Reduction, Enrichment, and Gaps in Explaining Qualitative Mental States

Joseph Hwang 한국분석철학회 2016 철학적 분석 Vol.0 No.34

The issue of the explanatory gap has frustrated numerous attempts to reductively explain conscious mental states. Joseph Levine, who first coined the term, has argued that the gap is implied by the conceivability arguments against type-identity theorists that were originally presented by Saul Kripke. However, Levine believes that these arguments show that the gap is only epistemic, and so do not warrant dualist conclusions. Block and Stalnaker have criticized Levine’s argument by focusing on his conception of reductive explanation as requiring a priori conceptual analysis. According to Block and Stalnaker, a posteriori identities can satisfy the conditions needed for reductive explanation of mental properties. Hence, contrary to Levine, Block and Stalnaker argue a priori conceptual analyses of the kind Levine envisions are not required to close the explanatory gap. In this paper, I argue, first, that Levine’s argument cannot accommodate such identities without compromising his epistemic take on the explanatory gap, and second, that while a posteriori identities satisfy the deducibility condition for reduction, it is not at all obvious that they satisfy what I call the ‘enrichment condition’.

Olive flounder CD276 (B7-H3) a coinhibitory molecule for T cells: Responses during viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) stimulation

Hwang, Jee Youn,Jeong, Ji-Min,Kwon, Mun-Gyeong,Seo, Jung Soo,Hwang, Seong Don,Son, Maeng-Hyun,Bae, Jin-Sol,Choi, Kwang-Min,Cho, Dong-Hee,Jeswin, Joseph,Park, Chan-Il Elsevier 2018 FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY Vol.73 No.-

<P>Coinhibitory pathways in the B7-CD28 family provide critical inhibitory signals that regulate immune homeostasis, defense and protect tissue integrity. CD276 (B7-H3) is an important immune checkpoint member of this family, which is induced on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and plays an important role in the inhibition of T cell function. We have characterized the CD276 gene of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. OfCD276 has an ORF of 912 bp that codes for 303 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 33 kDa. It is a type I trans membrane protein with a single extracellular V- and C-like Ig domains, a transmembrane region, and a highly diverse cytoplasmic tail. This gene was distinctly expressed in gill, spleen, and skin, and sparsely expressed in other tissues. Pathogen stimulation by VHSV revealed that transcription of OfCD276 was induced on early hours in liver and expressed late in head kidney, spleen, intestine and gill tissues. Flow cytometry analysis of leukocytes revealed the percentage of granulocytes and lymphocytes that expressed OfCD276 molecules on their cell surface was 85.1% and 3.1%, respectively. Our study shows a significant role played by this coinhibitory molecule that participate in the regulation of the cell mediated immune response.</P>

Descartes on Body-to-Mind Causation in the Sixth Meditation

Joseph W. Hwang(황조셉) 서울대학교 철학사상연구소 2016 철학사상 Vol.60 No.-

『제일철학에 관한 성찰』의 제6성찰에서 데카르트는 감각에 대해 그것이 두 개의 구분된 실체, 즉 정신과 신체 사이의 인과적 작용으로부터 일어나는 정신적 양태라는 설명을 하였다. 마가렛 윌슨에 따르면 그 인과적 관계가 다른 방식이 아닌 어떤 한 방식으로 도입되었다는 것은 임의적이며 전적으로 우연적이다. 이 논문에서 필자는 윌슨에 반해 인과적 관계의 도입을 특징 짓는데 있어 임의성과 우연성의 범위를 제한하는 중요한 제약들이 존재한다고 주장할 것이다. 특히 필자는 정신과 신체의 인과적 관계는 인과적 관계 그 자체의 본성을 결정하고 따라서 정신과 신체 사이에 일어날 수 있는 종류의 관계에 제약을 가하는 인간 본성의 제한된 맥락에서 필연적이라고 논증한다. In the Sixth Meditation of his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes presents an account of sensations as mental modes arising from the causal interaction between two distinct substances, mind and body. According to Margaret Wilson, that the causal relation is instituted one way rather than another is at best arbitrary and purely contingent. In this paper, I will argue, contra Wilson, that there are important constraints restricting the scope of arbitrariness and contingency characterizing the institution of the causal relation. In particular, I argue that the causal relation between mind and body is in fact necessary within the restricted context of human nature, which determines the nature of the causal relation itself, and thereby places constraints on the sort of relations that can occur between mind and body.

