Measurements of surgeons’ exposure to ionizing radiation dose: comparison of conventional and mini C-arm fluoroscopy

Sung, K. H.,Min, E.,Chung, C. Y.,Jo, B. C.,Park, M. S.,Lee, K. SAGE Publications 2016 The journal of hand surgery. journal of the Britis Vol.41 No.3

<P>This study was performed to measure the equivalent scattered radiation dose delivered to susceptible organs while simulating orthopaedic surgery using conventional and mini C-arm fluoroscopy. In addition, shielding effects on the thyroid, thymus, and gonad, and the direct exposure delivered to the patient's hands were also compared. A conventional and mini C-arms were installed in an operating room, and a hand and an operator phantom were used to simulate a patient's hand and a surgeon. Photoluminescence dosimeters were used to measure the equivalent dose by scattered radiation arriving at the thyroid, thymus, and gonad on a whole-body phantom in the position of the surgeon. Equivalent scattered radiation doses were measured in four groups: (1) unshielded conventional C-arm group; (2) unshielded mini C-arm group; (3) lead-shielded conventional C-arm group; and (4) lead-shielded mini C-arm group. Equivalent scattered radiation doses to the unshielded group were significantly lower in the mini C-arm group than those in the conventional C-arm group for all organs. The gonad in the lead-shielded conventional C-arm group showed the highest equivalent dose among operator-susceptible organs, and radiation dose was reduced by approximately 96% compared with that in the unshielded group. Scattered radiation was not detected in any susceptible organ in the lead-shielded mini C-arm group. The direct radiation dose to the hand phantom measured from the mini C-arm was significantly lower than that measured from the conventional C-arm. The results show that the equivalent scattered radiation dose to the surgeon's susceptible organs and the direct radiation dose to a patient's hand can be decreased significantly by using a mini C-arm rather than a conventional C-arm. However, protective lead garments, such as a thyroid shield and apron, should be applied to minimize radiation exposure to susceptible organs, even during use of mini C-arm fluoroscopy.</P>

A Single-Flux-Quantum Shift Register based on High-$T_c$ Superconducting Step-edge Josephson Junctions

Sung G.Y.,Choi, C.H.,Suh J.D.,Han, S. K.,Kang, K.Y.,Hwang, J.S.,Yoon, S.G.,Jung, K.R.,Lee, Y.H.,Kang, J.H.,Kim, Y.H.,Hahn, T.S. The Korean Superconductivity Society 1999 Progress in superconductivity Vol.1 No.1

We have fabricated and tested a simple circuit of the rapid single-flux-quantum(RSFQ) four-stage shift register using a single layer high-$T_c$ superconducting (HTS) $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x}$ (YBCO) thin film structure with 9 step-edge Josephson junctions. The circuit includes two read superconducting quantum interference devices(SQUID) and four stages. To establish a robust HTS RSFQ device fabrication process, we have focussed on the reproducible process of sharp and straight step-edge formation as well as the ratio of film thickness to step height, t/h. The spread of step-edge junction parameters was measured from each 13 junctions with t/h=1/3, 1/2, and 2/3 at various temperatures. We have demonstrated the simplified operation of the shift register at 65 K.

