운동수행에 따른 쥐의 골격근 형태별 UCP-3 mRNA의 변화

양대승,김철현,임예현,김문희,이승국,방상식,오유성,조준용,이규성 한국운동과학회 2003 운동과학 Vol.12 No.4

양대승, 김철현, 임예현, 김문희, 이승국, 방상식, 오유성, 조준용, 이규성. 운동과학, 제12권 제4호, 653-662, 2003. 운동수행에 따른 쥐의 골격근 형태별 UCP-3 mRNA의 변화. 이 연구는 비만 모델동물인 Obese Zucker Rat을 활용하여 12주간 지구성 운동이 골격근형태별 UCP-3 mRNA 발현, citrate synthase 활성도 및 혈청 지질 수준에 영향을 미치는가를 분자생물학적·생화학적 수준에서 평가한 결과, 장기간 지속적인 지구성 운동에 대한 골격근의 적응은 UCP-3 mRNA 발현량 감소 및 citrate synthase 활성도 증가와 혈청 지질(혈청 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 저밀도 지단백 감소) 수준을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 골격근의 UCP-3 유전자의 발현은 추위, 반응 산소종, 식이, 당뇨병 등과 같은 여러가지 요인과도 상관이 있기 때문에 운동과 관련된 보다 많은 연구들이 차후에 수행되어야 할 것이다. Yang, D.S., Kim, C.H, Leem, Y.H., Kim M.H., Lee, S.K,Bang, S.S., Oh, Y.S., Cho,J.Y., Lee, K.S. Thechanges of UCP-3 mRNA of obese Zucker rats during exercise training, Exercise Science, 12(4): 653-662, 2003. The factors that regulate gene expression of uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3) in skeletal muscle are poorly understood, but uncoupling protein-3 gene is clearly responsive to the metabolic state of organism. There fore, We tested the hypothesis that chronic endurance exercise would alter UCP-3 gene expression. After 12wk endurance treadmill exercise, UCP-3 mRNA level of trained obese Zucker rat were decreased [vs. lean-type Zucker rat (100%) vs. obese Zucker rat control] in ail two tissues. in addition, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C levels were significantly reduced in trained rats, whereas citrate synthase activites were significantly increased in trained rats. The results of this study show trot a need for a higher metabolic efficiency is associated with decreased mRNA expression of the uncoupling protein-3 (UCP-3) which would decrease energy dissipation in these tissues.

녹용이 사람 태아 골모세포의 세포주기 조절에 미치는 영향

양대승,김현아,현하나,유형근,김윤철,신형식,Yang, Dae-Seung,Kim, Hyun-A,Hyun, Ha-Na,You, Hyung-Keun,Kim, Youn-Chul,Shin, Hyung-Shik 대한치주과학회 2002 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.32 No.4

Recently, many natural medicines, whose advantages are less side effects and possibility of long-term use, have been studied for their capacity, their anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and regenerative potential of periodontal tissues. Cervi Parvum Comu(CPC) have been traditionally study as an hale, growth. hematogenous, anti-aging, hack pain in Eastern medicine. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of CPC extract on cell cycle progression and its molecular mechanism in human fetal osteoblasts. CPC extracts (10 ${\mu}g/ml$) increased cell proliferation in the human fetal osteoblasts compared to non-supplemented control. There was no significant change in the G1 and S phase, hut a increase in the G2/M phase in 10 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ of CPC extracts group as compared to non-supplemented control. The protein expression of cyclin E, cdk 2, cycln D, cdk 4, and cdk 6 was higher than that of control group. The level of p21 was lower than that of control. But that of pRb and pl6 was not distinguished from control. These results indicate that the increase of cell proliferation by CPC extracts may be due t o the increased expression of cyclin E, cdk 2, cyclin D, cdk 4 and cdk 6, and the decreased expression of p21 in human fetal osteoblasts.

