複制中國書畵文物的歷史和現狀及複制工藝技術

曹靜樓,郭文林 용인대학교 박물관 2003 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.7

Imno(臨摹 copying) of the painting and writing in China is combined result of many closely-related elements that include Chinese cultural tradition and philosophy and substantial characteristics of Chinese paintings and calligraphy. ① Chinese rulers throughout history, under the so-called theory of 'Sungkyohuajoinlon' (成敎化助人論 to help people by educating them) often relied on paintings as a means to strengthen their governing foundation while using them to educate their subjects and people. For example, Hyojaeuisudo ≪孝子義士圖, a painting of devoted children and righteous people≫ meant the loyalty and obedience, Yulyujun ≪烈女傳, a story of virtuous women≫ was used to signify the importance of chastity in a feudal society. Paintings with such themes were met with the rulers ethics and, with the supports from the rulers, used as a means to publicize their ethics and educate their subjects and people. ② There were many rulers who were good at or loved the writing and painting in ancient China. Among many, Taizhong Li Shimin at Tang Dynasty(唐 太宗 李世民), Xianzhong Li Jiangji(玄宗 李降基), Huizhong Jo Ji at Song Dynasty (宋代 徽宗 趙佶), Xunzhong Zhu Jianshen at Ming Dynasty(明代 憲宗 朱見深), Gaozhong Hong Li at Qing Dynasty(靑代 高宗 弘力) are such examples. Development of painting and writing arts in China was achieved with the interests of rulers in them, and important eras that marked the history of Chinese painting and writing arts were created. Until the year of Huizhong(徽宗), the level of painting and writing was an important condition in deciding a governmental position. However, in ancient times, since there was a limited number of painting and writing works and lack of printing technology, emperors and high officials of literature had to be satisfied only with enjoying them and hoped to possess them. In the government, a special bureau was established to educate and raise the professionals who could duplicate the paintings and writings. This tendency influenced the society as a whole, and the atmosphere of reproduction of painting and writing works by duplication gradually culminated. ③ Chinese philosophy had also influenced their painting and writing arts. Chinese drawings pursue objectivity and has an expression style of Chuninhapil (天人合一, heaven and human beings are one). In Chinese drawings, artists describe the natural object and at the same time transfer their mind and feelings in them. Nature in the drawings is not just the nature as it is seen, but it is the nature observed and attained by artists and drawn from deep inside of artists. When people learn Chinese drawings for the first time, they are not taught how to describe the forms as in the western style but receive formative train in that people enter into the nature and sketch. This is the reason why artists, when copying the works in the past, are able to obtain the feelings of nature and learn various brush techniques that are applied in Chinese drawings. Therefore, copying is a significant method to learn Chinese drawings. For example, SunMyo(線描 line description) has a certain form, and a famous ShipPalMyo (十八描 18 descriptions) including ChulSunMyo(鐵線描), YuSaMyo (遊絲描), NanYupMyo (蘭葉描), YuYupMyo (柳葉描), JoEuiMyo (曹衣描) was created. Since these lines don't exist in natural objects, it is impossible to learn them through sketching. They can be learned only by copying the works in the past, in which they equates with various drawing styles that are applied when painting various objects. For example, JunBup(준法 technique to express the feel of the surface as it is) used for landscape drawings is helpful when expressing the touch and feelings of various rocks. For example, BuByukJun(斧劈준) or WooJumJun(雨點준) are good for expressing the characteristics of Chinese northern landscape, PiMaJun(披痲준) or MiJumJun(米點준) for Chinese southern landscape. This JunBup does not exist in natural objects such as mountain or rock, and artists can learn the right JunBup for various rocks through copying the works of the past. ④ Traditional thinking that stresses the relationship between a teacher and disciple in Chinese culture had also influenced Chinese painting and writing arts. When people beging to learn Chinese drawings, they must copy the works of their teacher. Therefore, when other people look at the drawings, they know who is with which teacher and which school. The drawings of certain artists are used as