Code-switching and cognitive models of the process of simultaneous interpreting

Won, Jong-Hwa 한국통역번역학회 2007 통역과 번역 Vol.9 No.2

Won, Jong-Hwa. (2007). Code-switching and cognitive models of the process of simultaneous interpreting. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 89-112. Bilingual code-switching has long been recognized as an important linguistic phenomenon worthy of serious investigation. Code-switching is a special skill possessed by bilinguals which allows them to switch from one language to another in the course of a communicative exchange without slowing down speech delivery. The process involves the integration of the morphological, phonological, and syntactic structures of the two codes or languages in real time. Code-switching is a particularly vital aspect of the behavior of the simultaneous interpreters. Indeed, one of the major defining characteristics of simultaneous interpreting is that it inevitably involves code-switching in which switches occur moment by moment not only by the speakers but by the interpreters themselves. Code-switching can also be said to occur when interpreters listen in one language and delivers in another. Few interpreting models formulated so far, however, have incorporated the code-switching process, with the result that simultaneous interpreting is presented as a strict, linear, one-way process. This paper asks the question “To what extent should the theory of code-switching be drawn upon in describing and explaining the process of simultaneous interpreting?” and a tentative answer is offered by integrating the switching process into Setton’s (1999) simultaneous interpreting model. Keywords: Code-switching, mental lexicon, parsing, executive, frame

