Pakistan’s Water Security Issue & Impacts of Floods

Mir Sher Baz Khetran(Mir Sher Baz Khetran ) 아시아사회과학학회 2023 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.10 No.1

Water security is a crucial issue for Pakistan due to its heavy dependence on agriculture and limited water resources. The country has been facing multiple challenges in managing its water resources, including population growth, climate change, and water pollution. Among these challenges, floods pose a significant threat to Pakistan's water security, as they not only cause significant damage to infrastructure but also have long-term impacts on water availability and quality. This paper examines the impacts of floods on Pakistan's water security and highlights the key factors that contribute to the country's vulnerability to flooding. The paper reviews the existing literature on Pakistan's water resources and flood management strategies and identifies gaps in knowledge and policy. It also analyzes the socioeconomic impacts of floods on the local communities and the wider economy, emphasizing the role of water security in achieving sustainable development.The findings of this study suggest that Pakistan needs to adopt a holistic approach to water management that takes into account the complex interplay of factors that affect water security. This approach should involve the development of sustainable water use practices, the promotion of water conservation, and the implementation of effective flood management strategies. The study concludes that addressing Pakistan's water security challenges requires a coordinated effort by the government, civil society, and private sector, and calls for the development of a national water policy that prioritizes water security and sustainability.

Green Synthesis of Biphasic TiO₂–Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites with Highly Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

Sher Shah, Md. Selim Arif,Park, A Reum,Zhang, Kan,Park, Jong Hyeok,Yoo, Pil J. American Chemical Society 2012 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.4 No.8

<P>A series of TiO<SUB>2</SUB>–reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites were prepared by simple one-step hydrothermal reactions using the titania precursor, TiCl<SUB>4</SUB> and graphene oxide (GO) without reducing agents. Hydrolysis of TiCl<SUB>4</SUB> and mild reduction of GO were simultaneously carried out under hydrothermal conditions. While conventional approaches mostly utilize multistep chemical methods wherein strong reducing agents, such as hydrazine, hydroquinone, and sodium borohydride are employed, our method provides the notable advantages of a single step reaction without employing toxic solvents or reducing agents, thereby providing a novel green synthetic route to produce the nanocomposites of RGO and TiO<SUB>2</SUB>. The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by several crystallographic, microscopic, and spectroscopic characterization methods, which enabled confrimation of the robustness of the suggested reaction scheme. Notably, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron micrograph proved that TiO<SUB>2</SUB> contained both anatase and rutile phases. In addition, the photocatalytic activities of the synthesized composites were measured for the degradation of rhodamine B dye. The catalyst also can degrade a colorless dye such as benzoic acid under visible light. The synthesized nanocomposites of biphasic TiO<SUB>2</SUB> with RGO showed enhanced catalytic activity compared to conventional TiO<SUB>2</SUB> photocatalyst, P25. The photocatalytic activity is strongly affected by the concentration of RGO in the nanocomposites, with the best photocatalytic activity observed for the composite of 2.0 wt % RGO. Since the synthesized biphasic TiO<SUB>2</SUB>–RGO nanocomposites have been shown to effectively reduce the electron–hole recombination rate, it is anticipated that they will be utilized as anode materials in lithium ion batteries.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2012/aamick.2012.4.issue-8/am301287m/production/images/medium/am-2012-01287m_0002.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am301287m'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

인공습지의 비점오염 물질의 특성 및 최종 결과

( Sher Bahadur Gurung ),( Franz Kevin F. Geronimo ),( Jungsun Hong ),( Lee-hyung Kim ) 한국물환경학회 2017 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2017 No.-

Rain garden (RG) also called bioretention are depressed landscape planted with different types of vegetation which can be functional in commercial and residential area to treat storm water runoff and pollutants transported. The main objective of this study is to understand the hydrology and nitrogen removal mechanism in RG system. The inflow volume of stormwater was reduced by 96% after passing through the system. The average TN removal efficiency of RG was observed to be 47% where the average NH₄⁺-N and NO₃-N nitrogen constituents’ removal efficiency was observed to be 73% and 30%, respectively. The study concludes that RG can be used as best management practices (BMP) to reduce stormwater runoff in urban area. Furthermore, Nitrogen removal mechanism in RG was mainly influenced by nitrification coupled with denitrification, plant uptake, volatilization and ammonification.

