소상공인의 경영교육이 기업가정신과 경영성과에 미치는 영향

박소연(Park, So-Youn),현병환(Hyun, Byung-Hwan) 한국경영교육학회 2021 경영교육연구 Vol.36 No.3

2.9% 과산화수소를 함유한 부착형 미백제의 임상적 효능과 안정성에 관한 연구

박은숙,성소래,홍성태,김지은,이소영,황수연,이신재,진보형,손호현,조병훈 大韓齒科保存學會 2006 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.31 No.4

2.9%의 과산화수소를 함유한 시험용 부착형 미백제(Medison dental whitening strip, Samsung medical Co.,Anyang,Korea)를 실험군 피험자 23명, 시험용 미백제에서 과산화수소를 제외한 동일한 제재를 대조약으로 대조군 피험자 24명에게 매일 1시간 30분씩, 2주간 적용하여 임상적 효능과 안전성을 평가하였다. 미백 효과는 Shade Vision, Chroma Mete 및 Vitapan classical shade guide를 이용하여 색변화를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 실험군에서의 전체 치아의 색변화량(ΔE^(*))은 세 가지 측정법에서 모두 대조군에 비해 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였고 (p < 0.05). 쉽게 인지할 수 있는 정도였다. 2. 색변화는 색좌표 상에서 명도의 증가와 녹색조 및 청색조로의 변화에 의해 얻어졌다. 3. 치아별로는 어두운 견치의 색변화량이 가장 컸고, 측절치, 중절치 순으로 감소하였다. 4. 47명의 피험자 중 5명이 경도의 과민증을 경험하였으나 곧 완화되었다, 치은염증지수와 전기치수검사 결과 시험 전후에 차이가 없어 안전성을 확인하였다. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of an experimental bleaching strip (Medison dental whitening strip, Samsung medical Co., Anyang, Korea) containing 2.9% hydrogen peroxide. Twenty-three volunteers used the bleaching strips for one and a half hour daily for 2 weeks. As control group, the same strips in which hydrogen peroxide was not included were used by 24 volunteers with the same protocol. The shade chang (ΔE^(*), color differnce) of twelve anterior teeth was measured using Shade Vision (X-Rite Inc., S. W. Grandville, MI, USA), Chroma Meter (Minota Co., Ltd. Osaka, Japan) and Vitapan classical shade guide (Vita Zahnfabrik, Germany). The shade change of overall teeth in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group (p < 0.05) and was easily perceivable. The change resulted from the increase of lightness (CIE L^(*) value) and the decrease of redness (CIE a^(*) value) and yellowness (CIE b^(*) value). The shade change of individual tooth was greatest in canine, can smallest in central incisor. The safety of the bleaching strip was also confirmed. 〔J Kor Acad Cons Dent 31(4):269-281, 2006〕

서울지역 초등학생들의 학교 급식 만족도 연구(반찬류)

배소연,박신인 한국식생활문화학회 2002 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate children's satisfaction with side dishes served in elementary school food service program in Seoul area. Two hundreds and thirty two children participated in this study through a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Conclusion drawn from the results of this study is that there seems no significant problems in school food service program since children are generally satisfied with food provided by school. However, minor problems such as hot and salty food, inappropriate temperature of warm dishes, and excessive amount of food, need to be improved through a newly developed menu, cooking method, and food distribution method.

저위교합된 제 2유구치에 대한 치험례

곽소연,박기태,김지연 大韓小兒齒科學會 2009 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.36 No.3

