Chinese and Korean Scholars’ Narratives on Buddhism in ancient China and Korea

Santosh K. Gupta(Santosh K. Gupta ),Sanjay Kumar(Sanjay Kumar ) 강원한국학연구원 2022 국제한국학저널 Vol.12·13 No.-

한국의 고대 학자·승려에 의한 불교 사상의 전파는 한·중 관계 형성의 중요한 요소가 되었고, 학술 및 문화의 전달뿐만 아니라 인적교류의 접촉을 발전시키는 중요한 기점이 되었다. 따라서 인도와 동아시아 간의 교류에 있어서 중국, 한국과 인도 승려 학자들의 역할이 있었다. 본고는 불교사상의 도리와 그의 확장 및 진전 속의 서사를 해명하며 실크로드 불교의 중요성과 동화 과정에서 중국과 한국 학문을 살펴본다. 특히, 불교 사상적 교류의 차원에서 중국과 한국 학자들의 제시된 서사적 관점을 고찰하려고 한다. Chinese and Korean scholar monks played significant role in reshaping Buddhist linkages between East Asian countries, particularly China and Korea. Transmission of Buddhist thought and culture developed scholarly people to people contact between China, Korea and neighboring states or confederacy which were more complex than today. This paper studies the narratives of Buddhist teachings, its expansion in Silk-road and narratives of Chinese and Korean Buddhist as an intermediary for assimilation of philosophical thoughts. The paper also focuses on the role of monks and scholars in forging cultural discourse of India with East Asia.

ENGAGING THE URBAN BUDDHIST LAITY: THE ‘BUDDHIST SOLIDARITY FOR REFORM’ ORGANIZATION IN SOUTH KOREA

santosh k. gupta 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2017 Acta Koreana Vol.20 No.2

During the Japanese colonial period and after the arrival of Korean independence, Korean Buddhism experienced a noticeable revival and rise of Buddhist organizations and NGOs. This article aims to examine the characteristics of lay Buddhist communities, with special reference to the ‘Buddhist Solidarity for Reform’ (BSR) organization in contemporary South Korea, which is actively engaging the laity by defining the role of modern Buddhism. This leading organization began as a distinct community movement confined to the urban masses and based on Buddhist beliefs. The group seeks reform of monastic Buddhism and calls for deeper participation of the laity in Buddhist activities. The BSR represents the elite urban class and primarily functions as a moderator for socially engaged Buddhism. This organization not only deals with community matters but also serves to buttress promotion of Buddhist practices in everyday life. The BSR functions completely independently and is critical toward the monastic-centric Buddhist orders of South Korea. Describing historical shifts in the lay Buddhist movements, this study analyzes how the lay Buddhist organizations are raising their voices, furthering social agendas for the urban laity and expanding their social bases by forming religious social networks.

Distribution of Hepatitis B Genotypes Among Hepatitis B Patients in Central Nepal