녹용이 사람 태아 골모세포의 세포주기조절에 미치는 영향

양대승,신형식 원광대학교 치의학연구소 2003 圓光齒醫學 Vol.12 No.1

Recently, many natural medicines, whose advantages are less side effects and possibility of long-term use, have been studied for their capacity, their anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and regenerative potential of periodontal tissues. Cervi Parvum Cornu(CPC) have been traditionally used as an hale, growth, hematogenous, anti-aging, back pain in Eastern medicine. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of CPC extract on cell cycle progression and its molecular mechanism in human fetal osteoblasts. CPC extracts (10μg/ml) increased cell proliferation in the human fetal osteoblasts as compared to non-supplemented control. There was no significant change in the G1 and S phase, but a increase in the G2/M phase in 10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml of CPC extracts group as compared to non-supplemented control. The protein expression of cyclin E, cdk 2, cyclin D, cdk 4, and cdk 6 was higher than that of control group. The level of p21 was lower than that of control. But that of pRb and p16 was not distinguished from control. These results indicate that the increase of cell proliferation by CPC extracts may be due to the increased expression of cyclin E, cdk 2, cyclin D, cdk 4 and cdk 6, and the decreased expression of p21 in human fetal osteoblasts.

4차 산업혁명 시대에 있어서 삼차원 프린팅의 도전과 저작권의 대응

양대승 한양대학교 법학연구소 2018 법학논총 Vol.35 No.1

We can create a three-dimensional object with a volume in a simple digital file. Since 3D printing technology was invented in the early 80’s, it is not new technology at present. However, 3D printing is getting attention again because the low-cost 3D printer machines are being sold to the market, and professional manufacturers who are proposing prototypes are being created, making it easy for the general public to access them. 3D printing is applied in a wide variety of fields such as toys, small tools, construction, aviation, fashion, automobiles, arts and food. In addition, peer-to-peer has revolutionized the music and audiovisual industries and 3D printing due to significant changes in the production process, but it also poses a significant threat to intellectual property rights. In this study, we investigated the copyright issues related to 3D printing and the practical problems that may arise from these innovative tools. This enables companies and stakeholders to anticipate the legal risks arising from this innovative technology and provide an opportunity to look at the issues, thereby enabling 3D printing technology to be delivered to our society in the future. 간단한 디지털 파일로 볼륨을 가진 입체적인 개체를 만들 수 있다. 3D 프린팅 기술은 80 년대 초반에 발명된 것이기 때문에 신기술은 아니라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 3D 프린팅은 저가의 3D 프린터가 시장에 출시되고 있고 또한 시제품 제작을 제안하는 전문업체들이 생겨남으로써 일반 대중들도 3D 프린팅에 쉽게 접근 할 수 있게 되면서 다시금 주목을 받고 있다. 3D 프린팅이 적용되는 분야는 장난감, 소형 도구, 건설, 항공, 패션, 자동차, 예술 및 식품 분야 등 매우 다양하다. 또한 피어투피어(peer-to-peer)는 물품의 제작과정에서 생성되는 중요한 변화로 인해 음악 및 시청각 산업, 3D 프린팅에 혁명을 가져왔지만 동시에 지식재산권에는 상당한 위협이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 3D 프린팅과 관련한 저작권 문제와 이러한 혁신적 수단으로 인해 발생할 수 있는 실무적인 문제들을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 통해 기업 및 이해관계자들이 이 혁신적인 기술로 인해 발생하는 법적 위험을 예측하고 문제를 바라볼 수 있는 기회를 제공함으로써 3D 프린팅 기술이 향후 우리 사회에 제공하는 잠재적인 이익을 잃지 않도록 하고자 한다.

수 종의 생분해성 국소약물 송달제제가 치주염 치료에 미치는 효과

양대승,유형근 원광대학교 치의학연구소 1999 圓光齒醫學 Vol.9 No.3

The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical effects following local application of 30% minocycline strip(polycaprolactone), 2% minocycline gel(hydro-carbon gel) and 12% minocycline strip(polylactide, Minodent) to augment scaling and root planing in patients with chronic adult periodontitis. Forty teeth with periodontitis were enrolled in the study and distributed into 4 groups including control group. All patients performed standardized oral hygiene instructions and mechanical debridement at the beginning of the study and then each local delivery drugs were inserted into periodontal pocket in each groups. Examinations regarding plaque index(PI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), probing pocket depth (PPD) were carried out at 0, 2, 4 weeks. All experimental groups showed statistically significant differences between baseline and 2 and 4 weeks in every clinical indices. Especially, 30% minocycline strip and Minodent group showed a significant improvement in PBI at 2 weeks and in PPD at 2 and 4 weeks. In conclusion, highly bio-resorbable Minodent delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing induces better clinical effects for periodontal health than 2% minocycline gel and control group.