조경식물의 식재와 이용 : 원주시와 횡성군을 중심으로

원종화,정진형,김창섭,이기의 江原大學校 森林科學硏究所 2005 Journal of Forest Science Vol.21 No.-

본 연구에서는 강원도 원주시와 횡성군애에 식재 활용 되고 있는 조경 식물의 이용 상황을 조사 분석하여 현재 어떠한 식물이 어떻게 이용되고 있는가를 파악함으로서 그 이용방법에 대한 개선 방안을 모색하고 아울러 원주시와 횡성군의 아름다운 경관 형성을 위한 관리 방법 등을 제시하였다. This study was executed to find out how to improve the planting and use of landscaping plants in Weonju and Hoengseong. 1. The number of street trees were 22.068 and the species number were 10 species in Weonju in 2004. The major species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba(58%), Prunus sargentii(15%), Zelkova serrata(9%), Prunus armeniaca var, ansu(8%), and Acer palmatum(6%). The ratio of native species versus exotic were 50:50. In Hoengseong, the number of street trees was 13,500 and the specise number were 15 species. The major species of street trees were Prunus sargentii(42%), Ginkgo biloba(23%), Acer triflorum(12%) Prunus armeniaca var, ansu(6%), and Prunus mume(4%). The ratio of native species versus exotic were 67:33. The species of which planting frequency within two areas was very high were Ginkgo biloba and Prunus sargentii. 2. It is necessary to select tree species suitable for the characteristics of the locality and to raise distinctive street trees that contribute to the tourist industry. For the purpose, the appropriate street trees in two areas are Cornus controversa, Quercus aliena, Zelkova serrata. Prunus padus, Sorbus alnifolia, Sorbus comixta, Albizzia julibrissin, Acer triflorum. Styrax japonica, Chionanthus retususm Celtis sinensism, Prunus yedoensis, Malus sieboldii, Crataegus Pinnatifida, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu and Pyrus pyrifolia etc.. 3. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic and prolongs the useful life, it also requires less managing of insects and diseases to maintain good healthy of street tees. Street trees were not properly pruned due to electric lines and shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Co, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company to maintain good shape such as with Bonsai. The shrubs planting zone between street trees and other trees, and preservation plates were established for healthy of street trees. They have to be repaired and maintained well to keep better environmental conditions. The proper fertilization, the control of pests and diseases, the installation of drainpipe and the use of soil brought from another place were needed to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscape plants. 4. The species number of school trees and flowers of 102 schools in Weonju and Hoengseong were 17species, 16species respectively. The major species of school trees in Weonju were Juniperus chinensis(24%), Ginkgo biloba(17%), Pinus densiflora(14%), Zelkova serrata(14%), and Pinus koraiensis(9&), and those of school trees in Hoengseong were Pinus koraiensis(44%), Abies holophylla(25%), Juniperus chinensis(8%), and Ginkgo binloba(8%). The major species of school flowers in Weonju were Rosa centifolia(47%), Forsythia koreana(24%), Magnolia kobus(12%), and Rhododendron schlippenbachii(6%), and those of school flowers in Hoengseong were Forsythia koreana(36%), Rhododendron schlippenbachii(33%), Magnolia kobus(6%) and Dicentra spectabilis(6%). 5. The species number of the protection trees designated by Woenju and Hoengseong were 15 species. The major species of protection trees were Zelkova serrata(100 trees), Ginkgo biloba(18) Pinus densiflora(7), Quercus spp.(5), Juniperus chinensis(4) and Alnus japonica(4). 6. The landscape plants planted around 2004 in weonju were Prunus yedoensis(2,563trees), Betula platyphylla var, japonica(2,000), Abies holophylla(1,785), Diospyros kaki(1,100), Prunus sargentii(880) and Prurus armeniaca var. arsu(708) etc.. The shrubs planted were Rhododendron obutusum(21,559 plants), Rosa certjfolia(7,150), Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense(5,950), Forsythia koreana(3,000) and Ligustrum obtusifolium(2,500) etc.. The landscape plants planted in Hoengseong Acer triflorum(928trees), Prunus yedoensis(455), Zelkova serrata(327), Thuja orientalis(261), Prunus sargentii(257), Pinus koraiensis(200), Prunus persica for, rubro-plena(200) and Pyrus pyrifolia(200) etc.. The shrubs planted were Rhododendron yedoense var, poukhanense(15,936). Syringa dilatata(10,090). Forsythia koreana(9,660). Cercis chinensis(3,200). Buuxus microphylla var, koreana(2,600) and Rosa centifolia(1,868) etc.. 7. The species numbers of the herbaceous planted in 2004 in Weonju were 24 species and the ratio of native species versus exotic were 7:17. The major species of perennial plants were Aster koraiensis(30,656 plants), Coreopsis drummondii(7,656), Rudbeckia bicolor(6,000), Chrysanthemum morifolium(4,850) and Chrysanthemum zawadskii var, latilobum(4,312). The major species of annuals and biennials were Cosmos bipinnatus(672,000plants), Zinnia elegans(35,600), Petunia hybrida(26,920), Viola tricolor(23,000), Helianthus annuus(17,000), and Geranium cinereum var, pubcaulescens(5,200). In Hoengseong, the numbers of herbaceous plants were 906,310 plants and the species numbers were 15 species. The major species of perennials plants were Aster koraiensis(70,480 plants), Hemerocallis fulva(20,070), and Phlox drummodii(18,000). The major species of annuals and biennials were Phlox hybrida(174,000 plants), Cosmos bipinnatus(125,000), Zinnia elegans(109,000), Tagetes patula(96,700), Vinca rosea(89,000) and Calendula officinalis(70,000). 8. Through these result, it was thought that the diversification of planting species, the selection of plants suitable to each space and the generalization of use of native species were needed.

