pathogen receptors and Toll-like receptors in animals suggest the molecular mechanisms may translate broadly.</P>
Thermoneutrality but Not UCP1 Deficiency Suppresses Monocyte Mobilization Into Blood
Williams, Jesse W.,Elvington, Andrew,Ivanov, Stoyan,Kessler, Skyler,Luehmann, Hannah,Baba, Osamu,Saunders, Brian T.,Kim, Ki-Wook,Johnson, Michael W.,Craft, Clarissa S.,Choi, Jae-Hoon,Sorci-Thomas, Mar Grune & Stratton 2017 Circulation research Vol.121 No.6
<P>Conclusions: Warm ambient temperature is, like UCP1 deficiency, atheroprotective, but the mechanisms of action differ. Thermoneutrality associates with reduced monocyte egress from the bone marrow in a UCP1-dependent manner in mice and likewise may also suppress blood monocyte counts in man.</P>
The Employment Maximizing Import Quota Under Domestic Monopoly
William H. Kaempfer,Edward Tower,Thomas D.Willett Jungseok Research Institute of International Logis 2003 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS AND TRADE Vol.1 No.1
We consider a domestic monopolist who is protected by an import quota on the product he produces. He faces a domestic demand curve which is characterized by a constant price elasticity. He is unable to export and has an upward sloping marginal cost curve. We demonstrate that in this case his employment of labor rises with the import quota until imports rise to a fraction 1/e of domestic output where e is the elasticity of domestic demand. Thus, the employment maximizing quota sets permissible imports at a fraction of domestic output which is at least as high as the reciprocal of the elasticity of demand. We also make a case for liberalizing all the way right away, "cold turkey liberalization".
Approximating vibronic spectroscopy with imperfect quantum optics
Clements, William R,Renema, Jelmer J,Eckstein, Andreas,Valido, Antonio A,Lita, Adriana,Gerrits, Thomas,Nam, Sae Woo,Kolthammer, W Steven,Huh, Joonsuk,Walmsley, Ian A IOP 2018 Journal of physics B, Atomic, molecular, and optic Vol.51 No.24
<P>We study the impact of experimental imperfections on a recently proposed protocol for performing quantum simulations of vibronic spectroscopy. Specifically, we propose a method for quantifying the impact of these imperfections, optimizing an experiment to account for them, and benchmarking the results against a classical simulation method. We illustrate our findings using a proof of principle experimental simulation of part of the vibronic spectrum of tropolone. Our findings will inform the design of future experiments aiming to simulate the spectra of large molecules beyond the reach of current classical computers.</P>
Survival analysis of endometrial cancer patients with cervical stromal involvement
Jonathan E. Frandsen,William T. Sause,Mark K. Dodson,Andrew P. Soisson,Thomas W. Belnap,David K. Gaffney 대한부인종양학회 2014 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.25 No.2
Objective: Stage II endometrial cancer is relatively uncommon. There is no consensus for appropriate adjuvant therapy in endometrial cancer patients with cervical stromal involvement (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] stage II). This study investigates how adjuvant treatments and tumor characteristics influence overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in stage II patients in order to establish better treatment guidelines. Methods: This multi-institution, Institutional Review Board approved, study is a retrospective review of 40 endometrial cancer patients with cervical stromal involvement treated from 1993 to 2009. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to evaluate OS and DFS. Results: OS was 85% at three years and 67% at five years. There were no significant differences in age, histology, depth of invasion, comorbid conditions, surgical staging or recurrence between patients who received radiation therapy (RT) and those who did not. However, patients with FIGO grade 1 cancers were less likely to receive RT (p=0.007). Patients treated with RT had a similar 5 year OS (n=33, 69%) to those treated with surgery only (n=7, 60%, p=0.746). There were no OS differences when evaluating by grade, histology, or depth of invasion between patients who did and did not receive RT. Four patients recurred: three were locoregional failures only, and one failed locally and distant. Conclusion: Patients receiving RT had higher grade tumors. Despite this, OS was comparable between the RT and the no RT cohorts. Local failure was the predominant pattern of failure. Endometrial cancer patients with cervical stromal involvement likely receive better locoregional control with the addition of adjuvant RT and we continue to advocate for RT in most cases.