저작권과 디자인권의 교차영역에 있는 창작물의 보호 - 실제 건축물을 축소한 입체 퍼즐 모형에 관한 대법원 2018. 5. 15. 2016다227625 판결 사건을 중심으로 -

양대승 한국저작권위원회 2018 계간 저작권 Vol.31 No.3

As a stand-alone hobby, building models are probably most popular among enthusiasts of construction toys such as Lego. Famous landmarks such as the Empire State Building, Big Ben and the White House are common subjects of toymakers. Standard scales have not emerged in this hobby. Model buildings are commonly made from plastic, wooden and foam boards or paper. Some models are manufactured like 3D puzzles. In this paper, we examined the supreme court ruling(2016Da227625 Decided May 15, 2018) dealing with the infringement of copyright on on a miniature model of an existing architectural structure such as Sungnyemun and Gwanghwamun. In this case, the supreme court determined that the Plaintiff’s Gwanghwamun model was not an exact miniature replica of the actual Gwanghwamun. Rather, it deemed that the model was created by making not small but relatively noticeable changes in the rooftop/wall ratio, roof height, slope of the eaves, roof color, structural simplification of windows and under the eaves of the second floor tower, gatekeeper size, shape of the inner gate, etc. Based on the reasoning that the original expression manifest in the Plaintiff’s Gwanghwamun model, as seen earlier, also appeared in the Defendants’ Sungnyemun Gate model, the supreme court determined to the effect that the two models shared a substantial similarity. However, if the same creative is filed as a design, it is difficult to say that it can be registered as a design and protected by design rights. In particular, designs that can easily be created by a person skilled in the art on the basis of a shape, pattern, color, or combination there of widely known in the Republic of Korea or in a foreign country can not be registered, and even if registered, the defendant may reject the claim of infringement by the design right holder with Free-to-work design defense. The overlapping protection of different laws on the same subject does not directly lead to a conflict of rights, but there is a risk that it can be exploited as a means to extend the protection of intellectual property rights by once again restricting the public domain. 독립형 취미로서 건축물 모형은 Lego와 같은 조립식 완구 애호가들 사이에서 인기가 있다. 엠파이어스테이트 빌딩, 빅벤, 백악관과 같은 유명한 랜드마크는 완구제조회사들의 공통된 주제이다. 건축물 모형은 일반적으로 플라스틱, 목재나 폼보드 또는 종이로 만든다. 그리고 일부 모형은 3차원 퍼즐처럼 제작된다. 본고에서는 숭례문이나 광화문과 같은 실제의 건축물을 축소한 모형에 관한 저작권 침해 사건을 다룬 대법원 판결을 살펴보았다. 이 사건에서 대법원(2018. 5. 15. 2016다227625판결)은 원고의 광화문 모형은 실제의 광화문을 축소하여 모형의 형태로 구현하는 과정에서 실제의 광화문을 그대로 축소한 것이 아니라, 지붕의 성벽에 대한 비율, 높이에 대한 강조, 지붕의 이단 구조, 처마의 경사도, 지붕의 색깔, 2층 누각 창문 및 처마 밑의 구조물의 단순화, 문지기의 크기, 중문의 모양 등 여러 부분에 걸쳐 사소한 정도를 넘어서는 수준의 변형을 가한 것이어서 창작성을 인정할 수 있고, 이러한 원고의 광화문 모형에서 나타나는 창작적인 표현이 피고들의 숭례문 모형에서도 그대로 나타나고 있으므로, 원고의 광화문 모형과 피고들의 숭례문 모형 사이에는 실질적인 유사성도 인정된다고 판단하였다. 하지만 만일 동일한 창작물이 디자인으로 출원되었다면 디자인으로 등록되어 디자인권의 보호를 받을 수 있다고 단언하기는 어려워 보인다. 특히 주지 형상 등을 기초로 하여 당 업자가 용이하게 창작할 수 있는 디자인의 경우에는 등록받을 수 없고, 설령 등록되었다고 하더라도, 피고는 자유실시디자인의 항변을 통해 등록디자인권자의 침해주장을 배척할 수 있기 때문이다. 이처럼 동일한 대상에 대한 상이한 법률의 중첩적 보호 자체가 권리의 충돌을 직접적으로 야기하는 것은 아니지만, 이는 공유의 영역을 재차 제한함으로써 지식재산권 보호기간 연장을 위한 수단으로 악용될 수 있는 위험이 있다.

