The Global Dispute on Geographical Indication Protection System among China-EU-USA and Its Implication for China

Ru xie,가로(贾露) 사단법인 한국민족연구원 2019 민족연구 Vol.0 No.73

The protection of geographical indications (GIs) has become an important concern for both developed and developing countries. Because of the flexibility in the TRIPs Agreement as to the systems of protection, diverse approaches have been adopted by several countries for the domestic protection of GIs. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the GI protection system, compare the characteristics of the European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA) and China in the GI protection system. The goal is to find out the differences among the three countries and the reasons for the differences through the typical three cases of evidence and evaluation. It is pointed out that there are certain problems in equilibrium between rights and obligations in China in GI protection.China should respect international rules in GI protection to realize its individual interests maximization.Furthermore, based on this observations this paper proposes the solutions to the problems existing in the protection of GIs in China. According to the study performed in this paper, the shortcomings of the Chinese GI protection system can broadly be summarized as follows: some geographical names are preemptively registered; GIs are collective rights, the generalization of the main group leads to the lack of brand value; the existing protection mode has conflicts; the dual model has limitations. Finally to address these shortcomings, in the conclusion of this paper, some solutions for developing GI strategies are mentioned.

Isolation and characterization of LHT-type plant amino acid transporter gene from Panax ginseng Meyer

Ru Zhang,Jie Zhu,Hong-Zhe Cao,Xiao-Lei Xie,Jing-Jia Huang,Xiang-Hui Chen,Zhi-Yong Luo 고려인삼학회 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.3

A lysine histidine transporter (LHT) cDNA was isolated and characterized from the roots of Panax ginseng, designated PgLHT. The cDNA is 1,865 bp with an open reading frame that codes for a protein with 449 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 50.6 kDa with a predicted isoelectric point of 8.87. Hydropathy analysis shows that PgLHT is an integral membrane protein with 9 putative membrane-spanning domains. Multiple sequence alignments show that PgLHT shares a high homology with other plant LHTs. The expression profile of the gene was investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction during various chemical treatments. PgLHT was up-regulated in the presence of abscisic acid, salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, NaCl, and amino acids. To further explore the function of PgLHT gene, full-length cDNA of PgLHT was introduced into P. ginseng by Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4. The overexpression of PgLHT in the hairy roots led to an obviously increase of biomass compared to the controls, and after addition of the amino acids, the overexpressed-PgLHT hairy roots grew more rapidly than untreated controls during early stage of the culture cycle. The results suggested that the PgLHT isolated from ginseng might have role in the environmental stresses and growth response.

Isolation and characterization of LHT-type plant amino acid transporter gene from Panax ginseng Meyer

Zhang, Ru,Zhu, Jie,Cao, Hong-Zhe,Xie, Xiao-Lei,Huang, Jing-Jia,Chen, Xiang-Hui,Luo, Zhi-Yong The Korean Society of Ginseng 2013 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.37 No.3

A lysine histidine transporter (LHT) cDNA was isolated and characterized from the roots of Panax ginseng, designated PgLHT. The cDNA is 1,865 bp with an open reading frame that codes for a protein with 449 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 50.6 kDa with a predicted isoelectric point of 8.87. Hydropathy analysis shows that PgLHT is an integral membrane protein with 9 putative membrane-spanning domains. Multiple sequence alignments show that PgLHT shares a high homology with other plant LHTs. The expression profile of the gene was investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction during various chemical treatments. PgLHT was up-regulated in the presence of abscisic acid, salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, NaCl, and amino acids. To further explore the function of PgLHT gene, full-length cDNA of PgLHT was introduced into P. ginseng by Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4. The overexpression of PgLHT in the hairy roots led to an obviously increase of biomass compared to the controls, and after addition of the amino acids, the overexpressed-PgLHT hairy roots grew more rapidly than untreated controls during early stage of the culture cycle. The results suggested that the PgLHT isolated from ginseng might have role in the environmental stresses and growth response.

