Mild Cognitive Impairment 노인군의 점화효과 특성

박재우,김도관,고선규,고효정,김성환,김재경,서민영,이인수,김지혜 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.3

연구목적 : 이 연구에서는 K-MMSE에서 25점 이하를 받은 50대 이상 노인들을 MCI(Mild Cognitive Impairment) 군으로 보고 이들의 인지 기능 특성을 점화 효과를 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 먼저, 점화 효과가 MCI 노인군에서 있어서도 유지되고 있는지를 알아보고, 인지 기능의 손상 정도에 따라 점화 효과가 유의미하게 변화하는 지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 본 연구에서는 K-NAME 점수 25점 이하의 노인 96명으 대상으로 ADAS-Cog와 일종의 간접 기억 검사 도구인 지각적 파악 과제를 제작하여 점화 효과를 측정하여 인지 기능의 퇴행이 시작된 고연령군이 나타내는 암묵 기억 능력 특성을 알아보았다. 점화효과는 컴퓨터 상에 사전 노출된 자극과 그렇지 않은 자극을 순간 노출시켜 미리 노출된 자극에 대해 반응 시간이 줄어들고 정확 반응이 증가하는 정도로써 측정하였다. 이 때 지능이나 연령, 학력 수준과 같은 변인이 미치는 영향을 통제하기 위해 한국판 웩슬러 지능 검사의 <어휘>, <토막> 소검사를 실시하였고, 인구통계학적 변인에 관한 면접을 실시하였다. 통계적 분석 과정에서는 먼저, 연구에서 측정된 점화효과의 특성을 알아보기 점화 효과 측정치의 기술 통계치를 구하였으며 다른 측정 변인들과의 상관 분석을 실시하였다. 마지막으로 측정된 점화효과가 인지 기능의 퇴행 수준에 비례하는 지의 여부를 파악하기 위해 ADAS-Cog 및 나이, 교육 연한 및 지능 수준을 독립변인으로 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결 과 : 먼저 기술 통계 분석 결과에 의하면 본 연구에 참여한 피보험자들의 경우 점화효과에 의해 미리 노출된 자극을 평균 3.6개 더 정확히 파악하였으며 평균 59ms 더 빠르게 반응한 것으로 나타나 이들 집단에서도 점화효과가 유지되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 다음으로 변인들 간의 상관 분석 결과에 따르면, 정확 파악 반응 점수에 따른 점화효과는 전반적인 인지 기능을 평가하는 K-MMSE 및 ADAS-Cog와 정적인 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났으며 반응 속도로 측정한 점화효과의 경우에는 나이와는 정적인 상관이, KWIS의 <어휘> 소검사 점수와는 부적인 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 본 연구에서 사용된 점화 효과 측정치를 종속 변인으로 ADAS-Cog와 KWIS의 어휘 및 코막 소검사로 측정한 지능 수준, 나이와 교육 연한과 같은 인구 통계학적 변인을 독립 변인으로 회귀 분석을 실시한 결과에 따르면 정화간응 점수로 측정한 점화 효과의 경우 상관 분석 결과에서와 같이 ADAS-Cog 변인만이 유의미한 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며 반응 속도로 측정한 점화 효과의 경우 나이의 효과만 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 결 론 : 이러한 결과는 경미한 인지 기능의 손상이 진행되고 있는 고연령군의 경우에는 외현 기억 능력은 손상이 시작되지만 점화효과로 측정된 암묵 기억이 전반적으로는 유지되다가 인지 기능의 퇴행이 진행됨에 따라 노출된 자극을 더 정확히 파악하는 능력이 저하되고 점화 효과에 의해 인출 속도가 빨라지는 현상이 연령이 증가함에 따라 함께 증가하는 것으로 나타남을 말해 준다. Objectives : In this study, the cognitive characteristics, especially priming effect, of above 50 years old age group who had less than 25 points in K-MMSE were investigated. Methods : In this study, an implicit memory test measuring priming effect was made and administered ti old age people who had less than 25 points in k-MMSe in screening session. To control the effect of age, educational level and intelligence, demograohic variables were measured, and the subjects of KWIS, vocabulary and block design were administered. Descriptive statistical analysis of the two priming measures and correlational analysis between variables were done. To test the effect of cognitive functioning on priming effect multiple regression analysis was done. Results : Correlational analysis revealed priming score obtained from correct identification response was positively correlated with K-MMSE and ADAS-Cog. And priming score obtained from mean reaction time was positively correlated with age and negatively correlated with vocabulary substest of KWIS. The regression analysis results indicated from correct identification response, whereas age has significant effect on priming score obtained from mean reaction time. Conclusions : The results revealed that as cognitive deterioration progresses priming effect which identify primed stimulus correctly diminish, and as one grow older within age 50 to 70, priming effect which identifies primed stimulus quickly increase.