태권도 경기규칙 개정에 따른 득, 감점 및 판정 형태의 변화

양대승 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.5

단체·증명표장제도를 통한 전통문화표현물의 법적 보호

양대승 한국지식재산연구원 2012 지식재산연구 Vol.7 No.1

Since the end of the 1990’s, the topic of Traditional Cultural Expressions(TCEs) or Expressions of Folklore(EoF) has entered the ambit of intellectual property discussions with the World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO). Traditional and Cultural Heritage holders stress the difficulties they encounter in preventing or controlling the commercial use of their Traditional and Cultural Heritage by third parties and in benefiting from this commercialisation themselves. They also express concerns about the inappropriate and offensive use of their Traditional and Cultural Heritage and wish to be have the possibility to object to any false attribution. In most cases, industries or third parties exploit Traditional and Cultural Heritage without asking for consent and without sharing the benefits of such exploitation with the Traditional and Cultural Heritage holders. Without an adequate legal protection system, Traditional Cultural Expressions(TCEs) can be owned by those with money and knowledge to abuse the existing system, rather than the actual Traditional Cultural Expressions(TCEs) holders. Under such circumstances, the actual Traditional Cultural Expressions(TCEs) holders who have been developing and maintaining Traditional Cultural Expressions(TCEs)throughout generations, may be excluded from the benefits generated from using Traditional Cultural Expressions(TCEs). Once registered, collective marks or certification marks can potentially be renewed perpetually. In this respect, the collective marks or certification marks system can help satisfy many of the concerns and policy objectives of Traditional and Cultural Heritage holders. The registration of Traditional and Cultural Heritage as collective marks or certification marks may assist in preventing or controlling the unwanted commercial use of Traditional and Cultural Heritage by third parties and increase their commercial benefits, as the addition of a label on a good adds to its value and increases consumer recognition of authentic traditional and cultural goods. When combined with an appropriate marketing strategy, the registration of Traditional and Cultural Heritage as collective marks or certification marks can assist in the promotion and dissemination of Traditional Culture. Besides, the registration of a collective marks or certification marks can be helpful in relation to the attribution and authentication of Traditional and Cultural Heritage and help protect Traditional and Cultural businesses from imitations. 1990년 이후로 전통문화표현물(TCEs/Eof)은 지식재산의 영역으로서 세계지적재산권기구(WIPO) 내에서 논의되었다. 전통문화표현물 보유자들은 제3자에 의해서 전통문화표현물이 사용되거나 등록되는 것을 통제하기 어려울 뿐만 아니라, 전통문화표현물의 사용으로 발생하는이익을 누리지 못하는 것에 대하여 근심을 호소하고 있다. 이러한 점에서 그들은전통문화표현물의 부적절한 사용을 막고 타인에 의하여 자신들의 전통문화표현물이 등록되는 것에 대한 우려를 가지고 있다. 대부분의 경우 산업계나 제3자들은전톰문화표현물을 사용함에 있어 전통문화표현물 보유자들의 동의를 구하지 않고있으며 이익을 공유하고 있지도 않다. 이러한 점에서 전통문화표현물에 대한 적절한 법적보호가 없다면, 전통문화표현물은 전통문화표현물 보유자가 아닌 자본이나 지식을 가진 다른 제3자가 기존의 제도를 통하여 선점되는 결과를 초래할 수도 있을 것이다. 이러한 경우 세대를통하여 전통문화표현물을 계승 발전시켜온 전통문화표현물 보유자 및 관련 공동체 등은 전통문화표현물의 사용으로부터 창출되는 이익으로부터 배제될 것이다. 단체·증명표장제도는 일단 등록되면 반영구적으로 갱신을 통하여 보호될 수있다. 이러한 측면에서 볼 때 단체·증명표장제도는 전통문화표현물 보유자들의우려에 대한 대응책이 될 수도 있다. 전통문화표현물의 단체·증명표장등록은 제3자에 의한 전통문화표현물의 사용을 막음으로써 전통문화표현물 보유자 등의 이익증대에 도움이 될 것이고, 상품에 표장을 부착함으로써 진정한 전통문화상품이라는 인증표시로서의 역할을 통해 일반수요자도 보호할 수 있다. 또한 적절한 마케팅 전략이 수반된다면, 전통문화표현물의 단체·증명표장등록은 전통문화의 보급이나 발전에도 기여를 할 것이며, 시장에서 짝퉁상품을 몰아내고 진정 전통문화상품의 유통활성화를 통한 전통문화산업의 발전에도 도움이될 것이다.