( Gupta Kumar Santosh ),( Shah Khushbu ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: To find the distribution of hepatitis B genotypes among hepatitis B infected patients in Central Nepal. To determine the HBeAg, HBeBa and viral load among HBsAg positive patients, to determine HBV genotypes and to correlate it with clinical problems. Methods: This was a prospective type of study. The research was conducted in Decode Genomics and Research Center, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal. Samples were taken from HBsAg positive patients visiting DGRC within the Nepal. 106 samples was taken for this study. The basic criteria for this study were separated as Inclusion criteria and Exclusion criteria. The Inclusion criteria was only HBsAg positive cases. And, the Exclusion criteria were HIV positive cases, HBsAg negative cases and International patients. The equipment and reagents that were required in this study are listed in the ANNEX I. 3ml Blood sample had been collected on EDTA vial by following the standard procedure of blood collection. The viral DNA from blood samples had been extracted using SpinstarTM Viral Nucleic Acid Extraction kits following manufacturer protocol. The detailed protocol is included in ANNEX III. Viral load estimation on each blood samples had been done using RealStar® HBV PCR kit. Further details is included in ANNEX IV. The Hepatitis B genotype had been determined by PCR using type specific primers (Appendix II). And, the PCR product for the Genotyping had been analyzed in 2% Agarose gel using standard protocol. Results: This study was conducted at Decode Genomics and Research Centre, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 106 HBsAg positive serum samples were collected from patients visiting DGRC, in between June 2017 to November 2017, for Viral load Testing. Written consent was taken from each patient before sample collection. Out of 106 patients enrolled for this study 68 were males and 38 were females. Age of the enrolled patients was from 13 year to 78 years. Patients enrolled for the study were from different parts of Nepal visiting DGRC for treatment of active HBV infection. DNA was extracted using SpinStarTM Viral Nucleic Acid Kit 1.0. Viral load estimation were performed using RealStar® HBV PCR kit 1.0 and genotyping by the Nested PCR using type specific primers for each genotypes. Genotype D was found predominantly followed by C. The highest viral load in our study was >10 million i.e.1936410339 IU/ml which had genotype A whereas lowest viral load was 31 IU/ml had genotype C. Out of 106 patients 42 contains high viral load (>20000). Genotype C is predominant among high viral load patients followed by unknown, A and D. 30 patients contains moderate viral load (2000-20000) and low viral load was observed in 34 patients (<2000). Among moderate viral load patients genotype D was dominant followed by unknown and C while genotype D is more common among low viral load patients. Type-specific primers were used for HBV genotyping using nested PCR. Type specific primers were designed for the detection of conserved region of genotypes A, B, C, D, E and F. Out of 106 patients enrolled for the study HBV Genotypes was determined in 59 patients while genotypes were not determined in 47 patients. Among 59 patients genotype D was present in highest number (18 patients) followed by C, A, B and Genotype F was observed only in one patients. Genotype E was not found in any patients enrolled for the study. 16 patients were found to be containing recombinant Genotypes. A total of 6 types of recombinants were seen on our study. They are B/C, B/C/D, C/D, A/C, C/F and D/A. C/D (7) recombinant was predominant followed by A/C (3), B/C/D (2) and D/A (2). B/C and C/F recombinant was seen in 1 patient each. Conclusions: Out of 106 patients enrolled for the study, HBV Genotypes was determined in 59 patients while genotypes were not determined in 47 patients. Among 59 patients genotype D was present in highest number (18 patients) followed by C, A, B and Genotype F was observed only in one patients. Genotype E was not found in any patients enrolled for the study. 16 patients were found to be containing recombinant Genotypes. A total of 6 types of recombinants were seen on our study. They are B/C, B/C/D, C/D, A/C, C/F and D/A. C/D (7) recombinant was predominant followed by A/C(3), B/C/D (2) and D/A (2). B/C and C/F recombinant was seen in 1 patient each.