Mucilaginibacter limnophilus sp. nov., isolated from a lake

Shih-Yi Sheu,Yi-Ru Xie,Wen-Ming Chen 한국미생물학회 2019 The journal of microbiology Vol.57 No.11

A polyphasic taxonomy approach was used to characterize strain YBJ-36T, isolated from a freshwater lake in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (92 protein clusters), indicated that strain YBJ-36T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the genus Mucilaginibacter. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain YBJ-36T is closely related to species within the genus Mucilaginibacter (93.8–97.8% sequence similarity) and is most similar to Mucilaginibacter fluminis TTM-2T (97.8%), followed by Mucilaginibacter roseus TTM-1T (97.2%). Microbiological analyses demonstrated that strain YBJ-36T is Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, surrounded by a thick capsule, and forms pink-colored colonies. Strain YBJ-36T grew between 20–40°C (optimal range, 35–37°C), pH 5.5–7.0 (optimal pH of 6) and 0–2% NaCl (optimal concentration, 0.5%). The predominant fatty acids of strain YBJ-36T are iso-C15:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), the major polar lipid is phosphatidylethanolamine, the major polyamine is homospermidine, and the major isoprenoid quinone is MK-7. The draft genome is approximately 4.63 Mb in size with a G+C content of 42.8 mol%. Strain YBJ-36T exhibited less than 35% DNA-DNA relatedness with Mucilaginibacter fluminis TTM-2T and Mucilaginibacter roseus TTM-1T. Based on phenotypic and genotypic properties and phylogenetic inference, strain YBJ-36T should be classified in a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter limnophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YBJ-36T (= BCRC 81056T = KCTC 52811T = LMG 30058T).

Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group F Polymorphisms Influence Risk of Glioma

Cheng, Hong-Bin,Xie, Chen,Zhang, Ru-You,Hu, Shao-Shan,Wang, Zhi,Yue, Wu Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.7

We conducted an exploratory investigation of whether variation in six common SNPs of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group F (XPF) is associated with risk of glioma in a Chinese population. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 207 glioma cases and 236 cancer-free controls by a 384-well plate format on the Sequenom MassARRAY platform (Sequenom, San Diego, USA). The rs1800067 G and rs2276466 G allele frequencies were significantly higher in the glioma group than controls. Individuals with the rs1800067 GG genotype were at greater risk of glioma when compared with the A/A genotype in the codominant model, with an OR (95% CI) of 2.63 (1.04-7.25). The rs2276466 polymorphism was significantly associated with moderate increased risk of glioma in codominant and dominant models, with ORs (95% CI) of 1.90 (1.05-3.44) and 1.55 (1.07-2.47), respectively. The combination genotype of rs1800067 G and rs2276466 G alleles was associated with a reduced risk of glioma (OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.19-0.98). These findings indicate that genetic variants of the XPF gene have critical functions in the development of glioma.

Research on Intellectual Property Right Dispute among Nations: A Case of "China-EU Geographical Indications Dispute over FETA Cheese" and Implications for North Korea

황기식,Sheng nan wang,Ru xie 고려대학교세종캠퍼스 공공정책연구소 2018 Journal of North Korea Studies Vol.4 No.1

According to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under World Trade Organization(WTO), geographical indications(GIs) is one of the intellectual property rights. As an important intellectual property, GIs not only have economic value, but also play a significant role in terms of the culture of a region, a nation, and even a country. Therefore, the European Union(EU) takes the intellectual property strategy as an important international conversation, especially the protection of GIs. The 2017 China-EU Bilateral Agreement on GIs has completed the thirteenth round of negotiations.1)This negotiation has also provided many new perspectives for China's geographical indication system. 2)Both China and the EU have a long history and culture. Moreover, there are many high-quality and high-reputation on geographical indication products. At the same time, 3)China and the EU face many challenges in the protection of geographical indication products. 4)For example: Why is there a difference in the concept of geographical indication protection in China? Why are Chinese consumers less aware of GIs? And how can Chinese geographical indication products easily enter into the EU market? This paper compares the geographical indication protection legislation and practice between China and the EU, and analyzes the disputes of the EU and China on the protection of GIs in 2017 with respect to the case of “FETA cheese”, and study the case of “FETA” cheese in the 2002 of EU dispute of GIs. This paper points out the differences between disputed cases of geographical indication protection between China and the EU, and the geographical indication products of China on how they easily enter the EU market and enjoy the same preferential policies as the European Union's geographical indication products offer inspiration and strategic advices. North Korean- South Korea summit on April 27, 2018 and the upcoming US-North Korea summit on June 12, 2018 can be seen that North Korea currently needs economic and market development. The solutions of dispute cases through the analysis of GIs in China and Western countries will provide considerable help and inspiration for the development of North Korea’s future economic market. Currently, on the occasion of the North-South Summit and the North Korea-US Summit, a study of the case of China is considered extremely valuable for North Korea at a time when South Korea and North Korea are attempting to become one state. We hope that this research will trigger further studies on North Korea's changes.