프랑스 및 유럽연합에서의 원산지명칭과 상표 간 분쟁에 관한 고찰

양대승 한국지식재산연구원 2014 지식재산연구 Vol.9 No.3

오늘날 우리는 글로벌 세계에 살고 있다. 통신 및 교통수단의 발달로 인하여상품과 서비스시장이 글로벌화되어, 상표 또는 원산지명칭이 부착된 상품들이 전세계에서 판매되고 있다. 프랑스 및 유럽 연합(EU)의 법규는 상표 소유자의 상표사용에 대한 배타적 권리뿐만 아니라 원산지명칭 소유자의 특정품질상품에 대한원산지명칭사용에 대한 독점적 권리도 인정하고 있다. 또한 상표나 원산지명칭 표장 모두 보호를 위하여 등록제도를 운영하고 있다. 그렇다면 원산지명칭 소유자와상표소유자가 단일사법권 내에서 동일표장에 대한 권리를 주장하는 경우 어떻게되는가? 원산지명칭과 동일 또는 유사한 상표가 부착된 상품이나 서비스가 동일시장에 존재하는 경우 각각 표장소유자는 자신들의 권리를 주장할 것이고 따라서법적 분쟁이 발생하게 될 것이다. 일반적으로 원산지명칭과 충돌하는 상표는 등록되지 않는다. 하지만 최근 소송사건에서는 원산지명칭에 앞선 선등록상표가 존재하는 경우에, 상표와 원산지명칭 중 어떤 표장이 더 우위에 있으며 그 이유는 무엇인지가 쟁점으로 떠오르고 있다. 이러한 경우 세 가지로 나누어 생각해 볼 수있을 것이다. 첫째, 선행상표가 후행원산지명칭보다 우위에 있다고 생각할 수 있다. 이렇게 주장하는 사람들은 선행상표를 우위에 두지 않으면 상표자산가치와 상표등록의 법적안정성이 깨진다고 주장한다. 상표우위를 주장하는 사람들은 또한원산지명칭과 상표간의 분쟁을 공정하게 해결하는 방법은 시간에 따른 선순위원칙이라고 주장한다. 이러한 선순위성과 독점배타성의 원칙은 상표법의 핵심이기도 하다. 둘째, 원산지명칭이 상표보다 우위에 있어야 한다고 생각할 수 있다. 비록 상표가 선원의 지위에 있다고 하더라도 말이다. 이러한 견해는 해당지역의 생산업자들 원산지명칭으로 취할 수 있는 명칭을 상표소유자가 부당하게 취한 것이라는 점에 근거한다. 달리 말하면 이와 같은 견해는 지역경제, 품질보장, 소비자보호와 관련된 것이라고 할 수 있다. 셋째, 선행상표와 후행원산지명칭은 공존할 수있다고 보는 입장이 있다. 즉 선행상표의 독점배타성을 부인하는 것이다. 프랑스와 유럽연합은 다양한 이유에서 원산지명칭을 강하게 보호하고 있다. 그 중 가장중요한 것은 원산지 명칭에 특히 와인과 치즈 산업에 공통 되는 것이라는 점이다. 와인과 치즈는 그들의 유산이며, 중요한 수출자산이기도 하다. 그리하여 프랑스와유럽연합은 그들의 유산을 보호하기 위하여“AOC(감독원산지명칭)”및“AOP(보호원산지명칭)”라는 새로운 길을 개척하였다. 와인과 관련한 원산지명칭으로는 보르도(Bordeaux), 부르고뉴(Bourgogne), 샴페인(Champagne), 꼬트 뒤 론(Côte du Rhone), 생테밀리옹(Saint-Émillion), 로마네콩티(Romanée-Conti)와 같은 것들이 있다. 프랑스와 유럽연합은 원산지명칭을 우수한 품질과명성을 가진 상품의 보호라고 생각하고 있다. 따라서 원산지가 다르거나, 특정방법에 의하여 제조되지 않거나 하는 등의 품질요건을 충족하지 못한 상품에 대한원산지명칭의 사용을 막고자 노력하고 있는데, 이러한 견지에서 프랑스와 유럽연합의 법률은 유사상품에 대한 원산지명칭의 사용이 원산지명칭의 명성을 왜곡되거나 약화시키는 것을 금지하고 있다. 원산지명칭의 명성이 기생행위로부터 효과적으로 보호되고 있음을 보여주는 대표적 사례는 Champagne(샴페인) 원 ... Today, we live in a global world. Not only communication hasbeen globalized, but also the market for goods and services. Productslabelled with a trademark or with an appellation of origin are sold allover the world. French laws and European Union regulations anddirectives recognize the exclusive right of the trademark holder to usethe trademark and prevent others from using it, as well as the exclusiveright of holder of the appellation of origin to use it in relation to goodswith distinctive qualities. Both trademarks and appellations of originmust be registered in order to protected. So what happens when anappellation of origin and a trademark proprietor lay claim to the samesign within a single jurisdiction? If products or services are sold in thesame market, bearing a trademark identical or similar to an appellationof origin, a conflict arises which may lead to fierce litigation betweenthe owners of trademark and the conflicting appellation of origin. Itgenerally accepted that a trademark cannot be registered if it collideswith a prior appellation of origin. However, a recent lawsuit raises thequestion on what should happen