P2P 에 관한 프랑스의 법적 규제

양대승 法務部 商事法務課 2009 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.47

최근 P2P, 웹하드 등을 이용한 콘텐츠유통이 늘어나면서 파일불법복제 공유로 인한 저작권법 사범이 급증하고 있으며 그 침해의 규모도 갈수록 커지고 있다. 우리나라에서 저작권법 위반은 친고죄로서 고소에 의해 수사가 개시되고 대부분 합의로 종결되고 있으나, 경찰수사가 합의수단으로 악용되는 등의 부작용을 낳고 있다. 특히 콘텐츠 저작권자로부터 고소업무를 위임받은 법무법인이 웹하드 업체의 파일공유 현황, 개인 블로그·카페 등을 검색하고 파일공유자를 대량으로 고소함에 따라 저작권위반사범 발생이 급증하고 있는 실정이다. 인터넷상 파일공유가 죄의식 없이 이루어지고 있는 실정에서 경미한 저작권침해로 인해 많은 사람들이 범죄자로 낙인지워 지고 있고, 우리나라 저작권법상 형벌조항은 친고죄규정으로 인해 민사상 손해배상, 부당이득반환청구의 수단으로 이미 전락한 점이 없지 않다. 비영리목적 또는 비상습적 단순저작권침해의 경우 통고처분, 과태료 전환 등의 비범죄화 방안을 모색할 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 이와 동시에 불법파일공유를 조장하는 웹하드 등 인터넷 서비스 제공자에 대한 규제를 강화하여 불법저작물을 근절하고 웹사이트 상에서의 지적재산권보호를 위해 노력해야만 한다고 하는 주장도 만만치 않다. 이와 같은 인터넷상에서의 불법파일복제방지를 위한 법률제정의 움직임은 프랑스에서도 일어나고 있다. 지난 2007년 8월 1일, 프랑스 사르코지 대통령은 디지털 저작물 해적행위에 대한 대책마련을 지시한 바 있으며, 이에 따라 저작권자, 문화산업계, 인터넷서비스 제공업자들간에 디지털 저작물의 합법적인 공급을 위한 '엘리제 합의문'이 도출된 바 있다. 이러한 '엘리제 합의문'을 기초로 하여 저작권자, 문화산업계, 인터넷서비스 제공업자들간의 권리를 균형있게 보호하기 위한 법률적 지침마련의 필요성이 강력하게 대두되었다. 결국 2008년 6월 18일 크리스틴 알바넬 프랑스 문화통신부 장관은 "창작과 인터넷"이라고 불리우는 법안을 국무이사회를 거쳐 의회에 제출하였고 2009년 5월 13일 의회를 최종 통과하였으나 좌파의원들을 중심으로 한 약 60여명의 의원들이 2009년 5월 19일 헌법평의회에 법률안 위헌심판을 청구하였고 2009년 6월 10일 일부위헌결정을 받은 바 있다. 이하에서는 인터넷상에서 P2P를 이용한 불법파일복제 및 공유행위에 대한 대처방안으로 마련된 프랑스의 "창작과 인터넷" 법률안의 중심내용 및 일부위헌판결의 대상이 되었던 쟁점사항들 그리고 P2P와 관련된 중요 판례들을 검토하고 인터넷상의 불법저작물 근절을 위한 우리 법제의 나아갈 방향을 제시하고자 한다. Le peer-to-peer peut se définir comme un réseau informatique où les contenus ne sont pas fournis à des clients par un serveur central mais par les utilisateurs eux-mêmes qui se relient les uns aux autres sans relations hiérarchique. Ce système permmettant d'échanger tout type de données connaît un développement sans précédent avec la popularisation de logiciels spécialisés dans ce but mais aussi avec l'augmentation des capacités des connexions Internet pour les particuliers. Cette révolution technologique est extrêmement controversée en matière de droit d'auteur et de protection des oeuvres protégées. Les titulaires du droit d'auteur dénoncent un développement intolérable de la copie sauvage sans droits. Dans ce domaine, se pose également le problème des actions qui peuvent être menées contre les utilisateurs indélicats. Parce que le P2P est devenu particulièrement sensible pour l'ensemble des ayant droit qui n'obtiennent aucune rémunération en contrepartie du téléchargement opéré. Certains estiment que le téléchargement peut être considéré comme un acte de copie privée. D'autres condamnent cette pratique et entendent s'opposer par tout moyens, à l'instar des majors du disque et des studios de cinéma aui se sont mobilisés pour mener un combat judiciaire. Ces actions visent les éditeurs des sites de P2P mais également les éditeurs des logiciels P2P, les fournisseurs d'accès et les internautes aui mettent à la disposition du public, par l'échange, les oeuvres protégées sans l'autorisation des titulaires des droits. En France, afin de réintroduire un dispositif de substitution aux sanctions pénales, le législateur français a fait le choix de la prévention et de la pédagogie en prévoyant une série d'avertissements gradués au contrevenant. Le projet de loi 'Création et internet' répond à la nécessité de lutter contre le piratage pour préserver la diversité culturelle et les filières économiques menacées par le pillage des oeuvres. La loi garantira les droits de chacun : le droit de propriété et le droit moral des créateurs mais aussi la protection de la vie privée ainsi que la liberté de communication des internautes. Le texte français sur la création et internet sont destinés à expliquer comment le Code de la propriété intellectuelle, notamment le droit d'auteur doit être appliqué et interprété à l'égard de diverses types de problèmes juridiques dans le domaine du P2P. Le législateur coréen doit prendre en considération le texte français pour trouver une meilleure solution sur le problème du P2P.