Glehnia littoralis Root Extract Induces G0/G1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in the MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line

de la Cruz, Joseph Flores,Vergara, Emil Joseph Sanvictores,Cho, Yura,Hong, Hee Ok,Oyungerel, Baatartsogt,Hwang, Seong Gu Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.18

Glehnia littoralis (GL) is widely used as an oriental medicine for cough, fever, stroke and other disease conditions. However, the anti-cancer properties of GL on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells have not been investigated. In order to elucidate anti-cancer properties and underlying cell death mechanisms, MCF-7cells ($5{\times}10^4/well$) were treated with Glehnia littoralis root extract at 0-400 ug/ml. A hot water extract of GL root inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of the cell cycle after treatment of MCF-7 cells with increasing concentrations of GL root extract for 24 hours showed significant cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis both revealed that GL root extract significantly increased the expression of p21 and p27 with an accompanying decrease in both CDK4 and cyclin D1. Our reuslts indicated that GL root extract arrested the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in G1 phase through inhibition of CDK4 and cyclin D1 via increased induction of p21 and p27. In summary, the current study showed that GL could serve as a potential source of chemotherapeutic or chemopreventative agents against human breast cancer.

수두 예방접종(??)에 따른 항체가의 변동

황평한,김정수,이병근,최요섭 대한감염학회 1992 감염 Vol.24 No.3

Varicella is benign but highly contagious childhood disease. Occasionally, it can be fatal, especially when it develops in children who have a severe underlying diseases or who have been treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Unpredicatable occurrence of varicella in hospitalized children has been troublesome for many years because subsequent cases inevitably follow after one case of varicella due to long incubation period and high infectivity even before the onset of symptoms. A live varicella vaccine (Biken??) developed by Takahashi has been tried for many years to reduce the occurrence and severity of varicella infection on healthy and immunocompromised children. This study was designed to clarify the effect of Biken?? on varicella-zoster specific antibody response. Changes of varicella-zoster specific IgG were measured using ELISA on the sera of children vaccinated by Biken. The results were follows: 1) After vaccination, the optical density of varicella-zoster specific IgG was significantly increased from 0.084±0.019 to 0.180±0.019 (p<0.01). 2)The values of varicella-zoster specific IgG in vaccinated group (0.18±0.019) were similar to those of varicella infected group (0.207±0.014), but lower than those of herpes zoster infected group (0.497±0.051). 3) The values of varicella-zoster specific IgG in mothers (0.157±0.038)were relatively higher than those of the infants (0.098±0.023). These results sugest that live attenuated varicella vaccine (Biken??) can be used effectively for protection of varicella infection.

The effects of torque on the fracture resistance of the esthetic dental brackets

Joseph Chang,Soo-Hwang Seok,Han-Ah Lee,Min-Hee Chang,Bum-Soon Lim 대한치과재료학회 2018 대한치과기재학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.11

Low lysine stimulates adipogenesis through ZFP423 upregulation in bovine stromal vascular cells

Joseph F. dela Cruz,Kevin Wayne Martinez Pacunla,Seong Gu Hwang 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.6

Adipogenesis is a complex process comprising commitment and a differentiation stages. Through research, many different transcriptional factors were found to mediate preadipocyte commitment and differentiation. Lysine has a potential of regulating the commitment and differentiation of preadipocytes. In the present study, intramuscular stromal vascular cells (SVC) isolated from Hanwoo beef cattle were used to elucidate the effects of low lysine level on adipogenesis. SVC were isolated and incubated with various concentrations of lysine (0, 37.5, 75, 150 and 300 μg/mL). No significant difference were observed in the proliferation of SVC after 24 and 48 h of incubation with different concentration of lysine. On preadipocyte determination, reducing the level of lysine significantly increased the expression of preadipocyte commitment gene Zinc finger protein 423 and Preadipocyte factor-1. Upon differentiation, Oil Red O staining revealed that lipid accumulation and triglyceride content significantly increased with the decreasing lysine levels in the media. Expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT enhancer binding protein-α, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 and stearoyl CoA desaturase were upregulated by the decreased level of lysine. These data suggest the potential mechanism of action for the improved preadipocyte commitment and adipocyte differentiation in bovine intramuscular SVC upon treatment with low levels of lysine. These findings may be valuable in developing feed rations that promote deposition of intramuscular fat in beef cattle through lysine level modification.