an educational purpose when students learn drawings for copying. For example, SaSaengJinBuDo ≪寫生珍禽圖≫ by Huang Jun (黃筌) in Song Dynasty was inherited to his son and learned as a work for copying. Each word in Immo(臨摹), according to the explanation in the ancient literature, has a separate meaning, Mo(摹 to copy) means Tap(榻 to copy), and Im(臨 to overlook) means Sa(寫 to write). Current meaning of Im(臨) is, while looking at the original drawing, to understand deeply and in details. When doing it, not only the techniques of brush, ink, and color but also the compositional characteristics should be thoroughly studied in order to completely familiarize with the form and line of the original drawing. And then, it has to be reproduced on another paper in one moment, and the copy does not have to be and can not be exactly the same as the original. Im(臨), based upon the complete understanding of the original, is to complete the copy with one energy without looking at the original. Mo(摹) is, while placing a thin paper right over the ancient drawing book, to copy both thick and thin lines, and Mo(摹)'s meaning in copying of a painting (摹畵) is the same. In ancient times, Mo(摹) was replaced with Mo(模 to imitate) or Mu(撫 to stroke). In other words, a transparent paper is placed over the original, the first copy is accurately made, the original is removed, drawing paper is placed over the first copy, and drawing is done in details while referring the original. Two words, Im(臨) and Mo(摹), originally impose a separate meaning and cant be one word, but they are habitually used as one word. Mo(摹) used in current China cant be Im (臨) but has to be called as Motap (摹榻). Especially, copying and counterfeiting are fundamentally different and can't be used as same meaning. The purpose of copying is a complete reproduction of energy and form of the original, and it is to conserve and actively publicize the original. The purpose of counterfeiting is to gain profits while falsely stating someone else's name as his or her own, and it includes the meaning of damaging the original. They also have difference in using the technique. The work of copying is faithful to the original and completely reproduce the smallest detail. People producing the copies must perfectly understand the spirit and form of the original, and successful copies should contain both the form and spirit. Rather, counterfeit is not based on the original but freely drawn upon studying a certain brush style of ones own. As a result, artists of counterfeit who are very well aware of the brush style used by the original artist are famous artists and might be the person who lives the same period with or the disciple of the original artist. Paintings produced for the purpose of counterfeiting possibly be the fraud and trouble to judge the authenticity of the work in a later period. Copying project of painting and writing at the Palace Museum is to replace the original work with the copied one by the time of difficulty in exhibiting the original, which is the best way to conserve the original. Copying of ancient paintings and calligraphy does not only mean the line description, outlining, coloring), or usage of ink. It is a very difficult process of re-creation that requires sincerity and efforts. Since the Palace Museum has started the copying project in 1950s, top artists are putting their efforts to copy and duplicate highly-valuable cultural artifacts. They have copied famous drawings of Qin, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasty with strict working attitude and exquisite techniques. Famous Chungmyungsanghudo≪淸明上河圖≫, Hanheejaeyayeondo ≪韓熙載夜宴圖≫, Guasukpyungwondo≪과石平遠圖≫ by Kwak Hee(郭熙), and Chunggeumdo ≪聽琴圖≫ by Jo Gil (趙佶) are such examples. Not many professionals are working for the copies in China. There were few in the Shanghai(上海) and Nanjing(南京) Museum during 1980s, but they are no longer there with various reasons. In Dunhuang(敦煌) and Xian (西安), frescoes are mainly being replicated. The quality of professionals who work to copy at the Palace Museum are the best in its technique and size and cannot be compared to other museums. Copying one painting successfully requires a lot of preparations. When producing the copies, it takes from few days to several years. Thus, safety of the original should be guaranteed, and there should not be done even a small damage. But observing the original should be convenient, and copying process should be progressed with many attentions.

