Chinese and Korean Scholars’ Narratives on Buddhism in ancient China and Korea

Santosh K. Gupta(Santosh K. Gupta ),Sanjay Kumar(Sanjay Kumar ) 강원한국학연구원 2022 국제한국학저널 Vol.12·13 No.-

한국의 고대 학자·승려에 의한 불교 사상의 전파는 한·중 관계 형성의 중요한 요소가 되었고, 학술 및 문화의 전달뿐만 아니라 인적교류의 접촉을 발전시키는 중요한 기점이 되었다. 따라서 인도와 동아시아 간의 교류에 있어서 중국, 한국과 인도 승려 학자들의 역할이 있었다. 본고는 불교사상의 도리와 그의 확장 및 진전 속의 서사를 해명하며 실크로드 불교의 중요성과 동화 과정에서 중국과 한국 학문을 살펴본다. 특히, 불교 사상적 교류의 차원에서 중국과 한국 학자들의 제시된 서사적 관점을 고찰하려고 한다. Chinese and Korean scholar monks played significant role in reshaping Buddhist linkages between East Asian countries, particularly China and Korea. Transmission of Buddhist thought and culture developed scholarly people to people contact between China, Korea and neighboring states or confederacy which were more complex than today. This paper studies the narratives of Buddhist teachings, its expansion in Silk-road and narratives of Chinese and Korean Buddhist as an intermediary for assimilation of philosophical thoughts. The paper also focuses on the role of monks and scholars in forging cultural discourse of India with East Asia.

Distribution of Hepatitis B Genotypes Among Hepatitis B Patients in Central Nepal

( Gupta Kumar Santosh ),( Shah Khushbu ) 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: To find the distribution of hepatitis B genotypes among hepatitis B infected patients in Central Nepal. To determine the HBeAg, HBeBa and viral load among HBsAg positive patients, to determine HBV genotypes and to correlate it with clinical problems. Methods: This was a prospective type of study. The research was conducted in Decode Genomics and Research Center, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal. Samples were taken from HBsAg positive patients visiting DGRC within the Nepal. 106 samples was taken for this study. The basic criteria for this study were separated as Inclusion criteria and Exclusion criteria. The Inclusion criteria was only HBsAg positive cases. And, the Exclusion criteria were HIV positive cases, HBsAg negative cases and International patients. The equipment and reagents that were required in this study are listed in the ANNEX I. 3ml Blood sample had been collected on EDTA vial by following the standard procedure of blood collection. The viral DNA from blood samples had been extracted using SpinstarTM Viral Nucleic Acid Extraction kits following manufacturer protocol. The detailed protocol is included in ANNEX III. Viral load estimation on each blood samples had been done using RealStar® HBV PCR kit. Further details is included in ANNEX IV. The Hepatitis B genotype had been determined by PCR using type specific primers (Appendix II). And, the PCR product for the Genotyping had been analyzed in 2% Agarose gel using standard protocol. Results: This study was conducted at Decode Genomics and Research Centre, Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 106 HBsAg positive serum samples were collected from patients visiting DGRC, in between June 2017 to November 2017, for Viral load Testing. Written consent was taken from each patient before sample collection. Out of 106 patients enrolled for this study 68 were males and 38 were females. Age of the enrolled patients was from 13 year to 78 years. Patients enrolled for the study were from different parts of Nepal visiting DGRC for treatment of active HBV infection. DNA was extracted using SpinStarTM Viral Nucleic Acid Kit 1.0. Viral load estimation were performed using RealStar® HBV PCR kit 1.0 and genotyping by the Nested PCR using type specific primers for each genotypes. Genotype D was found predominantly followed by C. The highest viral load in our study was >10 million i.e.1936410339 IU/ml which had genotype A whereas lowest viral load was 31 IU/ml had genotype C. Out of 106 patients 42 contains high viral load (>20000). Genotype C is predominant among high viral load patients followed by unknown, A and D. 30 patients contains moderate viral load (2000-20000) and low viral load was observed in 34 patients (<2000). Among moderate viral load patients genotype D was dominant followed by unknown and C while genotype D is more common among low viral load patients. Type-specific primers were used for HBV genotyping using nested PCR. Type specific primers were designed for the detection of conserved region of genotypes A, B, C, D, E and F. Out of 106 patients enrolled for the study HBV Genotypes was determined in 59 patients while genotypes were not determined in 47 patients. Among 59 patients genotype D was present in highest number (18 patients) followed by C, A, B and Genotype F was observed only in one patients. Genotype E was not found in any patients enrolled for the study. 16 patients were found to be containing recombinant Genotypes. A total of 6 types of recombinants were seen on our study. They are B/C, B/C/D, C/D, A/C, C/F and D/A. C/D (7) recombinant was predominant followed by A/C (3), B/C/D (2) and D/A (2). B/C and C/F recombinant was seen in 1 patient each. Conclusions: Out of 106 patients enrolled for the study, HBV Genotypes was determined in 59 patients while genotypes were not determined in 47 patients. Among 59 patients genotype D was present in highest number (18 patients) followed by C, A, B and Genotype F was observed only in one patients. Genotype E was not found in any patients enrolled for the study. 16 patients were found to be containing recombinant Genotypes. A total of 6 types of recombinants were seen on our study. They are B/C, B/C/D, C/D, A/C, C/F and D/A. C/D (7) recombinant was predominant followed by A/C(3), B/C/D (2) and D/A (2). B/C and C/F recombinant was seen in 1 patient each.