Polydeoxyribonucleotide and Polynucleotide Improve Tendon Healing and Decrease Fatty Degeneration in a Rat Cuff Repair Model

Hwang Jung-Taek,Lee Sang-Soo,한상학,Sherchan Binod,Panakkal Jiss Joseph 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2021 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.18 No.6

Background: After surgical repair of chronic rotator cuff tears, healing of the repaired tendons often fails and is accompanied by high-level fatty degeneration. Our purpose was to explore the effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) and polynucleotide (PN) on tendon healing and the reversal of fatty degeneration in a chronic rotator cuff tear model using a rat infraspinatus. Methods: Sixty rats were randomly assigned to the following three groups (20 rats per group: 12 for histological evaluation and 8 for mechanical testing): saline + repair (SR), PDRN + repair (PR), and PN + repair (PNR). The right shoulder was used for experimental intervention, and the left served as a control. Four weeks after detaching the infraspinatus, the torn tendon was repaired. Saline, PDRN, and PN were applied to the repair sites. Histological evaluation was performed 3 and 6 weeks after repair and biomechanical analysis was performed at 6 weeks. Results: Three weeks after repair, the PR and PNR groups had more CD168-stained cells than the SR group. The PR group showed a larger cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibers than the SR and PNR groups. Six weeks after repair, the PR and PNR groups showed more adipose cells, less CD68-stained cells, and more parallel tendon collagen fibers than the SR group. The PR group had more CD 68-stained cells than the PNR group. The PR group showed a larger CSA than the SR group. The mean load-to-failure values of the PR and PNR groups were higher than that of the SR group, although these differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: PDRN and PN may improve tendon healing and decrease fatty degeneration after cuff repair. Background: After surgical repair of chronic rotator cuff tears, healing of the repaired tendons often fails and is accompanied by high-level fatty degeneration. Our purpose was to explore the effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) and polynucleotide (PN) on tendon healing and the reversal of fatty degeneration in a chronic rotator cuff tear model using a rat infraspinatus. Methods: Sixty rats were randomly assigned to the following three groups (20 rats per group: 12 for histological evaluation and 8 for mechanical testing): saline + repair (SR), PDRN + repair (PR), and PN + repair (PNR). The right shoulder was used for experimental intervention, and the left served as a control. Four weeks after detaching the infraspinatus, the torn tendon was repaired. Saline, PDRN, and PN were applied to the repair sites. Histological evaluation was performed 3 and 6 weeks after repair and biomechanical analysis was performed at 6 weeks. Results: Three weeks after repair, the PR and PNR groups had more CD168-stained cells than the SR group. The PR group showed a larger cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibers than the SR and PNR groups. Six weeks after repair, the PR and PNR groups showed more adipose cells, less CD68-stained cells, and more parallel tendon collagen fibers than the SR group. The PR group had more CD 68-stained cells than the PNR group. The PR group showed a larger CSA than the SR group. The mean load-to-failure values of the PR and PNR groups were higher than that of the SR group, although these differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: PDRN and PN may improve tendon healing and decrease fatty degeneration after cuff repair.

Initial experience of articulating laparoscopic instruments for benign gynecologic disease: a single-arm multicenter prospective study (Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group 4002)

( Joseph Noh ),( Kidong Kim ),( Tae Joong Kim ),( Taehun Kim ),( Keun Ho Lee ),( Jong Ha Hwang ),( Dae Gy Hong ),( Min Kyu Kim ),( Banghyun Lee ),( Ha Kyun Chang ),( Kyung Chul Chun ) 대한산부인과학회 2023 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.109 No.-

A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Buccal Mucosal Graft Harvest Site Non-Closure versus Closure in Patients Undergoing Urethral Reconstruction

Hwang Eu Chang,de Fazio Adam,Hamilton Kallie,Bakker Caitlin,Pariser Joseph J.,Dahm Philipp 대한남성과학회 2022 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.40 No.1

Purpose: To assess the effects of buccal mucosal graft site non-closure versus closure on postoperative oral morbidity for male undergoing augmentation urethroplasty for urethral stricture. Materials and Methods: We included randomized controlled trials. Inclusion criteria were male over the age of 18 with urethral stricture disease requiring reconstruction with buccal mucosal graft harvest. Primary outcomes of the review were postoperative oral pain, need for secondary oral procedures and cosmetic defects. Results: We included 5 studies with 346 randomized patients with urethral strictures, of whom 260 completed the trials. In terms of primary outcomes, non-closure graft site may reduce oral pain on postoperative day #1 (standard mean difference [SMD] 0.24 lower; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61 lower to 0.12 higher; low certainty evidence [CoE]) but we are uncertain how this impacts pain on postoperative days 3 to 6 (SMD 0.35; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.81 higher; very low CoE). We are also very uncertain as to how it affects the need for secondary oral procedures (risk ratio [RR] 0.22; 95% CI 0.01 to 4.28; very low CoE). Non-closure may increase the risk of cosmetic defects (RR 2.40; 95% CI 0.93 to 6.22; low CoE). Conclusions: This review describes the trade-off for buccal mucosal graft site non-closure versus closure for various patientimportant outcomes; decision-making will likely hinge on the relative value individual patients and surgeons place on them. The supporting evidence was rated as low and very low, thereby signaling substantial underlying uncertainty and the need for better trials.