Efficient extraction and separation of vanadium and chromium in high chromium vanadium slag by sodium salt roasting-(NH4)2SO4 leaching

Jing Wen,Tao Jiang,Yingzhe Xu,Jing Cao,Xiangxin Xue 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.71 No.-

A novelty process based on sodium salt roasting-(NH4)2SO4 leaching was proposed to extract vanadiumand chromium in high chromium vanadium slag (HCVS). V2O5 and Cr2O3 was then prepared. The effectsof roasting and leaching conditions on vanadium and chromium extraction behavior were studiedsystematically and completely. Vanadium precipitation conditions and chromium reduction conditionswere optimized further. 94.6% vanadium and 96.5% chromium were extracted when HCVS and Na2CO3were mixed in the molar ratio of n(Na2CO3)/n(V2O3 + Cr2O3) of 2.5, then leached in 30 g/L (NH4)2SO4solution. 94.8% vanadium was precipitated as ammonium polyvanadate (APV) just by adjusting theleaching liquid pH at 4.5, almost all chromium was remained in liquid, achieving the efficient separationof vanadium and chromium. Chromium was then recovered by reduction and precipitation. More than99% chromium was reduced when Na2S2O5 was added in m(Na2S2O5)/m[Cr(VI)] above 3. By roasting thedeposits of vanadium and chromium respectively, 91.49% V2O5 and 89.89% Cr2O3 were obtained. Thesupernatant after vanadium and chromium extraction containing NH4+ could be recycled as the newleaching medium with some new (NH4)2SO4 added, which greatly reduced the discharge of ammonianitrogenwastewater and made the whole process more environmentally friendly.

DNMT3a rs1550117 Polymorphism Association with Increased Risk of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Cao, Xue-Yuan,Jia, Zhi-Fang,Cao, Dong-Hui,Kong, Fei,Jin, Mei-Shan,Suo, Jian,Jiang, Jing Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.10

Background: DNA methyltransferase-3a (DNMT3a) plays significant roles in embryogenesis and the generation of aberrant methylation in carcinogenesis. This study aimed to investigate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the DNMT3a gene and risk of Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric atrophy and gastric cancer. Methods: The subjects comprised 447 patients with gastric cancer; 111 individuals with gastric atrophy and 961 healthy controls. Two SNPs (rs1550117 and rs13420827) of the DNMT3a gene were genotyped by Taqman assay. DNMT3a expression was analyzed in cancer tissues from 89 patients by tissue microarray technique. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by multivariate logistic regression. Results: Among healthy controls, risk of H.pylori infection was significantly higher in subjects with the rs1550117 AA genotype, compared to those with GG/AG genotypes of DNMT3a [OR=2.08, (95%CI: 1.02-4.32)]. However, no significant correlation was found between the two SNPs and risk of developing gastric atrophy or gastric cancer. In addition, no increase in DNMT3a expression was observed in the gastric cancer with H.pylori infection. Conclusions: This study revealed that DNMT3a rs1550117 polymorphism is significantly associated with an increased risk of H. pylori infection, but did not support any evidence for contributions of DNMT3a rs1550117 and rs13420827 to either gastric atrophy or gastric cancer. The biological roles of DNMT3a polymorphisms require further investigation.

Improvement in Water Resistance of Desulfurized Gypsum by Novel Modification of Silicone Oil Paraffin Composite Emulsion-based Waterproofing Agent

Cao, Jing-Yu,Li, Jin-Peng,Jiang, Ya-Mei,Wang, Su-Lei,Ding, Yi,Oh, Won-Chun The Korean Ceramic Society 2019 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.56 No.6

In this study, dimethyl silicone oil and liquid paraffin were combined and subsequently emulsified; the resulting mixture was innovatively incorporated into desulfurized gypsum to resolve its drawback of a poor water resistance. The waterproof mechanism of the composite emulsion and liquid paraffin emulsion with mass fractions of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% were investigated. The effect of the desulfurized gypsum on the waterproof performance and basic mechanical properties were also investigated. The configuration of the composite waterproofing agent was characterized by FTIR and ¹HNMR. The results showed that, compared with the traditional liquid paraffin emulsion-based waterproofing agent, the softening coefficient of the silicone oil paraffin composite emulsion-based water-repellent agent was increased by 60% and attained a value of 0.89. Combined with the waterproof mechanism and microscope morphology analysis of gypsum hydration products, the improvement in the water resistance of water resistance was primarily attributed to the formation of a silicone hydrophobic membrane between the crystals of the gypsum block; this ensured that water could not penetrate the crystal.