An infraoccluded tooth is a tooth that has failed to erupt to be in line with adjacent teeth in the vertical plane of occlusion. Multiple complications can occur as a result of an infraoccluded tooth. Tipping of neighboring teeth. loss of space opposing teeth elongation, increased susceptibility to dental caries and abnormal eruption path. impaction and rotation of permanent successor are the consequences of infraocclusion of primary molar. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment is the key to prevent the complications. Treatment options can be periodic follow-up, temporary restoration or extraction of the infraoccluded tooth depending on the presence of the successor, the extent of infraocclusion and the extent of tilting of the neighboring teeth. The infraoccluded primary molars with permanent successors present tend to exfoliate normally. However, failure to do periodic check up of the infraoccluded teeth may lead to serious complications. In these cases, surgical extractions are often necessary after space regaining and space maintainers should be placed until the eruption of the permanent successors are completed. 저위교합이란 치아가 출온한 이후 유착 등의 원인으로 맹출이 정지되어 주위 인접치 보다 교합평면이 낮아지는 것을 말한다. 저위교합은 인접치들의 경사, 저위교합된 부위의 공간상실, 대합치의 정출, 해당부위 치아우식 감수성의 증가, 후속 영구치의 맹출경로 변위, 매복, 회전 등의 문제점을 유발할 수 있으므로 조기 진단 및 정기검진을 통한 적절한 치료가 필요하다. 저위교합된 유구치는 대부분 영구 계승치가 존재하며 일반적으로 정상 탈락한다. 그러나 저위교합된 유구치의 탈락이 지연되고 저위교합의 정도가 심화되어 해당부위의 공간상실이 발생하면, 공간부족으로 인하여 후속 영구치의 매복을 야기할 수 있다. 이러한 경우 교정적으로 공간확장술을 시행한 후 외과적 발치를 고려해야 한다. 본 증례는 하악 제 2유구치의 저위교합이 관찰된 3명의 환아를 대상으로 공간에 대한 평가 후 필요한 경우 공간확장술을 시행하고 발치를 시행함으로써 저위교합으로 인해 발생된 문제점을 개선하고, 추후에 발생될 합병증을 예방하였기에 이를 보고하는 바이다.

멸치액젓의 휘발성 향기성분에 관한 연구

차용준,박지영,장성민,김훈,김소정 창원대학교 생활과학연구소 1998 생활과학연구 Vol.- No.2

Volatile flavor components in salt-fermented anchovy sauce were analyzed by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectormetry. Ninety-eight compounds were detected in sample. These compounds were composed mainly of aldehydes(13). ketones(6), alcohols(16), aromatic compounds(21), N-containing compounds(7), esters(5), S-containing compounds(5) and miscellaneous compounds(25). Among these, 3-(methythio)propanal, 2-ethyl-3.5-dimethylpyrazine, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide having high odor values were supposed to be playing to be a major role in the overall aroma of salt-fermented anchovy sauce.