when the trademark is registeredbefore the appellation of origin. In such a situation, which one shouldwin and why? There are three options. First, some feel that a priortrademark should take precedence over a later appellation of origin. They assert that otherwise the trademark owner will be faced with global extinction of its brand equity and legal stability on registration. Proponents of trademarks argue that the only fair way to solve conflictsbetween appellations of origin and trademarks is to use the principle of“first in time, first in right,” which means that the sign that is protectedfirst, whether it is a trademark or an appellations of Origin, shall takeprecedence over (principle of priority) and prevent the use of (principleof exclusivity) any conflicting subsequent sign. The principles ofpriority and exclusivity are the essence of trademark law. Second, thereare those who feel appellations of origin should take precedence overtrademarks, even when there is a prior trademark in existence. This viewbasically implies that the trademark owner whose trademark is also ageographic term has unfairly taken that term, and therefore theproducers in the area should be allowed to reclaim it as an appellation oforigin. Other arguments often relate to regional economics, qualityassurance and consumer protection. Third, some believe it is possible fora prior trademark and a later appellation of origin to coexist, by default itmeans the trademark is no longer exclusive. France and European Unionhave been particularly adamant and outspoken in favor of stricterprotection of appellations of origin for a variety of reasons. Foremostamong them is that appellations of origin are common particularly in thewine and cheese industries. Wine and cheese are part of their heritageand are a reliable export asset for them. France et European Union havethus blazed a trail in the protection of their heritage by creatingAppellations d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) and Appellations d’OrigineProtégée (AOP). In terms of wine, there are dozens of AOC or AOPsuch as Bordeaux, Bourgogne, Champagne, Côte du Rhone, Saint-Emilion, Romanée-Conti etc. Since France and European Union viewappellations of origin as deserved protection for products of high qualityand reputation, they provide a model of strict protection of appellations of origin. To avoid the use of an appellation of origin in relation toproducts that do not qualify or because having a different origin or notbeing manufactured according to methods regulated by the specific ruleapplicable to the appellation, the French and community laws haveprohibited the use of appellations for similar products if such use islikely to divert or to weaken the notoriety of the appellation of origin. The notoriety of the appellation of origin is thus effectively protectedagainst...