체중 감량 기간이 대학 태권도 선수들의 무산소성 파워 및 심폐기능에 미치는 영향

양대승 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of period of weight loss on physiological factors in taekwondo players. This study employed 10 taekwondo players who were 20~23 years old. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups (one is experimental group and the other is control). Each group ended up with 5 subjects. The analysis of this study utilized two way ANOVA design. The results of the study were as follows : 1. There were no difference in anaerobic power and lactic acid betweenr groups 2. Before and after weight loss, cardiovacular fitness was much more decreased than group who was not state of weight loss(p,.01).

녹용이 사람 태아 골모세포의 세포주기조절에 미치는 영향

양대승,신형식 원광대학교 치의학연구소 2003 圓光齒醫學 Vol.12 No.1

Recently, many natural medicines, whose advantages are less side effects and possibility of long-term use, have been studied for their capacity, their anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and regenerative potential of periodontal tissues. Cervi Parvum Cornu(CPC) have been traditionally used as an hale, growth, hematogenous, anti-aging, back pain in Eastern medicine. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of CPC extract on cell cycle progression and its molecular mechanism in human fetal osteoblasts. CPC extracts (10μg/ml) increased cell proliferation in the human fetal osteoblasts as compared to non-supplemented control. There was no significant change in the G1 and S phase, but a increase in the G2/M phase in 10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml of CPC extracts group as compared to non-supplemented control. The protein expression of cyclin E, cdk 2, cyclin D, cdk 4, and cdk 6 was higher than that of control group. The level of p21 was lower than that of control. But that of pRb and p16 was not distinguished from control. These results indicate that the increase of cell proliferation by CPC extracts may be due to the increased expression of cyclin E, cdk 2, cyclin D, cdk 4 and cdk 6, and the decreased expression of p21 in human fetal osteoblasts.

규칙적인 운동이 비만 zucker 쥐의 골격근 형태별 항산화 효소 활성도에 미치는 영향

양대승 한국스포츠리서치 2005 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.16 No.2

The purpose of this study was the investigation of possible protective effect of regular exercise on oxidative stress against obese zucker ratfa/fa.. Animals(n=14) were divided into two group: the control(no exercise. CON. n=7), exercise group(EN. n=7). Animals in exercise group were run on treadmill for 12week (5day/week^(-1), lhr/day^(-1). 20m/min speed). After 12 week. All animals(CON and EX) were anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital: soleus and plantaris muscle(type Il) were dissected out and frozen for further analysis. Plasma glucose and insulin concentration were significantly decreased in EX than CON(P<.05). soleus and plantaris muscle SOD(superoxicle dismutase) and CAT(Catalase) activity were significantly increased in EX than CON(P<.05). muscle H₂O₂(hydrogen peroxide) and MDA(malondialdehyde) concentration were significantly decreased in EX than CON(P<.05). also. there is significantly different on MDA concentration between soleus and plataris in CON(P<.05). Thus, These results suggest that regular exercise may has protective effect in insulin resistance by controlling blood glucose and insulin and decreasing oxidative stress.