그람양성구균에 대한 Teicoplanin과 Vancomycin의 시험관내 항균력

최태열,김경숙,전용관,서일혜,김정욱,이웅수,안정열,김홍석,정재용,최효선,김덕언,유진우 대한감염학회 1994 감염 Vol.26 No.1

An increasing frequency of methicillin resistant S. aureus(MRSA), methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS) and Enterococcal infection have been observed in recent years. Teicoplanin is a new glycopeptide antibiotic obstained from the Actinoplanes teicomycetius. The molecular structure and spectrum of antimicrobial activity of teicoplanin is simillar to those of vancomycin, and has been reported to have an excellent in vitro and in vivo effect against various gram-positive infections. Therefore, we evaluated the in vitor susceptibility of gram positive cocci, such as, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci(CNS), and Enterococci to teicoplanin and vancomycin. The total 253 strains consisted of MSSA(40), MRSA(53), MSCNS(47), MRCNS(48), and Enterococci(65). They were assayed by disc diffusion and agar dilution. During the study, 57% of S. aureus and 49% of CNS showed resistance to methicillin. The inhibitory diameter of teicoplanin was 15-20mm in MSSA, 12-19mm in MRSA, 13-24mm in MSCNS, 11-23mm in MRCNS, and 15-22mm in Enterococci respectively, and showed sensitivity in all but 8 strains(3.2%). The range of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of teicoplanin to MSSA, MRSA, MSCNS, MRCNS and Enterococci were 9.12-2.0㎍/ml, 0.25-2.0㎍/ml, & 0.25-32㎍/ml, 0.12-1.0㎍/ml respectively. One case of S. haemolyticus was resistant to teicoplanin (32㎍/ml) by the agar dilution method. Eight minor (3.2%) and one major(0.4%) error was observed when the MIC and disk diffusion data were correlated with teicoplanin. As for vancomycin the inhibitory diameter was 17-21mm in MSSA, 15-21mm in MRSA, 18-26mm in MSCNS, 18-25mm in MRCNS, and 16-22mm in Enterococci respectively. The range of the MIC of vancomycin to MSSA, MRSA, MSCNS, MRCNS, and Enterococci were 0.25-1.0㎍/ml, 0.25-4.0㎍/ml, 0.5-2.0㎍/ml and 0.5-2.0㎍/ml respectively. One minor error (0.4%) was seen with the vancomycin disk. The MIC90 of MSSA and MRSA exhibited the same results in teicoplanin (1.0㎍/ml, 1.0㎍/ml), and vancomycin(2.0㎍/ml, 2.0㎍/ml). MSCNS and MRCNS exhibited greater MIC90 with teicoplanin(4.0㎍/ml, 8.0㎍/ml) than vancomycin(2.0㎍/ml, 2.0㎍/ml). Incontrase Enterococci were more susceptible to teicoplanin(0.5㎍/ml) than to vancomucin (2.0㎍/ml). Results from this analysis indicated that both teicoplanin and vancomycin were very excellent for gram positive infections, especially those resistant to methicillin.