소태산과 빔라오 람지 암베드카르 비교 연구

산토쉬 꾸말 굽타(Santosh K. Gupta) 원광대학교 원불교사상연구원 2015 원불교사상과 종교문화 Vol.66 No.-

본 연구는 근대 사회에서 종교적 의미를 재생하고 부흥하기 위해서 전통불교를 재해석한 원불교와 신불교 창시자에 대한 비교 연구이다. 불교에 대한 그들의 관점은 불교의 기본 가르침이 반드시 요구되므로 비평이 아니라 전통의 재해석을 추구하였다. 소태산과 암베드카르는 불교를 스승으로 여기고 현재의 삶에서 얻을 수 있는 부처의 개념에 집중하였다. 그리하여 그들은 근대적인 관점에서 전통을 재해석하고 현세(現世)의 모든 인간해방을 제안하였다. 식민지 시기 한국과 인도에서는 사회적⋅정치적⋅종교적으로 변화가 많았는데, 이 시기에 억압받았던 수백만의 민중들은 독립 후 종교적인 플랫폼으로서 불교를 선택하고, 다양한 사회적 활동에 활발하게 참여했다. 그리하여 원불교와 신불교는 사회적 자본을 조성했고, 종교적인 방법과 수단을 통해 사회적 네트워크를 형성했다. 이것은 다른 어떤 수단을 통해 조성하는 사회 자본보다 더욱 지속성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 사회적 참여를 통해 두 지도자는 공공의 역할을 강조하고, 농촌 지역에서 새로운 종교 의식을 생성했다. 그들의 조직들은 종교 의식의 규범까지 거부하면서 새로운 사회적 네트워크를 형성하여 민중들의 도덕적⋅경제적 발전에 초점을 맞췄다. 초기의 참여는 농민과 억압받는 사람들의 자발적인 협회였으며, 그들은 대중 중심의 네트워크를 모색했다. 또한 새로운 종교 공동체를 도입하면서 사람들의 사회화는 확실히 큰 도전이었으므로 소태산과 암베드카르는 불교의 사회적인 측면을 강조한 것이다. 소태산과 암베드카르는 서로 차이점도 있지만 유사점이 더욱 많다. 두 지도자들은 근대화에 잘 맞는 종교로서 불교를 선택하고, 현대사회에 필요한 종교로서 불교를 재해석했다. 가장 중요한 유사점은 한국과 인도 사회에서 비슷한 계급 사회를 배경으로 두 지도자들이 불교를 선택했다는 점이다. 또한 그들은 현대의 사회적 요구에 발맞추어 불교의 사회 참여를 제안하였고, 전통 불교의 실천이란 측면에서 교리의 부족한 부분을 발견하였으며, 근대 사회에 필요한 윤리를 제안했다. 사회경제 복지 개념은 소태산과 암베드카르의 사회복지 윤리 안에서 나타나는데 이는 경계 없는 축복의 천국으로 현세를 바꾸어 나아가는 것을 의미한다. Sotaesan (1891–1943), the founder of Won-Buddhism in Korea, and Bhim Rao Ambedkar (1891–1956), the founder of Neo-Buddhism, also known as Navayana, in India, are the representative leaders who provided religious remedies for the common people. It is a coincidence that both Sotaesan and Ambedkar were born in the same year. These two leaders were well-versed in both the Eastern and the Western spiritual traditions, but they chose the Buddhist tradition as a tool to meet the contemporary socio-spiritual demand. Their key objectives were to help needy and downtrodden people. During the last fifty years, both the Won Buddhist and Neo-Buddhist followers marked a positive print on modern society by applying prescribed approaches to engage the people in their respective country. These religious leaders not only identified the public role of modern Buddhism but also embarked on the social empowerment and formation of religious social capital, which differ from the other religious groups since Won Buddhism and Neo Buddhism fosters community value along with religious value. The reformation occurred in politically ambitious colonial states which had poorly managed the social affairs of Korea and India. The impact of colonial regimes was so diverse that the non-privileged class opted religious platform for mobilizing people after independence. In this case, both Won-Buddhism and Neo-Buddhism generated social capital and formed social networks through the religious means, which appeared to be more durable than the social capitals generated through the other means. Through the social engagement, both leaders generated a new religious consciousness in the rural areas by assuming public role. Their organizations refuse to restrict to the religious practices and focus on the moral and economic development of common people by forming new social networks. The early participation was a voluntary association of farmers and non-privileged people who sought a public orientated network. Moreover, socialization of people by introducing a new religious community was certainly a great challenge and that is why they emphasized the social face of Buddhism. This study examines the ways in which the founders of Won-Buddhism and Neo-Buddhism reinterpreted traditional Buddhism in order to revive and re-present it in the modern socio-religious context. Won-Buddhism and Neo-Buddhism have been studied from a comparative framework, but furthermore, an attempt has been made to group them together, because both form a pattern of revival, reinterpretation and new orientation of Buddhism i. e, its social engagement.

Effect of oxygen containing compounds in uranium tetrafluoride on its non-adiabatic calciothermic reduction characteristics

Gupta, Sonal,Kumar, Raj,Satpati, Santosh K.,Sahu, Manharan L. Korean Nuclear Society 2021 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.53 No.6