Growth of Single Crystal GaAs Nanowires by a Surface Diffusion-Mediated Solid-Liquid-Solid Process
이정민,Fan Xia,William Thomas Nichols,최창환,박원일 대한금속·재료학회 2012 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.18 No.5
A facile route to synthesize GaAs nanowires by simply heating Au-coated GaAs substrates to 700 °C under vacuum (~10−3Torr) was developed in this study. Detailed structural analyses showed that ultrathin single crystal GaAs nanowires with an average diameter of ~15 nm were grown outward from the Au metal droplets remaining on the surface of the GaAs substrate. On the other hand, the substrate surface region contacting the metal layer became porous, and the depth of the porous layer increased with increasing processing time. Based on these results, it was concluded that the nanowires were grown by a solidliquid-solid process involving the surface diffusion of adatoms from the underlying solid substrates to the Au liquid droplets.
Rohana P. Dassanayake,Thomas C. Truscott,Dongyue Zhuang,David A. Schneider,Sally A. Madsen-Bouterse,Alan J. Young,James B. Stanton,William C. Davis,Katherine I. O’Rourke 대한수의학회 2015 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.16 No.2
Scrapie is diagnosed antemortem in sheep by detecting misfolded isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc) in lymphoid follicles of the rectal mucosa and nictitating membranes. Assay sensitivity is limited if (a) the biopsy is collected early during disease development, (b) an insufficient number of follicles is collected, or (c) peripheral accumulation of PrPSc is reduced or delayed. A blood test would be convenient for mass live animal scrapie testing. Currently approved techniques, however, have their own detection limits. Novel detection methods may soon offer a non-animal-based, rapid platform with detection sensitivities that rival the prion bioassay. In anticipation, we sought to determine if diseased animals could be routinely identified with a bioassay using B lymphocytes isolated from blood sample volumes commonly collected for diagnostic purposes in small ruminants. Scrapie transmission was detected in five of six recipient lambs intravenously transfused with B lymphocytes isolated from 5∼10 mL of blood from a naturally scrapie-infected sheep. Additionally, scrapie transmission was observed in 18 ovinized transgenic Tg338 mice intracerebrally inoculated with B lymphocytes isolated from 5∼10 mL of blood from two naturally scrapie-infected sheep. Based on our findings, we anticipate that these blood sample volumes should be of diagnostic value.
Probing Minor Groove Hydrogen Bonding Interactions between RB69 DNA Polymerase and DNA
Xia, Shuangluo,Christian, Thomas D.,Wang, Jimin,Konigsberg, William H. American Chemical Society 2012 Biochemistry Vol.51 No.21
<P>Minor groove hydrogen bonding (HB) interactions between DNA polymerases (pols) and N3 of purines or O2 of pyrimidines have been proposed to be essential for DNA synthesis from results obtained using various nucleoside analogues lacking the N3 or O2 contacts that interfered with primer extension. Because there has been no direct structural evidence to support this proposal, we decided to evaluate the contribution of minor groove HB interactions with family B pols. We have used RB69 DNA pol and 3-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine (3DA), an analogue of 2-deoxyadenosine, which has the same HB pattern opposite T but with N3 replaced with a carbon atom. We then determined pre-steady-state kinetic parameters for the insertion of dAMP opposite dT using primer/templates (P/T)-containing 3DA. We also determined three structures of ternary complexes with 3DA at various positions in the duplex DNA substrate. We found that the incorporation efficiency of dAMP opposite dT decreased 10<SUP>2</SUP>–10<SUP>3</SUP>-fold even when only one minor groove HB interaction was missing. Our structures show that the HB pattern and base pair geometry of 3DA/dT is exactly the same as those of dA/dT, which makes 3DA an optimal analogue for probing minor groove HB interactions between a DNA polymerase and a nucleobase. In addition, our structures provide a rationale for the observed 10<SUP>2</SUP>–10<SUP>3</SUP>-fold decrease in the rate of nucleotide incorporation. The minor groove HB interactions between position <I>n</I> – 2 of the primer strand and RB69pol fix the rotomer conformations of the K706 and D621 side chains, as well as the position of metal ion A and its coordinating ligands, so that they are in the optinal orientation for DNA synthesis.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/bichaw/2012/bichaw.2012.51.issue-21/bi300416z/production/images/medium/bi-2012-00416z_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/bi300416z'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>