알코올의 섭취가 흰쥐의 혈액과 간의 지질대사에 미치는 영향

이명숙,김영연,김효숙,김매하,전진순,서진숙,송선미,양영재,윤원손,이미라,이효영,정승현 誠信女子大學校 生活文化硏究所 2004 生活文化硏究 Vol.18 No.-

To investigate the effects of ethanol on the lipid metabolism in blood and liver, twenty one male Sprague Dawley rats had orally taken the 25% alcohol and 50% alcohol by 5g per Kg of weight during 3 weeks after the adjusting period. For the energy balance, 85% sucrose and 45% sucrose was added in control group and 25% alcohol group each. The weight was reduced by alcohol treatment according to the levels, otherwise the weight of liver and heart was little increased in alcohol groups rather than in control without significance. Moreover, RBC, WBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit were increased by alcohol treatment according to the levels without significance. Otherwise, adjusted bilirubin levels by 100g of weight was significantly increased by alcohol treatment dose dependently. Alcohol induced RBC degradation and increased circulated bilirubin because of liver damage. For blood lipid profiles, blood cholesterol was increased in 50% of alcohol group compared to that of 25% and control groups, otherwise, blood triglycerides (TG) was increased by 30% in 25% alcohol groups rather than in control but not significantly different. The hepatic lipid composition, cholesterol levels in alcohol treatment groups was lower than those in control. The hepatic TG was not influenced by alcohol treatment. The two reasons of decreasing hepatic lipids were suggested by 85% sucrose of control for energy balance more synthesized cholesterol and TG than those in 25 or 50% alcohol groups, and by cholesterol and TG could not be synthesized because of liver damage from alcohol.

초기 횡경사선박의 파랑중 전복거동에 관한 연구

김진안,조효제,진창배 부산대학교 1994 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.47 No.

It is an important problem to consider the mechanism of capsizing of a ship in waves in the design of ship. Especially, the inclined vessels which were caused by the cargo shift or inclining initially by the wind force etc, are easy to be capsized in comparison with the upright vessel. In this paper, we investigate the characteristics of roll motion of the inclined vessel in following seas by meas of the analysis of parametric oscillation. We derived the nonlinear equation of motion to express the roll motion of the inclined vessel and compared with behaviour of the upright vessel. It is known that capsizing phenomena of the inclined vessel which occur instantaneously in the following seas, can be explained well by the solution of the nonlinear equation. 파랑중 선박의 전복 메카니즘을 규명하는 것은 선박의 안전한 설계를 위하여 다루어져야 할 또하나의 중요한 문제이다. 특히 적하물의 이동이나 바람에 의한 경사모멘트 등에 의하여 경사된 선박의 경우에는 직립선에 비하여 전복될 위험이 많은 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 파라메트릭 진동의 관점에서 추파중을 항해하는 초기 경사선의 횡요운동 특성을 조사하여, 선체의 전복 현상을 고찰한다. 위를 위하여 우선 초기 경사선에 대한 비선형 운동방정식을 유도하여 그 운동방정식의 해를 직립선에 대한 것과 서로 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과 추파중을 항해하는 초기경사선이 아주 짧은 시간에 전복하는 현상은 본 논문에서 설정한 비선형 운동방정식으로서 충분히 설명할 수 있음을 보였다.

성인에 발생한 외상성 뇌경막하 수활액낭종

김기동,이종수,이현개,이승재,박효일 인제대학교 1983 仁濟醫學 Vol.4 No.3

저자 등은 성인에서 외상 후 발생한 뇌경막하수활액낭종 26예를 보고하고 이 질환의 임상 및 방사선학적 양상, 처치, 수술 결과, 그리고 발병 원인 등에 대하여 기술하였다. 이 질환은 손상의 정도 및 발병 유형이 다양하였고, 수술 전 요추천자시의 뇌척수액은 흔히 황백색을 보이면서 단백치의 증가를 보였다. 두개골절은 35%데서 발견되었으며 뇌경막하수활액낭종은 대뇌피질 위축, 뇌좌상, 뇌경막하혈종 및 뇌경막상혈종과 동반되어 발생하였다. 병변의 위치는 뇌혈관 조영술에 의해서도 확인할 수 있었으나 뇌경막하혈종과의 수술 전 감별은 Brain CAT Scan에 의해서만 가능하였다. 사망율은 15.4%이었으며 만족할만한 결과를 보인 것은 76.9% 이었다. 저자 등은 Simple burr hole(s) drainage를 선택적 치료 방법으로 택하였으며 때로 수활액낭종이 재발하여 재수술을 시행한 경우도 있었다(Fig.5). The authors reported a series of 26 cases of post-traumatic subdural hygroma in adults and discussed the clinical and radiological features, management, 'surgical results, and pathogenesis. There was marked diversity in the severity of injury and in chronictiy. The lumbar cerebrospinal fluid often showed xanthochromic nature and elevation of the protein content. Skull fracture were found in 35% of the cases, and subdural hygroma were associated with cerebral atrophy, cortical contusions, subdural hematomas, and overlying epidural hematomas. The sites of the lesion was delineated by angiography, but preoperative differentiation from subdural hematoma was possible only with computed tomography. The mortality rate was 15.4%. Satisfactory outcome occurred in 76.9%. The authors advocated simple burr hole drainage as the treatment of choice. Significant reaccumulation may occur occasionally.