Uranium ingot is produced by metallothermic reduction of uranium tetrafluoride using magnesium or calcium as reductant. Presence of oxygen containing compounds viz. uranyl fluoride and uranium oxide in the starting uranium fluoride has a significant effect on the firing time, final temperature of the charge, slag-metal separation and hence the metal recovery. As reported in the literature, the maximum tolerable limit for uranyl fluoride in the UF₄ is 2.5 wt% and limit for uranium oxide content is in the range 2-3 wt%. No theoretical or experimental basis is available till date for these limits. Analyses have been carried out in this study to understand the effect of UO₂F₂ concentration in the starting fluoride on the final temperature of the products and thus the reduction characteristics. UF₄ having uranyl fluoride concentration, less than as well as more than 2.5 wt%, have been investigated. Thermodynamic calculations have been carried out to arrive at a general expression for the final temperature attained by the products during calciothermic reduction of UF₄. Finally, an upper limit for the oxygen containing impurities has been estimated using the CaO-CaF₂ phase diagram.

In-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetics of IS01957, p-coumaric acid derivative using a validated LC–ESI–MS/MS method in mice plasma

Anjna Sharma,Asmita Magotra,Santosh Kumar Rath,Priya Wazir,Utpal Nandi,Surrinder Koul,Payare Lal Sangwan,Ajai Prakash Gupta,Gurdarshan Singh 한국약제학회 2018 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.48 No.5

Plant derived natural products have been the major source for treatment of diseases traditionally but with the advent of modern systems of medicine, there is need to explore the active constituents present in it followed by modification for better therapeutic activity, low toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetics to become a drug molecule. A simple, rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC– MS/MS) method was developed and validated according to Food and Drug Administration guidelines for determination of IS01957, a derivative of naturally occurring para coumaric acid in mice plasma. The extraction of the analyte and the internal standard (Carbamazepine) from the plasma samples involved protein precipitation using acetonitrile. Results of validation parameters were met with the acceptance criteria of the FDA guidelines. Method was highly sensitive (5 ng/mL) that could determine very low concentration of compound in plasma The developed and validated method was successfully applied to determine compound’s metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes (MLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM). Test compound was found to be stable in MLM and HLM in the experimental conditions. Metabolic stability data was extrapolated which was further correlated to pharmacokinetics study in mice through oral, intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. In-vitro half life was found to be greater than 2 h in both MLM and HLM. Hepatic extraction ratio of the compound was found to be in the intermediate range. Pharmacokinetic evaluations revealed that it is a suitable candidate for intraperitoneal as well as oral administration.

A Single-Phase Cell-Based Asymmetrical Cascaded Multilevel Inverter

Singh, Varsha,Pattnaik, Swapnajit,Gupta, Shubhrata,Santosh, Bokam The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2016 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.16 No.2

A single-phase asymmetrical cascaded multilevel inverter is introduced with the goal of increasing power quality with the reduction of power in insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switches. In the present work, the proposed inverter topology is analyzed and generalized with respect to different proposed algorithms for choosing different voltage source values. To prove the advantages of the proposed inverter, a case study involving a 17-level inverter is conducted. The simulation and experimental results with reduced THD are also presented and compared with the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation results. Finally, the proposed topology is compared with different multilevel inverter topologies available in the literature in terms of the number of IGBT switches required with respect to the number of levels generated in the output of inverter topologies.

Achalasia Cardia Subtyping by High-Resolution Manometry Predicts the Therapeutic Outcome of Pneumatic Balloon Dilatation

( Nitesh Pratap ),( Rakesh Kalapala ),( Santosh Darisetty ),( Nitin Joshi ),( Mohan Ramchandani ),( Rupa Banerjee ),( Sandeep Lakhtakia ),( Rajesh Gupta ),( Manu Tandan ),( Nageshwar Reddy ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2011 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.17 No.1

