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Investigation of Charge Carrier Behavior in High Performance Ternary Blend Polymer Solar Cells
Lee, Tack Ho,Uddin, Mohammad Afsar,Zhong, Chengmei,Ko, Seo-Jin,Walker, Bright,Kim, Taehyo,Yoon, Yung Jin,Park, Song Yi,Heeger, Alan J.,Woo, Han Young,Kim, Jin Young Wiley-VCH 2016 ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS Vol.6 No.19
<P>This study demonstrates high-performance, ternary-blend polymer solar cells by modifying a binary blend bulk heterojunction (PPDT2FBT:PC71BM) with the addition of a ternary component, PPDT2CNBT. PPDT2CNBT is designed to have complementary absorption and deeper frontier energy levels compared to PPDT2FBT, while being based on the same polymeric backbone. A power conversion efficiency of 9.46% is achieved via improvements in both short-circuit current density (J(SC)) and open-circuit voltage (V-OC). Interestingly, the V-OC increases with increasing the PPDT2CNBT content in ternary blends. In-depth studies using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and transient absorption spectroscopy indicate that the two polymers are not electronically homogeneous and function as discrete light harvesting species. The structural similarity between PPDT2CNBT and PPDT2FBT allows the merits of a ternary system to be fully utilized to enhance both J(SC) and V-OC without detriment to fill-factor via minimized disruption of semi-crystalline morphology of binary PPDT2FBT: PC (71) BM blend. Further, by careful analysis, charge carrier transport in this ternary blend is clearly verified to follow parallel-like behavior.</P>
Efficient Transmission of Multiple Broadcasting Services Using LDM and SHVC
Lee, Jae-young,Park, Sung-Ik,Kwon, Sunhyoung,Lim, Bo-Mi,Kim, Heung Mook,Hur, Namho,Pesin, Anthony,Chevet, Jean-Claude,Llach, Joan,Stein, Alan J.,Jeon, Sungho,Wu, Yiyan [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2018 IEEE transactions on broadcasting Vol.64 No.2
<P>In this paper, we present an efficient transmission method of multiple broadcasting services using layered division multiplexing (LDM) and scalable high efficiency video coding (SHVC) based on the next generation terrestrial digital broadcasting standard, advanced television systems committee 3.0. In a two-layer LDM system, each layer forms a physical layer pipe that carries base layer and enhancement layer video streams of SHVC, respectively. This combination of physical and presentation layers technologies can maximize channel utilization when multiple broadcasting services are delivered in a single radio frequency channel with different robustness and reception conditions. An intensive performance analysis is provided when the proposed combination of LDM and SHVC is compared with other approaches, such as time division multiplexing and/or high efficiency video coding simulcast broadcasting. Several performance measurements are also introduced, such as constant data rate measurement and constant quality measurement, which are used to evaluate the performance of video codecs in conjunction with different physical layer system parameters. A prototype hardware system with LDM and SHVC capable of selecting different parameter combinations is tested in the laboratory and in real field environments to verify the performance and feasibility of the proposed LDM and SHVC combination. Results show that the proposed LDM and SHVC combination provides significant gains on video service quality as well as reception robustness.</P>
Anosmin-1 contributes to brain tumor malignancy through integrin signal pathways
Choy, Catherine T,Kim, Haseong,Lee, Ji-Young,Williams, David M,Palethorpe, David,Fellows, Greg,Wright, Alan J,Laing, Ken,Bridges, Leslie R,Howe, Franklyn A,Kim, Soo-Hyun Bioscientifica Ltd 2014 Endocrine-related cancer Vol.21 No.1