大豆未熟子葉祖織의 營養培地條件에 따른 器官分化

元鍾樂,權貞淑,鄭圭和,張權烈 慶尙大學校 1987 論文集 Vol.26 No.1

大豆의 末熟子葉組織을 사용하여 여러가니 營養培地에서 칼루스와 胚狀體로부터 器官을 分化시키고자 하였던 바 얻어진 결과를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 칼루스誘起는 MS 基本培地에 1.0mg/12,4-D,와 2.0mg/1kinetin을 첨가하거나 (M5培地) 하였을 때 가장 효과적이었다. 2. M4培地에 培養한 칼루스로부터 生長點모양의 완전한 구조를 갖춘 細胞群을 組織學的으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 3.칼루스를 器官分化를 위한 培地에 ?代培養하였을때 根分化, 칼루스로부터胚狀體의 形成, 胚狀體로부터 싹이나 잎의 分化는 供試한 大豆系統이나 使用한 營養培地에 따라 약간의 差異는 있으나 비교적 용이할 것으로 여겨졌다. 4. 供試한大豆系統인 뱀콩의 末熟子葉組織을 M4培地에서 칼루스를 誘起시킨 후 MS基本培地에 0.005mg/1 picloram 과 2.0 mg/1 BAP를 첨가한 培地(OM2培地)에 ?代培養하였을 때 칼루스로부터 胚狀體의 形成이 잘 되었고 胚狀體들로 부터 잎이 分化되었다. The experiments were conducted to investigate organ differentatin rom calls and embryoid under various media using immature ctyledon of soybeam. The results obtained were as followings: 1. 1. Omg 2,4-D plus 0.2mg kinetin or 0.2 mg BAP perr litre on MS basal mediu were efective growth regulators for callus induction. 2. Meristematic structure was observed from the callus induced by 1.0mg 2,4-D plus 0.2mg kinetin per litre in MS basal medium in which callus growth showed best response. 3. Root and embryoid from callus and shoot or leaflet from embryoid were differentiated on the medium subcultured for organ different on the soybean lines and media applied. 4. Embryoid from callus and leaflet from the embryoid were differentiated on the nutritional condition subscultured with 0.005mg picloram plus 2.0mg kinetin per litre on MS in immature cotyledon of spybean line Baemkong.

면역조직화학적 방법을 이용한 흰쥐 골격근 근섬유형의 비교연구

이종은,이원택,박승화,박경아 대한해부학회 1994 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.27 No.3

내시경적 절제로 진단된 폴립 형태의 심재성 낭종성 위염 2예

허종현,조영화,성용완,유재훈,구동영,김갑식,노지훈,문원 고신대학교의과대학 2008 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.23 No.2

Gastritis cystica profunda (GCP) is a disease characterized by hyperplastic and significant extension of cystic dilatation of the gastric mucous glands, which results in a cystic lesion in gastric submucosa. It often occurs on the part of gastroenterostomy, but can be found in the stomach without any previous surgery. GCP has variable gross finding including solitary polyps, diffuse ones, submucosal tumors, and rare giant gastric mucosal fold. It is difficult to tell GCP from a cancerous lesion by gross finding that the disease demands a necessary tissue biopsy, though GCP is commonly showed as a benign in the progress. We report a case of GCP in polypoid types diagnosed by endoscopic polypectomy.

분산형 멀티 데이타베이스 시스템에서 전역 동시성 제어 기법에 관한 연구

방상원,김종화 木浦大學校 情報産業硏究所 1994 情報産業硏究誌 Vol.2 No.-

본 논문에서는 분산형 멀티 데이타베이스 시스템에서의 효율적인 전역 동시성 제어 방법을 제안한다. 분산형 멀티 데이타베이스 시스템에서의 동시성 제어는 각 전역 모듈 상호간에 통신이 이루어져야 하므로 통신비용이 크다. 때문에 본 논문에서는 그 통신 부하를 감소시키기 위해서 각 지역 사이트들을 논리적으로 그룹화하여 통신비용을 줄일 수 있는 방법을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 전역 동시성 제어 기법으로 타임스탬프 순서화 기법을 이용한다. 이 타임스탬프는 각 그룹내에서 임의로 선정된 그룹의 조정자가 부여하는 것으로 전 시스템에서 유일하고, 전역 트랜잭션들이 제출된 순서대로 부여받도록 하였다. 이 타임스탬프는 전역 트랜잭션의 직렬화 순서를 결정하는데 사용된다. In this paper, an effective global concurrency control schemes in decentralized multi-database systems is proposed. The global concurrency control on decentralized multi-database systems takes high communication overhead due to requirement of communications between all global modules. In this thesis, We suggest a method to reduce communication cost and workload by grouping each local sites logically. Timestamp, which is assigned to coordinater selected randomly in each group, is unique in whole system and is assigned corresponding to order of transaction submission. Timestamp is used to determine serialization order of global transactions.