프랑스의 지리적 표시보호제도에 관한 연구

양대승 한국지식재산학회 2008 産業財産權 Vol.- No.25

A geographical indication (GI) is a sign used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that origin. This definition of the GI is extremely wide-ranging, such that the notion can include agricultural, agrifood or industrial products, or indeed goods originating in the handicraft industry, whose association with their geographical origin can at times be extremely tenuous. The scope of the definition also includes the notion of appellation of origin, which is a sub-category of geographical indication with tighter and more carefully defined requirements. An appellation of origin (AO) is a special kind of GI. The GI must not be confused with the indication of source, which provides information solely as to the place of production or production of a product, without indicating or guaranteeing a particular quality associated with the place of origin or the modes of production (example: made in China). Furthermore, the GI is a collectⅣe right if use that is reserved exclusⅣely for those who respect the specifications (book of requirements) they define and that are approved by a competent authority. Geographical indications of production (GI), which associate an agricultural or handicraft product with the territory from which it comes, are a collectⅣe tool for producers to promote the products of their territory. The geographical indication system aims to promote products that are part of a food and cultural heritage that is deemed to be inalienable. The period for the use of the right is the same as that of the existence of the product. This system enables territories to be promoted thanks to the criterion of authentic production techniques, reserved for the market players within the gⅣen area. Geographical indications are a means to create added value locally. When the name of a product receⅣes protection as a geographical indication, the local communities benefit from the positⅣe impact. These systems linked with the origin are also tools in the development and promotion of regions. They are of particular interest for region where agriculture has low levels of productⅣity, thanks to the added value they provide. GI help maintain and develop actⅣities in rural area that may be disadvantaged, by promoting local know-how and production centers. GI protection also provides other benefits for local communities. Geographical indications encourage the dⅣersification of production, and thereby the preservation of biodⅣersity, local know-how and natural resources. GI also have a positⅣe impact on tourism. For example, gastronomy trails are now an integral part of holidays in countries such as France. The system also provides the consumer with certain guarantees. Consumers are becoming ever more attentⅣe to what they buy and what they have in their plates. Their expectations are higher than in the past, in particular with regard to the information provided on the methods by which the product was manufactured, and the degree to which it is typical of its area of origin. If the products meet all these requirements, consumers will be more inclined to pay more for them than for standard products. The sanctions applicable to such infringements in France are of two kinds: administratⅣe and criminal. In order to benefit from a geographical indication, the products must meet production conditions that are set out in each of the specifications documents (book of requirements) that relate to geographical indications. Failure to respect the production conditions that are defined in the specifications (book of requirements) must entail a ban on using the name of the geographical indication. The fraudulent use of a geographical indication can lead to action before the criminal courts. Certain services (for example: the Directorate General for Consumption, Competition and the Repression of Fraud in France, customs) may have the power to take measures against infringements of geographical indications. Offences include deceit or attempt to deceⅣe, of usurpation of geographical indication or use of an incorrect geographical indication. Generally speaking, the regulations prohibit the use of a geographical name that constitutes the name of a GI or any other words that evoke it, for any similar product. Another possibility exists, although it is not recognised by the TRIPs agreements, the fraudulent use of reputation. This sanction prohibits the use of a geographical name that constitutes the name of a GI for any other product or service when this use is likely to dⅣert or weaken the reputation of the GI. Geographical indications, because they represent an agricultural model that brings together quality and harmonious use of rural areas, are a major economic asset that must be protected against infringement.