몇가지 사료 첨가제가 계란의 특정성분에 미치는 영향

성기승,윤칠석,이남형,한찬규,이복희 한국축산학회 2000 한국축산학회지 Vol.42 No.1

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of various commercial feed additives on specific components in shell egg and to develop a new type of brand egg. Forty-four week old ISA Brown layers were randomly assigned to 8 treatments. Hens of each treatment were 300 and treatment was replicated 3 times. Experimental period was 10 weeks. The 8 treatments were as follows: astarich^ⓡ 2%(B), astarich^ⓡ 5%(C), chitin+chitosan 2%(D), omega-3 powder 2%(E), pyrogreen 1%(F), greenpia 0.2%(G), hydrogenated soy oil 3%(H) and commercial layer feed(A). Eggs were collected at day 0, 7, 14, 40 and 70 for chemical analyses. Chemical analyses were done for vitamins A and E, cholesterol and fatty acid profile of egg yolks. During the experimental period, the contents of vitamin A increased overall. Astarich^ⓡ 5%(C) group showed the highest amounts of vitamin A (11.14±3.93 ㎍/g yolk) whereas commercial layer feed goup(A) showed the lowest amounts of vitamin A(8.65±1.97 ㎍/g yolk). Vitamin E contents were significantly different among treatments at day 7, 40, and 70 (p$lt;0.05). Mean value of vitamin E (99.66±8.30 ㎍/g yolk) was the highest in omega-3(E) group and the lowest in pyrogreen (F) group (53.49±11.36 ㎍/g yolk). Yolk cholesterol contents tended to increase, although the fluctuation existed somewhat depending on the day of measurement. The highest value of yolk cholesterol(11.71±0.50㎎/g yolk) was observed in astarich^ⓡ 2%(B) group and the Lowest value(9.45±2.32㎎/g yolk) in pyrogreen (F) group. The mean compositions of yolk fatty acids during the experimental period were 37.3∼39.6% for saturated fatty acids(SFA), 39.3∼41.3% for monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA), 16.2∼18.9% for omega-6 fatty acids and 2.20∼5.36% for omega-3 fatty acids. In general, the concentrations of SFA and omega-6 fatty acids decreased, while those of MUFA tended to increase. On the other hand, eicosapentaenoic acid(C_(20:5) ω6, EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid(C_(22:5) ω3, DPA) were detected only in astarich^ⓡ 5%(B) and omega-3(E) groups where the docosahexaenoic acid(C_(22:6) ω3, DHA) concentration was over twice higher than those of other group. The study proved both astarich^ⓡ and omega-3 powder were suitable to produce brand eggs specially high in certain components.

생물학적 자극 통제 수단으로 활용하기 위한 돼지 페로몬성 냄새 물질의 탐색 : Ⅱ. 휘발성 냄새분자의 리간드와 Porcine Odorant Binding Protein (pOBP) 사이의 결합 친화력에 관한 홀로그래피적 QSAR 모델

성낙도,박창식,최양석,명평근 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2007 논문집 Vol. No.10

돼지 웅성 폐르몬인 5α-androst-16-en-3-one을 대체할 수 있는 활성 분자를 탐색하여 가축의 생산과 수요를 조절하기 위한 생물학적 자극 통제 수단으로 활용하고자 냄새 분자로서 2-cydohexyloxytetrahydrofurane (A) 및 2-phenoxytetrahydrofurane (B)유도체들의 구조 변화와 수용체인 porcine odorant binding protein (pOBP)애 대한 결합 친화력 상수(p[Od.]_(50))사이의 정량적인 구조-활성관계에 관한 분자 HQSAR 모델XI을 유도하였다. 냄새 분자 중에서 cydohexyl-치환체(A)가 phenyl-치환체(B)보다 높은 결합 친화력을 나타내었으며(A>B) 모델XI은 분자 조각크기(5∼8),홀로그램 길이(97 bin)의 키랄성(chirality) 조건에서 예측성(q²=0.916)과 상관성(r²=0.988)이 매우 양호하였다. 기여도(contribution map)로부터 냄새 분자의 결합 친화력 상수에 기여하는 부분은 2-oxyfuryl group의 C3 및 C5 원자인 반면에 cyclohexyl 고리상 tert-butyl group의 중심 탄소 원자와 furyl group의 C4 원자 부분은 기여하지 않았다. To search of a new porcine pheromonal odorants for biostimulation control system technologies to offer a potentially useful and practical way to improve reproductive efficiency in livestock species, the holographic quantitative structure activity relationship (HQSAR) model between odorants, 2-phenoxytetrahydrofurane (A), 2-cyclohexyl-oxytetrahydrofurane (B), derivatives and binding affinity constants (p[Od.]_(50)) for porcine odorant-binding protein (pOBP) as receptor of pig pheromones were derivated and disscused. The binding affinity constants of cyclohexyl substituents (A) for pOBP were higher (A> B) than that of phenyl substituents (B). It was revealed that the optimum HQSAR model Xl using PLS analyses had a fragment length (5∼8) with chirality at 5 components and hologram length 97 bin, which had a cross-validated q²(predictablities) of 0.916, and a conventional correlation coefficient r²(fitness) of 0.988, respectively. From the atomic contribution, the C3 and C5 atom in 2-oxyfuryl group contributed to binding affinity constants, whereas the central carbon atom in tert-butyl group on the cyclohexyl ring and the C4 atom of furyl group parts showed no contribution.