PC 기반의 역감제시 시스템 개발

김재효,강원찬,김동옥,김영동 조선대학교 에너지.자원신기술연구소 1999 에너지·자원신기술연구소 논문지 Vol.21 No.2

This paper describes the development of a PC-based force display system (haptic interface system). The system allows a human to explore and interact with a virtual environment using sense of touch. Specially, the system interfaces the position and force information bidirectionally between the human and virtual environment. The haptic interface system is composed of a haptic device, a model of virtual environment generated by computer graphics, and haptic rendering algorithm displaying the desired force. The haptic device is a ground-based 3DOF manipulator of parallel link mechanism offering sense of touch to the user when the device contacts virtual environment. The ground-based interfaces have much higher resolution and bandwidth of force display than haptic devices of body-based type. The virtual environment model is designed by Open GL graphic library. It is composed of some primitives such as wall, balls, etc. The haptic rendering algorithm is implemented by God-object algorithm. The proposed haptic system is capable of modeling and touching environments with some richness, complexity, and interactivity that can be found in existing graphic systems. It is so efficient that the algorithm can be implemented in a 1-PC-based system with 1〔㎑〕 interrupt cycle.

전두엽 상내측 신경교종의 수술 수 발생하는 운동보조영역 증후군

김재현,고영초,이채혁,권오기,최우진,박효일 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.2

Objective : This retrospective study was aimed to correlate characteristic neurologic deficits of transient contralateral motor weakness with or without speech disturbance(Supplementary Motor Area, SMA syndrome) after the resection of the gliomas in the superior frontal gyrus, especially with the extent of resection of the tumors. Method : Ten patients with medial superior frontal glioma, who underwent gross total or subtotal resection of the tumor, as well as, partial or complete resection of the spolementary motor area were studied. The following parameters were evaluate 1) tumor location 2) extent of resection 3) degree and duration of postoperative deficits. Result : Postoperative neurologic deficits were transient contralateral motor weakness with or without motor dysphasia. As a whole, postsurgical SMA syndrome occurred in 3 patients out of 10 patients with medial superior frontal gliomas(30%), who underwent gross total or subtotal resection of the tumors. Motor deficits were present in 3 out of 10 patients and speech disturbances in 2 out of 3 left frontal gliomas. Recovery of neurological dysfunction was rapid occurring between the 5th 14th POD and their neurological function returned almost normal in two patients. In the remaining one patient, who had preoperative mild motor weakness showed incomplete recovery of the worsened motor weakness and newly developed speech disturbance till 1yr postoperatively. Conclusion : The postsurgical SMA syndrome in patients with glioma in the medial superior frontal gyrus was not so uncommon phenomenon and well correlated with the extent of surgical resection of the supplementary motor area. Thus, preoperative awareness and warning about the possibility of the development of this charicteristic SMA syndrome is necessary.

도전재 첨가량에 따른 리튬폴리머 2차 전지 MCMB 부극의 전기적 특성

김상필,정재국,남효덕 嶺南大學校 工業技術硏究所 2002 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.30 No.2

Anode characteristics of Lithium Polymer Batteries(LPB) were investigated by adding different contents of conducting agents. Super P Black(SPB), Vapor Carbon Grown Fiber(VGCF) and Kuraha Carbon Fiber(KCF) were used as conducting agents with active material of Mesocarbon Microbeads(MCMB). In consequence, the internal resistance of LPB was decreased by increasing the amounts of conducting agents. AS a result, the conductivity of the battery improved upto 0.27×10 exp (-3)S/㎝, 0.4×10 erxp (-3)-3S/㎝ and 0.36×10 exp (-3)S/㎝ by adding SPB, VGCF and KCF as conducting agents to the anode, compared to that of the anode without conducting agents.