Acremonium chrysogenum에 의한 Cephalosporin C 생산 및 모델링

이종일,류화원,박돈희 전남대학교 촉매연구소 2000 觸媒硏究 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

The production of cephalosporin C and its biosynthetic modeling were studied. Cultivation experiments were carried out in an agitated and aerated fermentor using Acremonium chrysogenum. Corn steep liquor was used as a major carbon source. Intracellular and extracellular concentrations of metabolites and enzymes were measured. Based on enzymatic kinetics the biosynthetic modeling of cephalosporin C was developed and used to compare the experimental data with simulation results. In the simulation the effect of dissolved oxygen concentraction on cephalosporin C production was investigated. For the high production yield of cephalosporin C the dissolved oxygen concentration should be kept over 40 % during the cultivation. The biosynthetic modeling can help further to understand the biosynthetic machinery of the microorganism to produce cephalosporin C.

농장 사육되는 타조에서 나타난 다리 기형의 증례 보고

최종윤,손화영,전무형,조성환,김혜성,류시윤,박배근,이영원,윤원기 충남대학교 수의과대학 동물의과학연구소 2001 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.9 No.-

Two farmed young ostrich chicks were applied to pathology laboratory at Chungnam National University. Grossly, one ostrich showed rotated tibiotarsus, the other showed rolled toes. Case 1 ostrich was hypertrophy of fibualis longus and tibial cranialis tendon and gastrocnemius tendon in crus, inflammation of flexor digitorum longus. In histopathological views, myocytes of fiburalis longus were showed hypertrophy and hyperplasia. It is not found any specific feature in X-ray of the case 2 ostrich. Limb deformities were detected frequently in farmed ostrich chicks in 2- to 3 weeks old. Limb deformities were an important cause of mortality in farmed ostrich chicks during the first 10weeks after hatch. Cause of limb deformities were considered a nutrition problem.

乳牛에서 驅蟲效果가 泌乳量과 乳脂率에 미치는 效果에 관한 觀察

金泰鍾,李元暢,尹和重,金世寧 건국대학교 1995 學術誌 Vol.39 No.2

The purpose of this study was make an observation on effects of anthelmintics such as Albendazole, Ivomec-F and Nilzan for amount of milk production and milk fat levels before and after administration on Nematoda, Trematoda and Cestoda in helminths infestated from 218 heads of dairy cattle in Gyongi province. The results are summerizied as follows : Infestation and distribution rate in percent of helminths among the collected fecal samples from dairy cattle are Bunostomum species(spp.) 1.3%, Strongyloides spp. 4.5%, Tricostrongylus spp. 0.8%, Ostertagia spp. 7.3%, Cooperia spp. 4.7%, Nematodrius spp. 1.6%, Haemonchus spp. 5.7% and Oesphagostumum spp. 6.5% in Nematoda, and that of Eurytrema app. 2.1%, Fascioloa spp. 11.8% and Pharamphistomum spp. 51.3% in Trematoda, and that of Moniezia spp. in Cestoda, respectively. After administration for three kinds of anthelminthics infestated dairy cattle, high level of efficacy were confirmed against Nematodes and Cestodes. The average values tend to be incresed amount of milk production and its fat levels after anthelmintics administration on helminths infestated dairy cattle were 1.8 kg and 0.14 % per daily, respectively (p<0.01). Key word : Infestation of helminths in dairy cattle, Effects of milk products.

CT 영상에서 메쉬 필터를 이용한 장기의 추출

박종원,김원봉,한기선,유승화,성윤창 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 1999 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.14 No.1

In this paper, we studied on the segmentation of liver and spleen in CT image. The proposed algorithm used th information of gray value and location for these organs, and gray value of each organ is automatically estimated by using mesh filter. And also, th proposed algorithm in this paper used the position searching lines based on the information for each organ. Therefore, target organ is exactly segmented without separated organs loss. A trimming algorithm, which use a morphological filter, is provided to remove such noise in order for the organ to have a smooth contour. The small holes of the liver inside are filled up by erosion and the size of the organ reverts to the original state by dilation. The algorithms have been applied to the CT images of thirty persons, which results in 5% error rate of the volume of each organ