한국재래계의 염색체 분염 표지 분석

백규흠,이철영,상병돈,최철환,김학규,손시환 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.1

본 연구에서는 국내 고유 재래 가축들의 유전정보와 유전학적 개량의 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 고분염 분석(high-resolution banding) 방법에 의한 한국재래계의 염색체 분염 표지를 제시하였다. 본 연구에 공시된 한국재래계로서의 축산기술연구소에서 계통화 시킨 황갈색 및 적갈색계통으로 이들이 생산한 수정란의 초기 배자를 이용하여 염색체 분석을 수행하였으며 닭의 초기배자에 EtBr 및 colchicine을 처리함으로써 보다 양호한 고정도 염색체를 획득하였다. 한국 재래계의 GTG-banding 결과 모든 상동염색체간에 뚜렷하고 특징적인 band 양상을 얻을 수 있었으며, Leghorn 및 국제표준핵형(ISSAK)과 비교시 염색체의 형태적 양상에서는 거의 차이가 없는 것으로 분석되었고 대표적 landmark간에도 거의 일치되는 양상을 보였다. 그러나 대부분의 한국재래계의 대형염색체에서 더 많은 G-band의 분리 양상을 보이고 특히 1번 및 Z염색체에서 특징적 분리 양상의 차이를 보였다. 한국재래계의 C-banding 분석에서는 세포별 heterochromatin의 다형성을 보이기는 하나 대부분의 염색체의 동원체와 말단부위에서 C-band가 나타났으며, Z 염색체 장완 말단부와 W 염색체 전체에서는 거의 모든 세포에서 C-band가 출현하였다. 또한 3번 염색체 동원체와 Z 염색체 장완 말단부에서 특징적 다형성을 나타내어 이들 염색체들에서는 상동염색체간 heterochromatin의 이형적 양상(heteromorphic)이 존재함을 밝혔다. The present study was carried out to establish the standard karyotype of the Korean Native Chicken and to find their chromosomal band markers using high-resolution banding technique. Chromosome analysis was performed on early chick embryos following in vitro culture of fertilized eggs of the yellow-brown and the red-brown lines of the Korean Native Chicken which had been established at National Livestock Research Institute. The high-resolution banding of the chromosome was achieved by treating the embryos with ethidium bromide and colchicine during culture. On GTG-banding, the Korean Native Chicken exhibited a typical chick banding pattern in all the macrochromosomes. Overall chromosomal morphology and positions of typical landmarks of the Korean Native Chicken were virtually identical to those of White Leghorn International System for Standardized Avian Karyotypes(ISSAK0. However, the lengths and G-band number of the Korean Native Chicken macrochromosomes were greater than those of White Leghorn and ISSAK. Especially in chromosomes I and Z. the Korean Native Chicken exhibited more separated bands in compared with ISSAK. In C-banding patterns, although a lot of observed cells had C-band polymorphic patterns. almost the Korean Native Chicken macrochromosomes had heterochromatic C-band on centromeres and/or near terminal part. However, the heterochromatic C-band was constantly observed at the end of q-arm of Z chromosomes and on the whole W chromosome. In addition, the Korean Native Chicken exhibited distinctive heteromorphic patterns of C-bands on the centromere of chromosome 3 and at the end of q-arm of Z chromosome between homologous chromosomes.

한우 c-fos 유전자의 염기서열 및 발현분석

유성란,정행진,정기철,이준헌,조규완,최재관,나기준,상병찬 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.6

Cellular FOS(c-fos) protein is a transcription factor that forms heterodimers mostly with c-jun family and stimulates the transcription of genes containing AP-1 regulatory elements. This c-fos expression can control growth and differentiation of various precursor cells including myoblasts. The controls by c-fos gene have been identified for affecting skeletal muscle fiber traits which are the key determinants of meat quality in pigs. As a first step for identifying the relationship between c-fos gene and meat quality traits in cattle, we fully sequenced 1,443 bp of Hanwoo c-fos mRNA and analyzed expression patterns from various organs and muscle tissues. The sequence identities of Hanwoo c-fos with that of human, pig and mouse showed 89.8%, 93.3% and rib muscle from 7 organs and 9 different parts of muscles investigated. These results presented here can be used as a valuable marker for meat quality related traits in cattle with further verification.