<P>Anosmin-1, encoded by the <I>KAL1</I> gene, is an extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated protein which plays essential roles in the establishment of olfactory and GNRH neurons during early brain development. Loss-of-function mutations of <I>KAL1</I> results in Kallmann syndrome with delayed puberty and anosmia. There is, however, little comprehension of its role in the developed brain. As reactivation of developmental signal pathways often takes part in tumorigenesis, we investigated if anosmin-1-mediated cellular mechanisms associated with brain tumors. Our meta-analysis of gene expression profiles of patients' samples and public microarray datasets indicated that <I>KAL1</I> mRNA was significantly upregulated in high-grade primary brain tumors compared with the normal brain and low-grade tumors. The tumor-promoting capacity of anosmin-1 was demonstrated in the glioblastoma cell lines, where anosmin-1 enhanced cell motility and proliferation. Notably, anosmin-1 formed a part of active β1 integrin complex, inducing downstream signaling pathways. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of anosmin-1 attenuated motility and growth of tumor cells and induced apoptosis. Anosmin-1 may also enhance the invasion of tumor cells within the ECM by modulating cell adhesion and activating extracellular proteases. In a mouse xenograft model, anosmin-1-expressing tumors grew faster, indicating the role of anosmin-1 in tumor microenvironment <I>in vivo</I>. Combined, these data suggest that anosmin-1 can facilitate tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. Therefore, although the normal function of anosmin-1 is required in the proper development of GNRH neurons, overexpression of anosmin-1 in the developed brain may be an underlying mechanism for some brain tumors.</P>
Zeynep Vardar,Carolyn S.Dupuis,Alan J. Goldstein,Efaza Siddiqui,Baran Umut Vardar,Young H. Kim 대한초음파의학회 2022 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.41 No.4
Pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding are common symptoms in postpartum women presenting to the emergency room (ER). Pelvic ultrasonography plays a crucial role in evaluating symptomatic postpartum patients by allowing a rapid diagnosis and treatment initiation. The main goal of imaging is to distinguish between causes of pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding that may be managed conservatively and those requiring emergent intervention. This pictural essay focuses on the ultrasonographic features of common postpartum conditions for which patients may present to the ER with vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain, including retained products of conception, endometritis, uterine arteriovenous malformation, uterine artery pseudoaneurysm, ovarian vein thrombosis, bladder flap hematoma, and uterine dehiscence/rupture.
Charette, Matthew A.,Lam, Phoebe J.,Lohan, Maeve C.,Kwon, Eun Young,Hatje, Vanessa,Jeandel, Catherine,Shiller, Alan M.,Cutter, Gregory A.,Thomas, Alex,Boyd, Philip W.,Homoky, William B.,Milne, Angela The Royal Society 2016 Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical Vol.374 No.2081
<P>Continental shelves and shelf seas play a central role in the global carbon cycle. However, their importance with respect to trace element and isotope (TEI) inputs to ocean basins is less well understood. Here, we present major findings on shelf TEI biogeochemistry from the GEOTRACES programme as well as a proof of concept for a new method to estimate shelf TEI fluxes. The case studies focus on advances in our understanding of TEI cycling in the Arctic, transformations within a major river estuary (Amazon), shelf sediment micronutrient fluxes and basin-scale estimates of submarine groundwater discharge. The proposed shelf flux tracer is 228-radium (<I>T</I><SUB>1/2</SUB> = 5.75 yr), which is continuously supplied to the shelf from coastal aquifers, sediment porewater exchange and rivers. Model-derived shelf <SUP>228</SUP>Ra fluxes are combined with TEI/ <SUP>228</SUP>Ra ratios to quantify ocean TEI fluxes from the western North Atlantic margin. The results from this new approach agree well with previous estimates for shelf Co, Fe, Mn and Zn inputs and exceed published estimates of atmospheric deposition by factors of approximately 3–23. Lastly, recommendations are made for additional GEOTRACES process studies and coastal margin-focused section cruises that will help refine the model and provide better insight on the mechanisms driving shelf-derived TEI fluxes to the ocean.</P><P>This article is part of the themed issue ‘Biological and climatic impacts of ocean trace element chemistry’.</P>