Effect of oxygen containing compounds in uranium tetrafluoride on its non-adiabatic calciothermic reduction characteristics

Gupta, Sonal,Kumar, Raj,Satpati, Santosh K.,Sahu, Manharan L. Korean Nuclear Society 2021 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.53 No.6

Uranium ingot is produced by metallothermic reduction of uranium tetrafluoride using magnesium or calcium as reductant. Presence of oxygen containing compounds viz. uranyl fluoride and uranium oxide in the starting uranium fluoride has a significant effect on the firing time, final temperature of the charge, slag-metal separation and hence the metal recovery. As reported in the literature, the maximum tolerable limit for uranyl fluoride in the UF₄ is 2.5 wt% and limit for uranium oxide content is in the range 2-3 wt%. No theoretical or experimental basis is available till date for these limits. Analyses have been carried out in this study to understand the effect of UO₂F₂ concentration in the starting fluoride on the final temperature of the products and thus the reduction characteristics. UF₄ having uranyl fluoride concentration, less than as well as more than 2.5 wt%, have been investigated. Thermodynamic calculations have been carried out to arrive at a general expression for the final temperature attained by the products during calciothermic reduction of UF₄. Finally, an upper limit for the oxygen containing impurities has been estimated using the CaO-CaF₂ phase diagram.

In-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetics of IS01957, p-coumaric acid derivative using a validated LC–ESI–MS/MS method in mice plasma

Anjna Sharma,Asmita Magotra,Santosh Kumar Rath,Priya Wazir,Utpal Nandi,Surrinder Koul,Payare Lal Sangwan,Ajai Prakash Gupta,Gurdarshan Singh 한국약제학회 2018 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.48 No.5

Plant derived natural products have been the major source for treatment of diseases traditionally but with the advent of modern systems of medicine, there is need to explore the active constituents present in it followed by modification for better therapeutic activity, low toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetics to become a drug molecule. A simple, rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC– MS/MS) method was developed and validated according to Food and Drug Administration guidelines for determination of IS01957, a derivative of naturally occurring para coumaric acid in mice plasma. The extraction of the analyte and the internal standard (Carbamazepine) from the plasma samples involved protein precipitation using acetonitrile. Results of validation parameters were met with the acceptance criteria of the FDA guidelines. Method was highly sensitive (5 ng/mL) that could determine very low concentration of compound in plasma The developed and validated method was successfully applied to determine compound’s metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes (MLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM). Test compound was found to be stable in MLM and HLM in the experimental conditions. Metabolic stability data was extrapolated which was further correlated to pharmacokinetics study in mice through oral, intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. In-vitro half life was found to be greater than 2 h in both MLM and HLM. Hepatic extraction ratio of the compound was found to be in the intermediate range. Pharmacokinetic evaluations revealed that it is a suitable candidate for intraperitoneal as well as oral administration.

Molecular heterogeneity of plpE gene in Indian isolates of Pasteurella multocida and expression of recombinant PlpE in vaccine strain of P. multocida serotype B: 2

Ajay Pratap Singh,Satparkash Singh,Santosh Kumar Gupta,Vijendra Pal Singh,Bhaskar Sharma,Rajeev Ranjan 대한수의학회 2010 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.11 No.3

Outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella (P.) multocida have been known to be protective immunogens. Pasteurella lipoprotein E (PlpE) has been reported to be an important cross reactive outer membrane protein in P. multocida. The gene encoding the PlpE of P. multocida serotypes A: 3, B: 2and D: 1 was amplified from the genomic DNA. The amplified products were cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Sequence analysis of the recombinant clones revealed a single open reading frame of 1,011 bp, 1,008 bp and 1,017 bp encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 37.829 kDa, 37.389 kDa and 37.965 kDa for serotypes A:3, B: 2 and D: 1 respectively. The comparison of the plpE sequence in different capsular types revealed a high degree (>90%) of homology. Furthermore, the plpE gene of Haemorhhagic septicaemia causing serotype (B: 2) was expressed in E. coli and recombinant PlpE was strongly immunostained by antiserum against whole cell antigen,indicating that the protein is expressed in vivo.

