Remarkable impact of amino acids on ginsenoside transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng

Liu, Zhi,Wen, Xin,Wang, Chong-Zhi,Li, Wei,Huang, Wei-Hua,Xia, Juan,Ruan, Chang-Chun,Yuan, Chun-Su The Korean Society of Ginseng 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.3

Background: Amino acids are one of the major constituents in Panax ginseng, including neutral amino acid, acidic amino acid, and basic amino acid. However, whether these amino acids play a role in ginsenoside conversion during the steaming process has not yet been elucidated. Methods: In the present study, to elucidate the role of amino acids in ginsenoside transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng, an amino acids impregnation pretreatment was applied during the steaming process at 120℃. Acidic glutamic acid and basic arginine were used for the acid impregnation treatment during the root steaming. The ginsenosides contents, pH, browning intensity, and free amino acids contents in untreated and amino acid-treated P. ginseng samples were determined. Results: After 2 h of steaming, the concentration of less polar ginsenosides in glutamic acid-treated P. ginseng was significantly higher than that in untreated P. ginseng during the steaming process. However, the less polar ginsenosides in arginine-treated P. ginseng increased slightly. Meanwhile, free amino acids contents in fresh P. ginseng, glutamic acid-treated P. ginseng, and arginine-treated P. ginseng significantly decreased during steaming from 0 to 2h. The pH also decreased in P. ginseng samples at high temperatures. The pH decrease in red ginseng was closely related to the decrease in basic amino acids levels during the steaming process. Conclusion: Amino acids can remarkably affect the acidity of P. ginseng sample by altering the pH value. They were the main influential factors for the ginsenoside transformation. These results are useful in elucidating why and how steaming induces the structural change of ginsenoside inP. ginseng and also provides an effective and green approach to regulate the ginsenoside conversion using amino acids during the steaming process.

Relationship Between Computed Tomography Manifestations of Thymic Epithelial Tumors and the WHO Pathological Classification

Liu, Guo-Bing,Qu, Yan-Juan,Liao, Mei-Yan,Hu, Hui-Juan,Yang, Gui-Fang,Zhou, Su-Jun Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.11

Objective: To explore the relationship between computed tomography (CT) manifestations of thymoma and its WHO pathological classification. Methods: One hundred and five histopathologically confirmed cases were collected for their pathological and CT characteristics and results were statistically compared between different pathological types of thymoma. Results: Tumor size, shape, necrosis or cystic change, capsule integrity, invasion to the adjacent tissue, lymphadenopathy, and the presence of pleural effusion were significantly different between different pathological types of thymomas (P<0.05). Type B2, B3 tumors and thymic carcinomas were greater in size than other types. More than 50% of type B3 tumors and thymic carcinomas had a tumor size greater than 10 cm. The shape of types A, AB, and B1 tumors were mostly round or oval, whereas 75% of type B3 tumors and 85% of thymic carcinomas were irregular in shape. Necrosis or cystic change occurred in 67% of type B3 thymomas and 57% of thymic carcinomas, respectively. The respective figures for capsule destruction were 83% and 100%. Increases in the degree of malignancy were associated with increases in the incidence of surrounding tissue invasion: 33%, 75%, and 81% in type B2, type B3, and thymic carcinomas, respectively. Pleural effusion occurred in 48% of thymic carcinomas, while calcification was observed mostly in type B thymomas. Conclusions: Different pathological types of thymic epithelial tumors have different CT manifestations. Distinctive CT features of thymomas may reflect their pathological types.

Identification and expression profiles of putative chemosensory protein genes in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Su Liu,Xiao-Xiao Shi,Qing-Zi Zhu,Wen-Juan Jiao,Zi-Jie Zhu,Hang Yu,Gui-YaoWang,Zengrong Zhu 한국응용곤충학회 2015 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.18 No.1

Insect chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are small, water-soluble proteins which can bind and transport hydrophobic odorants through sensillum lymph to activate odorant receptors, thus play important roles in the olfactory recognition. In the present study, by searching the transcriptome data sets, a total of 22 candidate CSP genes were identified from Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, a serious lepidopteran rice pest in Asia. CSP proteins encoded by these genes showed typical characteristics: an N-terminal signal peptide, four conserved cysteine residues and the pattern of cysteine spacing. The expression profiles of these putative CSP genes were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that five genes (CmedCSP4, CmedCSP8, CmedCSP11, CmedCSP18 and CmedCSP21) were expressed primarily in antennae, suggesting their involvement in olfactory processes; whilst other genes are mainly expressed in non-olfactory tissues, such as abdomen and legs, indicating a broader physiological function for these CSPs. The findings will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of chemoreception in C. medinalis.