O-free polyacrylonitrile doping to improve the J_c(B) and H_c2 of MgB₂ wires

Hwang, S.M.,Sung, K.,Choi, J.H.,Kim, W.,Joo, J.,Lim, J.H.,Kim, C.J.,Park, Y.S.,Kim, D.H. North-Holland 2010 Physica. C, Superconductivity Vol.470 No.20

We selected polyacrylonitrile (PAN, -[C<SUB>3</SUB>H<SUB>3</SUB>N]-) as an O-free organic dopant and fabricated C-doped MgB<SUB>2</SUB> wires by in situ and powder-in-tube techniques. 0-5 wt.% PAN powders were uniformly mixed with B powder using a liquid mixing method. The precursor powders were mixed with Mg powder, filled into Fe tubes, and then drawn into wires. Sintering was performed at 900<SUP>o</SUP>C for 1h in a flowing Ar gas. The PAN doping decreased the critical temperature (T<SUB>c</SUB>) and a-axis lattice parameter, but significantly improved the critical current density (J<SUB>c</SUB>) in high fields, upper critical field (H<SUB>c2</SUB>), and irreversibility field (H<SUB>irr</SUB>) performances. These results are attributed to the replacement of B sites with C by the PAN doping. Furthermore, as expected, the MgO amount did not increase as the doping content increased. The J<SUB>c</SUB> of the PAN-doped MgB<SUB>2</SUB> wires was more than one order of magnitude higher than that of the undoped MgB<SUB>2</SUB> wire at 5K and 6.6T (1.46-3.82kA/cm<SUP>2</SUP> vs. 0.11kA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>).

A regulatory SNP at position −899 in CDKN1A is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis

Kim, K,Sung, Y-K,Kang, C P,Choi, C-B,Kang, C,Bae, S-C Macmillan Publishers Limited 2009 Genes and immunity Vol.10 No.5

The CDKN1A gene encoding a cell cycle inhibitor, p21(WAF1/CIP1), is located in the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility locus on chromosome 6p21.2. Decreased cellular levels of p21 are associated with SLE. Here, we examine four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the promoter and two in the first intron of CDKN1A for association with SLE susceptibility. A comparison of 742 Korean SLE patients with 1017 controls disclosed that one SNP (rs762624 C>A at position −899), located at a putative Myb-binding site in the promoter, was associated with SLE susceptibility (P=0.00047). This association was independent of the SLE-association signal of HLA-DRB1 on 6p21.3, as it was significant after adjustment for SLE-risk DRB1 alleles (P=0.0012). The same SNP was associated with lupus nephritis (P=0.000014). The risk allele-carrying promoter sequence displayed ∼15% lower activity than the non-risk sequence upon fusion to the luciferase gene (P=0.025). Endogenous CDKN1A mRNA levels measured in Epstein–Barr virus-transformed B cells established from 16 control subjects were linearly correlated with a decreasing copy number of the risk allele (P=0.024). Accordingly, we conclude that the minor allele A at −899 of CDKN1A is associated with increased susceptibility to SLE and lupus nephritis, and decreased cellular levels of p21.Genes and Immunity (2009) 10, 482–486; doi:10.1038/gene.2009.5; published online 5 March 2009

The bacterial type III-secreted protein AvrRps4 is a bipartite effector

Halane, Morgan K.,Kim, Sang Hee,Spears, Benjamin J.,Garner, Christopher M.,Rogan, Conner J.,Okafor, Elizabeth C.,Su, Jianbin,Bhattacharjee, Saikat,Gassmann, Walter Public Library of Science 2018 PLoS pathogens Vol.14 No.3