최적설계 기법을 적용한 1톤 운반차용 P.T.O축 및 트랜스미션 개발에 관한 기초연구

김재열,심재기,최승현,정효희,김훈조,오현중,박경섭 한국공작기계학회 2007 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

Now, power tillers and cultivators which are spread among fruit tree households have usage, low application, and high accident risk. Therefore, the development of multi-purpose work vehicles is needed as an alternative for these problems. Especially, easy usage and the ability to easily change gears when driving and the development of the P.T.O for various tasks such as pruning, water lifting, pest control, application and, mowing are needed. In this research, we will develop a transmission with design on P.T.Oaxle for agricultural work vehicles including multi-purpose vehicles. We aim to develop a 4-wheel drive transmission of synchronous contact type for practical use in fruit tree households which is required to be a large-sized agricultural vehicle. Therefore, we have per performed as follows that are composed of load capacity from 500kg to 1,000kg, safety securing for passengers, and drive securing under bad conditions of the topography slope and swampy land and the rest. For this purpose, we have developed a prototype vehicle through strength analysis of transmission design. we have selected optimal design conditions (Optimal RPM and torque according to some works) on the power transmission with multi-purpose vehicle for various jobs: spraying, manure spreading, mowing, brush wood chopping. If development of the P.T.O containing variable RPM and torque is successful, the following tasks can be possible. Air pruning, air maintenance, water lift, pest control, application, mowing, spraying, and brush wood chopping are possible with this developed P.T.O. Methods and contents for research are followed. Therefore, we have achieved performance-tests through the prototype of the multi-purpose work vehicle and have improved on troubles by the analysis of results of R&D. Also, we provided solutions to problems in mass production in the future.

스테이션 교수전략 수영 프로그램이 경도정신지체 학생의 건강 체력에 미치는 영향

김대현,이재원,김효주 용인대학교 특수체육연구소 2010 특수체육연구 Vol.7 No.-

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of station teaching strategies swimming program on health related physical fitness of the students with mild mental retardation. Total of 14 students with mild mental retardation who participated this research of 12 weeks. They were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group with 7 subjects was trained by teaching strategies swimming program and the contrast group with 7 subjects was not treated by any exercise program. The Inbody ver. 3.0 was used to measure the subjects' percent body fat, body fat, skeletal muscle mass, BMI, basal metabolism. The PAPS system was used to measure c, muscular endurance, standing long jump, sit-and-reach, flexibility and cardiorespiratory endurance. The data of this research was analyzed by using SPSS/PC(13.0). Two-way repeated ANOVA was used to examine the statistical significancies. In the results of this study, the station teaching strategies swimming program was effective on the following items: First, There were the significant differences between two groups in the percent body fat, body fat mass, BMI. Second, There were the significant differences between two groups in flexibility, grip-strength and cardiorespiratory endurance. 본 연구의 목적은 스테이션 교수전략 수영 프로그램이 경도정신지체학생의 건강체력에 미치는 효과를 입증하는 것이다. 피험자 14명 중 실험군 7명은 스테이션 교수전략 수영 프로그램을 12주간 받았고, 통제군은 같은 기간 내 처치를 하지 않았다. 본 연구의 프로그램 전후 검사에서 체지방률, 체지방량, 골격근량, BMI, 기초대사량 변인은 Inbody 3.0을 이용하였고, 근력, 근지구력, 순발력, 유연성은 학생건강체력평가 시스템의 내용에 따라 측정하였다. 본 연구에서 자료처리는 SPSS/PC(13.0)을 이용하여 각 변인에 대하여 평균 및 표준편차를 산출한 후 이원변량반복분석을 실시하였으며 이 때, 유의 수준은 .05로 검증하였다. 스테이션 교수전략 수영 프로그램의 실시 전후 측정치를 비교․분석하여 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스테이션 교수전략 수영 프로그램이 체지방률, 체지방량, BMI의 감소와 골격근량 증가에 효과가 있었다. 둘째, 스테이션 교수전략 수영 프로그램이 유연성 및 심폐지구력 증가에 효과가 있었다.