ProTaper의 세가지 사용방식에 따른 성형능역 비교

김소연,박정길,허복,김현철 大韓齒科保存學會 2005 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.30 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 만곡이 삼한 근관에서 ProTaper(R)를 수동으로 사용하는 방법, 엔진 구동으로 사용하는 방법, 그리고, 치관부는 엔진 구동으로 치근단부는 수동으로 사용하는 세 가지 방법의 근관 성형 능력을 비교하기 위한 것이다. 근관 길이가 170mm이고 근관 입구에서 10mm 떨어진 부위에서 만곡이 시작되며 평균 40도의 단일 만곡을 가지는 투명한 레진 블락 30개를 사용하였다. 각 군당 10개의 레진 블락을 사용하였으며, 수동형 ProTaper(R)로 전체근관을 성형한 군형 M군, 엔진 구동형 ProTaper(R)로 전체근관을 성형한 군을 R군, 근단부는 수동형 ProTaper(R)를, 치관부는 엔진 구동형 ProTaper(R)를 사용하여 성형한 군을 H군으로 하였다. 각각의 블락을 성형하고 각 군별 근관 성형시간을 기록하였다. 근관 성형전과 후의 이미지를 중첩하여 근단공으로부터의 수직 이동 거리 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 그리고 6 mm 위치에서 수평선을 긋고 총 근관폭경, 근관 만곡 내외측 삭제량, 근관의 변위, 중심 이동률을 평가하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 근관 성형시간은 R군, H군, M군 순으로 짧았고, 세 군 사이에는 유의한 차이가 있었다(p < 0.05). 2. R군이 전체적으로 삭제량이 많은 경향을 보였으나, 1, 3 mm를 제외하고는 차이가 없었다(p > 0.05). 3. 만곡내측 삭제량에 있어서는 1 mm 지점에서는 R군이, 6 mm 지점에서는 H군이 컸지만 (p < 0.05), 나머지 지점에서는 차이가 없었다. 만곡외측 삭제량은 1 mm 지점에서만 R군이 컸다 (p > 0.05). 4. H군, R군은 1, 2, 3 mm 지점, M군은 1, 2 mm 지점에서 만곡외측으로의 변위를 보였고, 그 외의 지점에서는 내측변위를 보였다. 각 군 간의 변위차이는 6 mm 지점에서 H군이 컸다(p < 0.05). 5. 근관의 중심 이동률은 6 mm 지점에서 H군이 R군에 비해 유의하게 컸지만 다른 모든 위치에서는 차이가 없었다(p < 0.05). 본 실험결과를 토대로 할 때, 각 평가 항목에서 측정 위치에 따라 약간씩 차이가 있었으나, 중심 이동률은 대부분의 위치에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서 만곡 근관을 성형시에는 세 가지 방법 중 어느 것이 더 유용하다고 보기 어렵다고 판단된다. The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping ability of the three ProTaper instrumentation techniques in simulated canals. Thirty resin blocks were divided into 3 groups with 10 canals each. Each group was instrumented with manual ProTaper (Group M), rotary ProTaper (Group R), and hybrid technique (Group H). Canal preparation time was recorded. The images of pre- and post-instrumented root canals were scanned and superimposed. The amounts of canal deviation, total canal width, inner canal width, outer canal width and centering ratio were measured at apical 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm levels. 1. Canal preparation time was the shortest in R group (p <0.05). 2. The amounts of total canal width in R group was generally larger than the other groups, but no significant differences were observed except at the 1, 3 mm levels (p ) 0.05). 3. The amounts of inner canal width in R group was larger than M group at the 1 mm level and H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p < 0.05). The amounts of outer canal width in R group was larger than H group only at the 1 mm level (p <0.05). 4. The direction of canal deviation in H, R group at the 1, 2, 3 mm levels was outward and that in M group at the I, 2 mm levels was inward. The amounts of canal deviation in H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p <0.05). 5. The amounts of centering ratio in H group was larger than R group at the 6 mm level (p <0.05).

성장기 쥐의 편측 교근에 주사한 보툴리눔 A형 독소가 하악골 성장에 미치는 영향

곽소연,박기태,김지연 大韓小兒齒科學會 2009 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.36 No.3

성장 시기가 다른 쥐의 편측 교근에 보툴리눔 A형 독소를 주사하여 하악골 성장에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 각기 다른 주령의 쥐(N=36, 1군: 4주령, 2군: 5주령, 3군: 6주령)를 대상으로 실험을 시행하였으며 각 군은 다시 대조군, 편측주사군, 양측주사군으로 나누어 하악골의 길이를 계측하고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 1군에서 편측주사군의 주사측과 양측주사군 모두 하악체 길이, 과두 높이가 대조군 보다 낮은 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 2. 2군에서 편측주사군의 주사측과 양측주사군 모두 하악 전방부 높이와 과두높이에서 대조군 보다 낮은 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 3군에서 편측주사군의 주사측과 양측주사군 모두 하악체 길이와 과두 높이, 과두돌기 높이가 대조군 보다 낮은 값을 보였다(p<0.05). 4. 세 군 모두 편측주사군의 양측 비교시 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으나 주사측은 대조측 보다 낮은 계측값을 보이는 경향이 관찰되었다(p>0.05). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect on mandibular growth of botulinum toxin type A(BTXA) injection into the unilateral mass ester muscle of growing rats at three different growing stages. Thirty six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups according to the age(group 1: 4 week-old, group 2: 5week-old, group 3: 6week-old). Then each group was randomly divided into 3 subgroups(control group, unilateral injection group, bilateral injection group). Experimental animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks. Then the jaw measurements were evaluated. The results were as follows: 1. In the group 1, mandibular body length, condylar height and coronoid process height of the unilateral group(BTXA side) and the bilateral group were shorter than those of the control group(p<0.05). 2. In the group 2, anterior region height, condylar height, coronoid process height of the unilateral group(BTXA side) and the bilateral group were shorter than those of the control group(p<0.05). 3. In the group 3, mandibular body length, condylar height, coronoid process height of the unilateral group(BTXA side) and the bilateral group were shorter than those of the control group(p<0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in mandibular measurements between the control side and the injection side in the unilateral group in all age groups(p>0.05).