자궁경부암에서 Glutathione S Transferase-π의 분포에 관한 연구

양승하,김의한,강영근,김대중,강상균 순천향의학연구소 1997 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.3 No.1

Uterine cervical carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of woman in korea. GST-π is multifunctional and is implicated to detoxication of drug and carcinogenesis. This enzyme is expressed in many tumors of human. Relationship between GST-π and drug resistence on uterine cervical carcinoma is not known, but condyloma accuminatum, CIN and invasive carcinoma express this isoenzyme, and it is regarded as a useful marker in preneoplasia and neoplasia. To observe the expression of GST-π in CIN and invasive carcinoma, we analyzed CIN 26 cases and invasive squamous cell carcinoma 61 cases by immunohistochemical stain using monoclonal mouse anti-human GST-π. The results are as followings: 1) The GST-π showed positive reactionin normal and metaplastic epthelium adjacent to CIN and invasive carcinoma in forty-three cases(62.3%) of sixty-nine cases. 2) The GST-π showed positive reactionin CIN in eighteen cases(69.2%) of twenty-six cases. Positive rates of CIN Ⅰ, CIN Ⅱ and CIN Ⅲ are 66.7%, 71.5%, 68.8%, respectively. 3) The GST-π showed positive reaction in invasive squamous cell carcinoma in fifty-one cases(83.6%) of sixty-one cases. Positive rates of microinvasive and invasive squamous cell carcinoma are 84.6% and 83.3%, respectively. According to cell type, keratinizing and nonkeratinizing type are 81.8% and 84.6%, respectively. Above results revealed that GST-π may be significance as a immuohistochemical marker in CIN and invasive SCC, and may be implicated in intrinsic resistance for anticancer drug.

대장선암에서 p53과 c-erbB-2의 표출 및 상관관계에 관한 연구

양승하,강상균,김대중,김의한,김만성 순천향의학연구소 1997 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.3 No.2

Colorectal adenocarcinoma is relatively common malignant tumor in korea and various oncogenes has found in tumor cells. Colorectal adenocarcinoma show overexpression of p53 and c-erbB-2. The relation between expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 and prognosis of patients in colorectal adenocarcinoma has studied recently, but that is controversy. To evaluate relation between expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 and histopathologic finding prognostic factors, we have performed immunohistochemical staining, using mouse anti-p53 and anti-human c-erbB-2, for 52 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma. The results were as follows; 1) Expression rate of p53 and c-erbB-2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma were 71.2% and 51.9%, respectively. 2) Expression rate of p53 in left side(70.4%), differentiated(75.6%) and invasion to serosa and surrounding adipose tissue(72.5%) were higher than in right side(37.5%), poorly differnetiated(42.9%) and invasion to muscle(50%). 3) Expression rate of c-erbB-2 in left side(51.9%), differentiated(57.8%) and invasion to serosa and surrounding adipose tissue(54.5%) were higher than in right side(37.5%), poorly differnetiated(14.3%) and invasion to muscle(37.5%). 4) The expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 showed coexpression in colorectal adenocarcinoma. 5) The expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 showed no differenece according to presence or absence of lymphatic metastasis. Above result revealed that p53 and c-erbB-2 are coexpression in colorectal adenocarcinoma. The expression of each p53 and c-erbB-2 and the simultaneous expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 may be related to left side and differentiated cases. Our studies for relation with prognosis of patients in colorectal adenocarcinoma showed different results according to depth of invation and metastasis to lymph node and we should be followed for them.

태권도 경기규칙 개정에 따른 득·감점 및 판정 형태의 변화

양대승 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study is to analyze the transformation of Taekwondo skill according to the revision of the rules. And I have come to the conclusion from several Taekwondo competitions. 1. Before the revision of the rules, the heavy weight athletes (male) got the highest average valid points(6.60) and the light weight athletes (male) got the highest average valid points(2.80) after the revision of the rules. About the average points lost, the bantam weight athletes(male) got the highest (.61)before the revision of the rules and the light weight athletes(male) got the highest(.84) after the revision of the rules, 2. About the win by score, the welter weight athletes(male) got the highest percentage(78%)before the revision of the rules and the middle weight athletes (male) got the highest percentage(78%) after the revision of the rules. About the win by superiority, the heavy weight athletes(male) got the highest (27%) before the revision of the rules and the light weight athletes (male) got the highest(23%) after the revision of the rules. About the win by penalty, the fin weight athletes (male) got the highest winning percentage(14%) before the revision of the rules and the pin weight athletes (male) got the highest winning percentage(19%) after the revision of the rules.

천안시 아파트 수요추정 모형구축에 관한 연구

양승원,한용대,박근준 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.1

This study attempted to address certain elements that are measurable in order forecast the growth demand for apartments in Cheon-An area. A good forecasting method needs to include both regional condition and historical trend-based data. Accordingly, this study was conducted to analyze elements of demands for apartments and develop the model of forecasting demands for apartments by using them. The main conclusions drawn from the analysis of elements related with demands for apartment in Cheon-An area are that the expectation of apartment supplies can be estimated from the model forecasting demands of apartments.