<▼1><P>Bacterial effector proteins secreted into host plant cells manipulate those cells to the benefit of the pathogen, but effector-triggered immunity (ETI) occurs when effectors are recognized by host resistance proteins. The RPS4/RRS1 pair recognizes the <I>Pseudomonas syringae</I> pv. pisi effector AvrRps4. AvrRps4 is processed <I>in planta</I> into AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> (133 amino acids), homologous to the N-termini of other effectors including the native <I>P</I>. <I>syringae</I> pv. tomato strain DC3000 effector HopK1, and AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> (88 amino acids). Previous data suggested that AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> alone is necessary and sufficient for resistance when overexpressed in heterologous systems. We show that delivering AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> from DC3000, but not from a DC3000 <I>hopK1</I><SUP><I>-</I></SUP> strain, triggers resistance in the Arabidopsis accession Col-0. Delivering AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> in tandem with AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP>, or as a chimera with HopK1<SUP>N</SUP>, fully complements AvrRps4-triggered immunity. AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> in the absence of AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> enhances virulence in Col-0. In addition, AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> triggers a hypersensitive response in lettuce that is attenuated by coexpression of AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP>, further supporting the role of AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> as a bona fide effector domain. Based on these results we propose that evolutionarily, fusion of AvrRps4<SUP>C</SUP> to AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP> may have counteracted recognition of AvrRps4<SUP>N</SUP>, and that the plant <I>RPS4/RRS1</I> resistance gene pair was selected as a countermeasure. We conclude that AvrRps4 represents an unusual chimeric effector, with recognition in Arabidopsis by RPS4/RRS1 requiring the presence of both processed effector moieties.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author summary</B></P><P>An important component of the plant immune system relies on the detection of pathogen-derived effectors by immune receptors called resistance proteins. Bacterial pathogens inject effectors into the host cell via a dedicated secretion system to suppress defenses and to manipulate the physiology of the host cell to the pathogen's advantage. Usually, a single resistance protein recognizes a single effector, but an increasing number of exceptions and elaborations on this one-to-one relationship are known. The plant Arabidopsis uses a pair of resistance proteins, RRS1 and RPS4, to detect the effector AvrRps4. After injection into the cell, AvrRps4 is cleaved into two protein parts, and it had been assumed that only the C-terminal part needs to be present to trigger RPS4/RRS1. We show here that both AvrRps4 parts are required for triggering resistance in Arabidopsis, and that the N-terminal part, which previously had been assumed to only function in effector secretion into the host cell, in fact on its own has some functions of an effector. This conclusion is supported by the observation that the N-terminal part of AvrRps4 is sufficient to trigger resistance in lettuce. The fusion of the two AvrRps4 parts may have arisen to counteract plant defenses.</P></▼2>

Quest for Missing Proteins: Update 2015 on Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project

Horvatovich, Pé,ter,Lundberg, Emma K.,Chen, Yu-Ju,Sung, Ting-Yi,He, Fuchu,Nice, Edouard C.,Goode, Robert J.,Yu, Simon,Ranganathan, Shoba,Baker, Mark S.,Domont, Gilberto B.,Velasquez, Erika,Li, D American Chemical Society 2015 Journal of Proteome Research Vol.14 No.9

<P>This paper summarizes the recent activities of the Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) consortium, which develops new technologies to identify yet-to-be annotated proteins (termed “missing proteins”) in biological samples that lack sufficient experimental evidence at the protein level for confident protein identification. The C-HPP also aims to identify new protein forms that may be caused by genetic variability, post-translational modifications, and alternative splicing. Proteogenomic data integration forms the basis of the C-HPP’s activities; therefore, we have summarized some of the key approaches and their roles in the project. We present new analytical technologies that improve the chemical space and lower detection limits coupled to bioinformatics tools and some publicly available resources that can be used to improve data analysis or support the development of analytical assays. Most of this paper’s content has been compiled from posters, slides, and discussions presented in the series of C-HPP workshops held during 2014. All data (posters, presentations) used are available at the C-HPP Wiki (<uri xlink:href='http://c-hpp.webhosting.rug.nl/' xlink:type='simple'>http://c-hpp.webhosting.rug.nl/</uri>) and in the Supporting Information.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jprobs/2015/jprobs.2015.14.issue-9/pr5013009/production/images/medium/pr-2014-013009_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/pr5013009'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>