Synthesis of nanopartical by encapsulation of flavor molecules into layered double hydroxides for controlled release of flavor

Sher Bahadar Khan,유창지,한학수 한국고분자학회 2010 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2010 No.4

Assessment of antibacterial cellulose nanocomposites for water permeability and salt rejection

Sher Bahadar Khan,Khalid A. Alamry,Elham N. Bifari,Abdullah M. Asiri,Muhammad Yasir,Lassaad Gzara,Rehan Zulfiqar Ahmad 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.24 No.-

Anti-bacterial nanocomposites (NC1–NC4) based on cellulose acetate were prepared by dispersing ZnO nanofillers in the cellulose acetate matrix. Anti-bacterial nanocomposites were structurally and morphological examined by XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy. All the spectroscopic techniques suggested that nanocomposites are successfully synthesized. All the nanocomposites showed antibacterial activity which increased as a function of zinc oxide. Further the selectivity of anti-bacterial nanocomposites was investigated toward different metal ions, including Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Al3+, Sb3+, and Sr3+. The selectivity data suggests that nanocomposites are more selective toward Fe2+. NC1 displayed highest uptake aptitude for Fe2+ with highest distribution coefficient of 7549.123 mL g1. Therefore, NC1 was subjected to water permeability to explore the role of antibacterial nanocomposite as membrane for water purification. The results suggest that these materials are possibly appropriate for water treatments.

Spatial-Temporal Variability of Droughts during Two Cropping Seasons in Sri Lanka and Its Possible Mechanisms

Sherly Shelton,Faustin Katchele Ogou,Buddhi Pushpawela 한국기상학회 2022 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.58 No.1

Drought management in Sri Lanka is mostly limited to relief provision due to the shortage of scientific details to develop sufficient drought risk management. Therefore, spatio-temporal variability of droughts in two cropping seasons, Yala (May– August) and Maha (October–March) in Sri Lanka, have been investigated using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The SPEI-4 at August (SPEI-4August) shows an apparent decadal variation over wet, intermediate, and dry climate regions in the country, which is coherent with the decadal shift of rainfall in 1999. For the Yala season, the number of drought events (SPEI-4August < −1) in the late period (2000–2015) is higher than that in the early period (1985–1999). On the other hand, the decadal variation of SPEI-6March is not distinguished; however, the number of drought events (SPEI- 6March < −1) in all climate regions is less after 2003 as compared to the early period. The principle component time series of SPEI- 4August and rainfall in Yala seasons (r = 0.93) have closely associated, which implies that rainfall received in the Yala season can ascribe the observed decadal variation in SPEI-4August. In the Yala season, less moisture transport towards Sri Lanka is observed in the late period due to the weakening of 850 hPa wind circulation and increasing of 500 hPa geopotential height, which causes more moisture divergence and ultimately affects the decreasing rainfall over the country. Meanwhile, the observed rainfall variability in cropping seasons, especially in the Yala season, is characterized by the large-scale circulation at interannual (Nino3.4) to decadal-scale (Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).

Technique for single-stage reconstruction of obliterative or near-obliterative long urethral strictures in circumcised patients

Sher Singh Yadav,Vivek Kumar Singh,Vinay Tomar,Neeraj Agarwal,Anil Gulani 대한비뇨의학회 2018 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.59 No.3