Background/Aims High-resolution manometry (HRM) with pressure topography is used to subtype achalasia cardia, which has therapeutic implications. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics, manometric variables and treatment outcomes among the achalasia subtypes based on the HRM findings. Methods The patients who underwent HRM at the Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad between January 2008 and January 2009 were enrolled. The patients with achalasia were categorized into 3 subtypes: type I - achalasia with minimum esophageal pressurization, type Ⅱ - achalasia with esophageal compression and type Ⅲ - achalasia with spasm. The clinical and manometric variables and treatment outcomes were compared. Results Eighty-nine out of the 900 patients who underwent HRM were diagnosed as achalasia cardia. Fifty-one patients with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months were included. Types I and Ⅱ achalasia were diagnosed in 24 patients each and 3 patients were diagnosed as type Ⅲ achalasia. Dysphagia and regurgitation were the main presenting symptoms in patients with types I and Ⅱ achalasia. Patients with type Ⅲ achalasia had high basal lower esophageal sphincter pressure and maximal esophageal pressurization when compared to types I and II. Most patients underwent pneumatic dilatation (type I, 22/24; type Ⅱ, 20/24; type Ⅲ, 3/3). Patients with type Ⅱ had the best response to pneumatic dilatation (18/20, 90.0%) compared to types I (14/22, 63.3%) and Ⅲ (1/3, 33.3%). Conclusions The type Ⅱ achalasia cardia showed the best response to pneumatic dilatation. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;17:48-53)

The C2 Pedicle Width, Pars Length, and Laminar Thickness in Concurrent Ipsilateral Ponticulus Posticus and High-Riding Vertebral Artery: A Radiological Computed Tomography Scan-Based Study

Manish Kundanmal Kothari,Samir Surendranath Dalvie,Santosh Gupta,Agnivesh Tikoo,Deepak Kumar Singh 대한척추외과학회 2019 Asian Spine Journal Vol.13 No.2

Study Design: Retrospective radiological study. Purpose: We aimed to determine the prevalence of ponticulus posticus (PP) and high-riding vertebral artery (HRVA) occurring simultaneously on the same side (PP+HRVA) and in cases of PP+HRVA, to assess C2 radio-anatomical measurements for C2 pars length, pedicle width, and laminar thickness. Overview of Literature: PP and HRVA predispose individuals to vertebral artery injuries during atlantoaxial fixation. In cases of PP+HRVA, the construct options thus become limited. Methods: Consecutive computed tomography scans (n=210) were reviewed for PP and HRVA (defined as an internal height of <2 mm and an isthmus height of <5 mm). In scans with PP+HRVA, we measured the ipsilateral pedicle width, pars length, and laminar thickness and compared them with controls (those without PP or HRVA). Results: PP was present in 14.76% and HRVA in 20% of scans. Of the 420 sides in 210 scans, PP+HRVA was present on 13 sides (seven right and six left). In scans with PP+HRVA, the C2 pars length was shorter compared with controls (13.69 mm in PP+HRVA vs. 20.65 mm in controls, p<0.001). The mean C2 pedicle width was 2.53 mm in scans with PP+HRVA vs. 5.83 mm in controls (p<0.001). The mean laminar thickness was 4.92 and 5.48 mm in scans with PP+HRVA and controls, respectively (p=0.209). Conclusions: The prevalence of PP+HRVA was approximately 3% in the present study. Our data suggest that, in such situations, C2 pedicle width and pars length create important safety limitations for a proposed screw, whereas the translaminar thickness appears safe for a proposed screw.

Molecular heterogeneity of plpE gene in Indian isolates of Pasteurella multocida and expression of recombinant PlpE in vaccine strain of P. multocida serotype B: 2

Ajay Pratap Singh,Satparkash Singh,Santosh Kumar Gupta,Vijendra Pal Singh,Bhaskar Sharma,Rajeev Ranjan 대한수의학회 2010 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.11 No.3

Outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella (P.) multocida have been known to be protective immunogens. Pasteurella lipoprotein E (PlpE) has been reported to be an important cross reactive outer membrane protein in P. multocida. The gene encoding the PlpE of P. multocida serotypes A: 3, B: 2and D: 1 was amplified from the genomic DNA. The amplified products were cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Sequence analysis of the recombinant clones revealed a single open reading frame of 1,011 bp, 1,008 bp and 1,017 bp encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 37.829 kDa, 37.389 kDa and 37.965 kDa for serotypes A:3, B: 2 and D: 1 respectively. The comparison of the plpE sequence in different capsular types revealed a high degree (>90%) of homology. Furthermore, the plpE gene of Haemorhhagic septicaemia causing serotype (B: 2) was expressed in E. coli and recombinant PlpE was strongly immunostained by antiserum against whole cell antigen,indicating that the protein is expressed in vivo.