Effects of bmim[PF6] treatments with different concentrations on microbial activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Xian-Liang Song,Sheng-Ying Ye,Ru Xie,Ling Yin,Xun Shi,Shu-Can Luo 한국화학공학회 2011 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.28 No.9

−To study the role of ionic liquid as a solvent in whole cell biocatalyst, it is necessary to probe the effects of ionic liquid treatments on microbial activity. In this paper, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected as a test bacterium to study the effects of bmim[PF6] ionic liquid in different concentration on yeast activity through determining the growth curve, sugar degradation curve, microbial activity, colonial morphology and cell morphology. The results revealed that the growth of yeast is inhibited strongly in low concentration ionic liquid, while the lethal effect is feeble in high concentration ionic liquid. This result was totally different from that of supercritical CO_2 treatment or high concentration benzene methanol treatment which would lead most yeast to death.

Analysis of Rock Mass Parameters and Plastic Zone of a Tunnel in Southwest Mountainous Area

Mengni Wang,Zhilong Zhang,Li Ren,Ru Zhang,Liangjuan Zheng,Lanbin Zhang,Zetian Zhang,Jing Xie,Xiaoling Liu 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.12

The deformation damage and support difficulties caused by the formation and expansion of plastic zone of surrounding rock have always been urgent engineering problems to be solved, especially in areas with prominent non-uniform stress fields. Choosing a reasonable and practical method to determine the plastic zone is of great significance for ensuring the long-term stability and safety of tunnels. Based on a tunnel project in the southwest mountainous area, this paper conducted mechanical tests to obtain the mechanical parameters of granite. The analytical method optimized based on the principle of stress balance was applied, and the numerical simulation was carried out according to the field displacement monitoring data and experimental parameters, the plastic zone of the medium quality granite cross-section and fault fracture zone granite cross-section was analyzed comprehensively. The results shown that the analytical and numerical solutions are in good agreement with engineering practice. It proved that the theory and method in this paper are scientific and practical in engineering. The research results can provide support for the design optimization and construction safety of the tunnel, and the research ideas and methods can also provide reference for similar projects.

IL-33 promotes IL-10 production in macrophages: a role for IL-33 in macrophage foam cell formation

Hai-Feng Zhang,Mao-Xiong Wu,Yong-Qing Lin,Shuang-Lun Xie,Tu-Cheng Huang,Pin-Ming Liu,Ru-Qiong Nie,Qin-Qi Meng,Nian-Sang Luo,Yang-Xin Chen,Jing-Feng Wang 생화학분자생물학회 2017 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.49 No.-

We evaluated the role of IL-10- in IL-33-mediated cholesterol reduction in macrophage-derived foam cells (MFCs) and the mechanism by which IL-33 upregulates IL-10. Serum IL-33 and IL-10 levels in coronary artery disease patients were measured. The effects of IL-33 on intra-MFC cholesterol level, IL-10, ABCA1 and CD36 expression, ERK 1/2, Sp1, STAT3 and STAT4 activation, and IL-10 promoter activity were determined. Core sequences were identified using bioinformatic analysis and sitespecific mutagenesis. The serum IL-33 levels positively correlated with those of IL-10. IL-33 decreased cellular cholesterol level and upregulated IL-10 and ABCA1 but had no effect on CD36 expression. siRNA-IL-10 partially abolished cellular cholesterol reduction and ABCA1 elevation by IL-33 but did not reverse the decreased CD36 levels. IL-33 increased IL-10 mRNA production but had little effect on its stability. IL-33 induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and increased the luciferase expression driven by the IL-10 promoter, with the highest extent within the − 2000 to − 1752 bp segment of the 5′-flank of the transcription start site; these effects were counteracted by U0126. IL-33 activated Sp1, STAT3 and STAT4, but only the STAT3 binding site was predicted in the above segment. Site-directed mutagenesis of the predicted STAT3-binding sites (CTGCTTCCTGGCAGCAGAA→CTGCCTGGCAGCAGAA) reduced luciferase activity, and a STAT3 inhibitor blocked the regulatory effects of IL-33 on IL-10 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) confirmed the STAT3-binding sequences within the − 1997 to − 1700 and − 1091 to − 811 bp locus regions. IL-33 increased IL-10 expression in MFCs via activating ERK 1/2 and STAT3, which subsequently promoted IL-10 transcription and thus contributed to the beneficial effects of IL-33 on MFCs.