Purpose: To report our initial experience with urethral reconstruction using a combined dorsal lingual mucosal graft (LMG) and ventral onlay preputial flap for long obliterative or near-obliterative strictures in circumcised patients. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 10 patients from January 2015 to June 2017 with long obliterative or near-obliterative anterior urethral strictures and circumcised prepuces. All patients underwent a combined approach using a dorsally LMG and a narrow preputial onlay flap ventrally to create a 26–30 Fr. neourethra over a 14-Fr Foley catheter. Success was defined as no requirement for additional urethral instrumentation. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 32 months. Results: The patients ranged in age from 17 to 44 years (mean, 32.3±9.59 years) and stricture length ranged from 9 to 12.5 cm (mean, 10.77±1.15 cm). Four strictures were obliterative and six were near-obliterative. Two patients had a history of prior urethroplasty. The length of the LMGs harvested ranged from 11 to 14 cm (mean, 12.8±1.03 cm). The preputial flaps available were from 1 to 1.5 cm in width (1.29±0.16 cm) and the desired length. Maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) achieved ranged from 12 to 26 mL/s (mean, 20.46±3.71 mL/s) after 3 months. One patient needed a single direct visualized internal urethrotomy and another patient develop temporary superficial penile necrosis. The success rate was 90%. Conclusions: Long obliterative and near-obliterative penile and penobulbar urethral strictures can still be treated in circumcised patients using available preputial skin along with lingual mucosa with good outcomes.

Analysis of the Factors Affecting Nutrients Removal in Hybrid Constructed Wetland Treating Stormwater Runoff

Sher Bahadur Gurung,Franz Kevin F. Geronimo,최혜선,홍정선,김이형 한국습지학회 2018 한국습지학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Nutrients generated from various land uses lead to eutrophication during the influx of water, and it is necessary to apply the LID techniques to reduce nutrients from nonpoint sources in order to mitigate the occurrence of the algal bloom. This study was carried out to derive the design factors of hybrid artificial wetland (HCW) to increase the removal efficiency of nutrients. HCW system was constructed in the year 2010 for the treatment of rainfall runoffs from parking lots and roads composed of 100% impervious floors in the Cheonan campus of Kongju University. The average nutrients removal efficiency of TN and TP was 74% and 72%, respectively. Both TN and TP removal efficiencies were higher than those of free surface wetlands and subsurface flow wetlands due to activated physical and ecological mechanisms. The critical design parameters for the efficient nutrients removal in the artificial wetlands were the ratio of the surface area to the catchment area (SA/CA), land use, the rainfall runoff, and the rainfall intensity. The optimal carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio was estimated at 5: 1 to 10.3: 1. The results of this study can be applied to the efficient design of hybrid artificial wetlands to treat nutrients in urban runoff with high efficiency.

Enterohepatic Recycling of Estrogen and its Relevance with Female Fertility

Sher, Alam,Rahman, M.Ataur The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2000 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.23 No.5

Enterohepatic recycling of estrogen after oral administration of 1 mg non-radioactive estriol was studied in fourteen women selected as the control subjects and ten infertile women in whom the infertility was appearing to be of endocrine origin. The extent of enterohepatic recycling of estriol ($E_3$) during the early follicular phase of menstrual cycle was assessed by monitoring during 48 h the urinary excretion of its two major metabolites i.e; estriol 16 $\alpha$-glucuronide ($E_3-16$$\alpha-G$) and estriol-3 glucuronide ($E_3$-3-G). The change in urinary level of $E_3$-3-G with respect to ($E_3-16$$\alpha-G$G was considered to reflect the extent of enterohepatic recycling of estriol. Lower values of urinary output of both metabolites in the infertile women as compared with the control subjects and the urinary excretion profile of both metabolites during 48 h after estriol ingestion reveal that the reduced extent of enterohepatic recycling could possibly be one of the factors which contribute towards the incidence of infertility in women.

Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Collagens from Seaweed Pipefish, Syngnathus Schlegeli

Sher Bahadar Khan,천충길,유보미,Se-Kwon Kim 한국생물공학회 2009 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.14 No.4

Acid-solubilized collagen (ASC) and pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) were extracted from the seaweed pipefish (Syngnathus schlegeli) and partially characterized. The amount of collagens isolated in the subsequent treatments was 5.5% of ASC and 33.2% PSC on the basis of lyophilized pipefish body weight, respectively. According to the electrophoretic pattern and CM-cellulose column chromatogram, the collagens might be classified as type I collagens, containing α1 and α2 chain. The imino acid content of collagen from pipefish was lower than those of mammalian collagens as also were the denaturation temperatures (Td) of collagens were 34.8°C and 35.1°C, respectively. This study shows that there is a possibility to use pipefish collagen as the alternative source of collagen from industrial purposes and subsequently it may evaluate the economical value of the seaweed pipefish.