위암환자의 복강내에 투여한 Mitomycin C-Carbon Particle의 Mitomycin 용출에 관한 연구

노승무,조영훈,정경수,오정연,김진향,양준묵,강대영,송규상,조준식,최선웅,이진호,민병무,김용백,김창식,박근성,인현빈,정현용,김학용 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

Locoregional recurrence is the most common type of recurrence in surgical operation of gastric adenocarcinoma, and peritoneal dissemination is one of the most difficult problems in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma treatment. Because the peritoneal cavity is the most common site of the first recurrence after gastric cancer resection, intraperitoneal chemotherpy seems a logical choice for cancer chemotherapy. The Mitomycin C(MMC) adsorbed by the activated charcoal particles(CH) is relatively released when the drug concentration surrounding the carbon particles becomes low in the peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity. For the intraperitoneal chemotherapy on the advanced gastric adenocarcnoma, mitomycin C adsorbed on activated carbon particles was administered in the peritoneal cavity just before abdominal wall closure. The closed drainage tubes were inserted in the peritoneal cavity and clamped for tuo hours after completion of operation. MMC concentrations were serially measured in peritoneal fluid, plasma and urine at 2hour, 48 hour, 72 hour and 168 hour following its administration in order to study the efficacy of the MMC-CH as a drug delivery system. There were minimal toxicities in born marrow, liver, and gastrointestinal system after intraperitoneal MMC-CH administration. The data of this study suggested that MMC-CH may have a somewhat more beneficial effect than surgery alone when administered in optimal dose and schedules, but the MMC concentration of the peritoneal fluid was not sufficient to eradicate remnant cancer cells, and effective duration of maintenance was only below 24 hours in the peritoneal fluid and plasma.

위선암에서 p53과 P-glycoprotein의 분포에 관한 연구

김대중,김의한,강상균,양승하,민병철 순천향의학연구소 1996 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.2 No.1

Gastric adenocarcinoma express many oncogenes, such as p53, c-erbB, k-sam, etc. The p53 especially acts as tumor suppressor in normal tissue and various mutational changes. of p53 are known as doing important role in carcinogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma. P-glycoprotein, as a pleotrophic membrane transport protein, shows specific distribution in many normal tissues and malignant tumors. This protein, produced by MDR gene, shows multidrug resistance to anticancer drug by pumping out intracellular drug. resulting in resistance to chemotherapeutics. The expression of p53 and P-glycoprotein according to clincopathologic findings in gastric adenocarcinoma has been studied, even though their results are controversial. To observe the relationship between both antigens and clinicopathologic findings of gastric adenocarcinoma. we were analysesed 40 cases gastric adenocarcinoma then processed for immunohistochemical stain by SLAB method using p53 and JSB-1 monoclonal antibodies. The results were as followings: 1) The p53 and P-glycoprotein showed positive in 20 cases(50%) and 21 cases(52.5%) of 40 cases respectively, and 10 cases(25%) showed positive reaction to both antigens. 2) p53 revealed higher positive rate in intestinal type(54.6%), differentiated form(57.1%), advanced form(58.1%) compared to diffuse type(28.6%), poorly differentiated form(42.1%), early cancer(22.2%), but no difference according to age, sex, lymphatic metastasis and signet ring cell within tumor. 3) P-glycoprotein revealed higher positive rate in interstinal type(54.6%), differentiated form(61.9%), advanced form(58.1%), absence of signet ring cell (63.3%) compared to diffuse type (28.6%), poorly differentiated form (36.8%), early cancer(33.3%), presence of signet ring cell(20.0%), but no difference according to sex, age, lymphatic metastasis. 4) Positive rate in intestinal type, differentiated form, advanced form, and presence of signet ring cells in gastric adenocarcinoma showing both positive reaction of p53 and P-glycoprotein, are higher, but no difference according to age, sex, lymphatic metastasis. 5) In noneoplastic mucosa adjacent to cancer, p53 revealed negative reaction in all cases. P-glycoprotein showed positive reaction in all metaplastic glands 33 cases and parietal cells 17 cases, and in 16 cases(40%) of 40 cases of luminal surface and gastric glandular epthelium, and showed negative reaction in all 12 cases of chief cell. Above results revealed that positive rates of p53 and P-glycoprotein in gastric adenocarcinoma are almost same and there is no relationships between both antigens. Both antigens showed simillar high positive rate in intestinal type, differentiated form and advanced form, indicating association with these clinicopathologic findings.