뇌실외 배액술 관리에 대한 이해 및 업무수행 실태

김정숙,윤미선,송소이,이지은,문경선,고지운,임분남,김경희,박경숙 중앙대학교 간호과학연구소 2001 중앙간호논문집 Vol.5 No.2

The objective of this study was to investigate the managing realities of EVD and provide a descriptive survey with the attempt to obtain basic data needed for the standardization of EVD management. For that purpose, 220 questionnaire copies were distributed to those nurses who were working with intensive care units at university hospitals, general hospitals, semi-general hospitals in Seoul, Kyongki-de and local areas. Of 158 returned questionnaire copies, 139 were used for analysis. Data were collected during the term of academic seminars of Neurosurgery Nursing Committee and KICA (Korea Intensive Care Association), ranging from Oct. 26 through 27. 2000. The tools utilized a structured questionnaire form consisting of 21 questions on general characteristics, the level of understanding, the level of work performance, standard management guidelines, etc. The data collected were analysed with frequency, percentage, mean vague, chi -square test using the SPSS 10.0 program Findings were revealed, as follows: For managing the prevention of EVD infection, aseptic technique was found to be of the most importance (48.9%),'the technique should be carried out at an operation room'(92.8%), but it was actually performed at intensive care units (over 51.5%). 'The term of antibiotics use should be less than 7 days' (81.8%), while it was actually executed for less than 7 days (49.5%). 'The proper time of quittance from it should be within less than 7 days'(74.1%) but actual quittance was executed only by 51.1%. 'Set exchange is needed' by 54.0% but actual exchange was implemented merely by 28.1%. 'The subject of management should be nurses' was reflected by 40% but actually 52.0% were carried out. As a result of hating analysed the understanding of the management of EVD by general characteristics, a significant difference was found in the necessity for set exchange by hospitals, in the time of quittance of a catheter, and in ablution items by work experience. The result of hating analysed the work performance levels of EVD management by general characteristics revealed that a significant difference in administration facilities of medicine by the classification of hospitals, especially the use of antibiotics and the quitting time of a catheter by the classification of intensive care units, and in the use of antibiotics and ablution items by the standard management guidelines.

경추골과 수완부골 방사선 사진을 이용한 골성숙도 평가

김경호,성상진,박소연 대한치과교정학회 1998 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.28 No.2