Digital Economy Empowering Tourism Industry: Logical Mechanism, Realistic Dilemma and Realization Path

Liu, Lei,Su, Juan,Xue, Xuanxuan 부산대학교 중국연구소 2023 Journal of China Studies Vol.26 No.3

The digital economy is a series of economic activities that use digital knowledge and information as key factors of production, modern information networks as important carriers, and the effective use of information and communication technology as an important driving force for efficiency improvement and economic structure optimization(Ma et al., 2021). As a new industrial driver, the digital economy has become a new driving force and engine to promote the optimization of industrial structure.Tourism industry as an information-intensive industry has better adaptability with digital economy and has an important role in promoting tourism technology innovation, tourism information sharing and tourism industry integration. However, the tourism industry in the digital transformation of insufficient cognition, low efficiency in the application of digital technology, insufficient construction of digital platforms, the lack of digital talents in the tourism industry and other problems, to a certain extent, weakened the momentum of the digital transformation of the tourism industry. Therefore, it is urgent to study the mechanism path of digital economy on tourism industry structure optimization and effective countermeasures for customer service dilemma. The study results found that: at the theoretical level, the mechanism of digital economy promoting tourism industry structure optimization is analyzed based on economic growth theory and industrial structure theory, and the digital economy transforms tourism industry development mode through integration and innovation effect, improves tourism total factor productivity through factor upgrading effect, and reshapes tourism industry organization form through spatial spillover. At the practical level, the realistic dilemmas of the digital economy empowered tourism industry structure are analyzed, such as "digital divide", "data monopoly", tourism market regulation and tourism platform supervision, etc. In response to those problems, development countermeasures are proposed to innovate the tourism industry model, upgrade the traditional production factors of tourism, and accelerate the spatial clustering and information sharing of the tourism industry. This paper provides a new research perspective and path for the digital transformation and upgrading of tourism industry from the theoretical and practical levels.

Calcination and sintering effects on the microstructure and dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics

Peng Liu,Lei Cao,Jian-Ping Zhou,Ya-Juan Wang,Li-Na Su,Cheng Liu,Huai-Wu Zhang 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2010 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.11 No.4

CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) ceramics were fabricated by a conventional solid-state reaction at various calcination and sintering temperatures. Depending on the relative dielectric constant (εr) at 1 kHz, the specimens can be categorized into three types:type A (εr < 5 × 104), type B (5 × 104 < εr < 105) and type C (εr > 105). The value of εr is closely related to the microstructure:type-A specimens show a morphology with large grains embedded in a small-grained matrix, type-B specimens present a network structure and type-C specimens display a core-shell structure. Different dielectric loss variation tendencies are observed in the type-A specimens, which can be well explained by impedance spectroscopy analysis and further confirmed by the EDX results. Also, the proper calcination and sintering temperature ranges needed to achieve good comprehensive properties are given.

Remarkable impact of amino acids on ginsenoside transformation from fresh ginseng to red ginseng

Zhi Liu,Xin Wen,Chong-Zhi Wang,Wei Li,Wei-Hua Huang,Juan Xia,Chang-Chun Ruan,Chun-Su Yuan 고려인삼학회 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.3

Background: Amino acids are one of the major constituents in Panax ginseng, including neutral aminoacid, acidic amino acid, and basic amino acid. However, whether these amino acids play a role in ginsenosideconversion during the steaming process has not yet been elucidated. Methods: In the present study, to elucidate the role of amino acids in ginsenoside transformation fromfresh ginseng to red ginseng, an amino acids impregnation pretreatment was applied during thesteaming process at 120 C. Acidic glutamic acid and basic arginine were used for the acid impregnationtreatment during the root steaming. The ginsenosides contents, pH, browning intensity, and free aminoacids contents in untreated and amino acidetreated P. ginseng samples were determined. Results: After 2 h of steaming, the concentration of less polar ginsenosides in glutamic acidetreatedP. ginseng was significantly higher than that in untreated P. ginseng during the steaming process. However,the less polar ginsenosides in arginine-treated P. ginseng increased slightly. Meanwhile, free aminoacids contents in fresh P. ginseng, glutamic acid-treated P. ginseng, and arginine-treated P. ginsengsignificantly decreased during steaming from 0 to 2h. The pH also decreased in P. ginseng samples at hightemperatures. The pH decrease in red ginseng was closely related to the decrease in basic amino acidslevels during the steaming process. Conclusion: Amino acids can remarkably affect the acidity of P. ginseng sample by altering the pH value. Theywere the main influential factors for the ginsenoside transformation. These results are useful in elucidatingwhy andhowsteaming induces the structural change of ginsenoside in P. ginseng and also provides an effectiveand green approach to regulate the ginsenoside conversion using amino acids during the steaming process.

Preparation of Homogeneous Microstructure Pure Lead Metaniobate by Two-Step Sintering

Xiao-gang Zhao,Peng Liu,Bo Chao,Su Juan Liu,Ming Pang,Xiao-Ming Chen,Jian-Ping Zhou 대한금속·재료학회 2014 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of the present work is to obtain the Lead metaniobate ceramics with the orthorhombic phase via a two-step sintering method. The samples were first sintered at 1320°C for 10 min, and then sintered separately at 1260°C, 1220°C, and 1180°C for 4 h. All the ceramics show orthorhombic phase and homogeneous microstructure. It was found that the abnormal grain growth was restrained obviously.

SSR and SCAR mapping of a multiple-allele male-sterile gene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.)

Feng, Hui,Wei, Peng,Piao, Zhong-Yun,Liu, Zhi-Yong,Li, Cheng-Yu,Wang, Yu-Gang,Ji, Rui-Qin,Ji, Shu-Juan,Zou, Ting,Choi, Su-Ryun,Lim, Yong-Pyo Springer-Verlag 2009 TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretisch Vol.119 No.2