Improvement in Electrical Characteristics of BE-SONOS Using High-k Dielectrics in Tunneling Barrier

Vaibhav Neema,Mansimran Kaur,Deepika Gupta,Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma,Arya Dutt,Ankur Beohar 한국전기전자재료학회 2021 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.22 No.3

In this paper, we have analyzed the effect of high-k dielectrics in the tunneling barrier of bandgap engineered Silicon Oxide Nitride Oxide Silicon (BE-SONOS). The high-k materials used, hereby, are scandates and aluminates of the rare earth materials such as GdScO, LuAlO, and LaAlO. These materials have high permittivity and low valence band off set that helps in improving the erase speed and retention trade-off . Also, lower conduction band off set of these high-k dielectrics leads to the improvement of program speed. Here, scandate of the rare earth material, GdScO, substitutes the nitride (SiN) layer and the aluminates of the rare earth material, LuAlO and LaAlO, are used in place of top oxide (SiO 2 ) layer in tunneling barrier (SiO 2 /SiN/SiO 2 ) of BE-SONOS. Further, with the scaling of the gate length; for the same effective oxide thickness, it has been observed that the investigated stacks encompass the same memory dynamics as before the gate length scaling. Consequently, the investigated tunneling barrier stacks represent robustness in terms of retention (at room temperature and 150 ºC) and enhanced program speed as well as erase speed and retention trade-off .

The C2 Pedicle Width, Pars Length, and Laminar Thickness in Concurrent Ipsilateral Ponticulus Posticus and High-Riding Vertebral Artery: A Radiological Computed Tomography Scan-Based Study

Manish Kundanmal Kothari,Samir Surendranath Dalvie,Santosh Gupta,Agnivesh Tikoo,Deepak Kumar Singh 대한척추외과학회 2019 Asian Spine Journal Vol.13 No.2

Study Design: Retrospective radiological study. Purpose: We aimed to determine the prevalence of ponticulus posticus (PP) and high-riding vertebral artery (HRVA) occurring simultaneously on the same side (PP+HRVA) and in cases of PP+HRVA, to assess C2 radio-anatomical measurements for C2 pars length, pedicle width, and laminar thickness. Overview of Literature: PP and HRVA predispose individuals to vertebral artery injuries during atlantoaxial fixation. In cases of PP+HRVA, the construct options thus become limited. Methods: Consecutive computed tomography scans (n=210) were reviewed for PP and HRVA (defined as an internal height of <2 mm and an isthmus height of <5 mm). In scans with PP+HRVA, we measured the ipsilateral pedicle width, pars length, and laminar thickness and compared them with controls (those without PP or HRVA). Results: PP was present in 14.76% and HRVA in 20% of scans. Of the 420 sides in 210 scans, PP+HRVA was present on 13 sides (seven right and six left). In scans with PP+HRVA, the C2 pars length was shorter compared with controls (13.69 mm in PP+HRVA vs. 20.65 mm in controls, p<0.001). The mean C2 pedicle width was 2.53 mm in scans with PP+HRVA vs. 5.83 mm in controls (p<0.001). The mean laminar thickness was 4.92 and 5.48 mm in scans with PP+HRVA and controls, respectively (p=0.209). Conclusions: The prevalence of PP+HRVA was approximately 3% in the present study. Our data suggest that, in such situations, C2 pedicle width and pars length create important safety limitations for a proposed screw, whereas the translaminar thickness appears safe for a proposed screw.

A comparative study of granular activated carbon and sand as water filtration media with estimation of model parameters

Chatterjee, Jaideep,A, Shajahan,Pratap, Shailendra,Gupta, Santosh Kumar Techno-Press 2017 Advances in environmental research Vol.6 No.1

The use of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) and naturally occurring silica (Sand) as filtration media in water and waste water treatment systems is very common. While GAC offers the additional functionality of being an "adsorptive" filter for dissolved organics it is also more expensive. In this paper we present an experimental evaluation of the performance of a bed of GAC for colloid removal and compare the same with that from an equivalent bed of Sand. The experiments are performed in an "intermittent" manner over extended time, to "simulate" performance over the life of the filter bed. The experiments were continued till a significant drop in water flow rate through the bed was observed. A novel "deposition" and "detachment" rate based transient mathematical model is developed. It is observed that the data from the experiments can be explained by the above model, for different aqueous phase electrolyte concentrations. The model "parameters", namely the "deposition" and "detachment" rates are evaluated for the 2 filter media studied. The model suggests that the significantly better performance of GAC in colloid filtration is probably due to significantly lower detachment of colloids from the same. While the "deposition" rates are higher for GAC, the "detachment" rates are significantly lower, which makes GAC more effective than sand for colloid removal by over an order of magnitude.

Diagnosis of Bronchobiliary Fistula—Utility of 99 m Tc-Mebrofenin Scan and SPECT/CT

Nishikant Damle,Manas Sahoo,Chandrasekhar Bal,Madhavi Tripathi,Parthasarthi Chakraborty,Saurabh Arora,Sumit Malapure,Santosh Gupta,Praveen Kumar 대한핵의학회 2013 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.47 No.2