임상 교정에서 성장하는 환자의 성장 단계를 이해하는 것은 매우 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 환자의 골성숙도를 평가하기 위해서 수완부골 방사선 사진이 비교적 흔히 사용되고 있으며, 측모 두부계측 방사선 사진에서 경추골의 발육을 조사하여 성장 정도를 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 교정 환자에서 일상적 기록으로 얻을 수 있는 측모 두부계측 방사선 사진을 통해 경추골의 성숙도(Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indicators : CVMI)를 평가하고, 그와 동일 환자가 동일한 날에 촬영한 수완부골 방사선 사진에서 골성숙도(Skeletal Maturity Indicators: SMI)를 평가하여 그 분포율과 상관성을 조사, 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 수완부골 방사선 사진에서 평가한 골성숙도와 측모 두부계선 방사선 사진에서 평가한 경추골 성숙도는 매우 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 2. SMI와 CVMI를 이요한 골성숙도 평가에서 CVMI 1은 SMI 1, 2와, CVMI 2는 SMI3, 4와 CVMI 3은 SMI 6, 7과, CVMI 4는 SMI 7, 8과, CVMI 5는 9, 10과, CVMI 6은 SMI11과 각각 높은 상호 연관성을 보였다. 3. 제2경추골과 제 3경추골의 형태변화를 분리하여 경추골 성숙도를 평가하였을 때 제 2 경추골 하연에서만 곡선화가 나타나고 제 3경추골에서는 곡선화가 나타나지 않은 경우가 CVMI2에서는 10.38%, CVMI 3에서는 6.56%로 매우 낮았다. 4. 수완부골과 경추골에서 평가된 각 골성숙단계에서 환자의 남녀별 평균 연령과 표준 편차를 조사한 결과 성장 시기의 개인별 차이가 크게 나타났으며, 여자가 남자보다 다소 조기에 골성숙이 일어나고 성장 종료 시점도 24개월정도 빠르게 일어났다. In clinical orthodontics, it is significant to understand the stage of growth in a growing patient. In order to assess the skeletal maturity of the patients, the hand-wrist radiograph and the cervical vertebrae (Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indicators : CVMI) was evaluated from the lateral cephalograph and the skeletal maturity determined from the hand-wrist X-ray(Skeletal Maurity Indicators: SMI) taken on the same day in the same patients, and its interrelationship examined to come up with the following results: 1. the skeletal maturity evaluated from hand-wrist radiograph and the maturation of the cervical vertebrae from the lateral cephalograph showed a significant interrelationship with each other. 2. In the evaluation of the skeletal maturity using the SMI and CVMI, the CVMI 1 showed a significant correlation with SMI 1, 2 the CVMI 2 with SMI3, 4 CVMI 3 with SMI 6, 7, CVMI 4 with SMI 7, 8, CVMI 5 with 9, 10 and CVMI 6 with SMI11. 3. When the morphological changes in the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae were separately observed, it was seldom that the concavity appeared in the lower border of the 2nd cervical vertebra and at the same time not appear in the 3rd cervical vertebra(CVMI2 : 10.38%, CVMI 3: 6.56%) 4. In each of the skeletal maturation stage evaluated from the hand-wrist and the cervical vertebrae, the average age and its standard deviation in male and female patients appeared to have large differences among individuals. Skeletal maturation seemed to appear earlier for the girls than for the boys, and its termination 24 months faster for girls.

상부요로계감염 환자에서 Gallium-67 Citrate 스캔 및 Tc-99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid(DMSA)스캔의 임상적 의의

이강욱,강민규,장윤경,양종오,이상주,박기현,소영,신영태 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 2000 충남의대잡지 Vol.27 No.2

It is often not certain whether the focal defect of renal cortex of Tc-99m Dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) renal scan in patients with acute pyelonephritis means the cortical scar by previous inflammation or recent active inflammatory lesion. Gallium-67 citrate(Ga-67) also has been known to be accumulated at the active inflammatory lesion. In order to evaluate the usefulness of the Ga67 and Tc-99m DMSA renal scan in patients with acute pyelonephritis, we reviewed the results of both study and clinical findings. Nintecn patients with typical clinical findings of acute pyelonephritis and admitted to our institute from Jan. 1998 to Nov. 1998 were included in this study. Tc-99m DMSA and Ga-67 scan were performed mean 3.3 and 7.3 days after admission. Eleven of 19 patients (57.9%) showed abnormally increased focal renal uptake on the Gallium-67 citrate scan and 14 of 19 patients(73.7%) had a cortical defect on the kidneys in Tc-99m DMSA scan. Seven(36.8%) patients had an abnormality in both study. Seven(36.8%) patients had an abnormality only in Tc-99m DMSA scan and 4 (21.1%) patients had an abnormality only in Ga-67 scan. Of 7 patients who had an abnormality on both scan, 5 patients had. an abnormality at same region in both scan and 2 patients had an abnormality at the different sites on the kidneys. With the above results, we speculate that Ga-67 scan and Tc-99m DMSA scan play a complementary role in the patients with upper urinary tract infection.