Spectrum allocation strategy for heterogeneous wireless service based on bidding game

( Jing Cao ),( Junsheng Wu ),( Wenchao Yang ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.3

The spectrum scarcity crisis has resulted in a shortage of resources for many emerging wireless services, and research on dynamic spectrum management has been used to solve this problem. Game theory can allocate resources to users in an economic way through market competition. In this paper, we propose a bidding game-based spectrum allocation mechanism in cognitive radio network. In our framework, primary networks provide heterogeneous wireless service and different numbers of channels, while secondary users have diverse bandwidth demands for transmission. Considering the features of traffic and QoS demands, we design a weighted interference graph-based grouping algorithm to divide users into several groups and construct the non-interference user-set in the first step. In the second step, we propose the dynamic bidding game-based spectrum allocation strategy; we analyze both buyer`s and seller`s revenue and determine the best allocation strategy. We also prove that our mechanism can achieve balanced pricing schema in competition. Theoretical and simulation results show that our strategy provides a feasible solution to improve spectrum utilization, can maximize overall utility and guarantee users` individual rationality.

MiR-188-5p regulates the proliferation and differentiation of goat skeletal muscle satellite cells by targeting calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta

Jing Jing,Sihuan Zhang,Jinbo Wei,Yuhang Yang,Qi Zheng,Cuiyun Zhu,Shuang Li,Hongguo Cao,Fugui Fang,Yong Liu,Ying-hui Ling Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2023 Animal Bioscience Vol.36 No.12

Objective: The aim of this study was to reveal the role and regulatory mechanism of miR-188-5p in the proliferation and differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Methods: Goat skeletal muscle satellite cells isolated in the pre-laboratory were used as the test material. First, the expression of miR-188-5p in goat muscle tissues at different developmental stages was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In addition, miR-188-5p was transfected into goat skeletal muscle satellite cells by constructing mimics and inhibitors of miR-188-5p, respectively. The changes of differentiation marker gene expression were detected by qPCR method. Results: It was highly expressed in adult goat latissimus dorsi and leg muscles, goat fetal skeletal muscle, and at the differentiation stage of muscle satellite cells. Overexpression and interference of miR-188-5p showed that miR-188-5p inhibited the proliferation and promoted the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells. Target gene prediction and dual luciferase assays showed that miR-188-5p could target the 3'untranslated region of the calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II beta (CAMK2B) gene and inhibit luciferase activity. Further functional studies revealed that CAMK2B promoted the proliferation and inhibited the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells, whereas si-CAMK2B restored the function of miR-188-5p inhibitor. Conclusion: These results suggest that miR-188-5p inhibits the proliferation and promotes the differentiation of goat muscle satellite cells by targeting CAMK2B. This study will provide a theoretical reference for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle development in goats.

Generation of low-order reservoir models using Krylov-enhanced proper orthogonal decomposition method

Jing Cao,Hui Zhao,Gaoming Yu 한국자원공학회 2016 Geosystem engineering Vol.19 No.6

Reservoir simulation of realistic reservoir can be computationally demanding because of the large number of system unknowns. Model order reduction (MOR) technique represents a promising approach for accelerating the simulations. In this work, we focus on the application of a MOR technique called Krylov-enhanced proper orthogonal decomposition (KPOD), which combines the moment-matching property of Arnoldi with data generalization ability of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to alleviate POD’s dependence on the choice of snapshots and the particular input conditions. We apply KPOD and POD methods for a two-phase (oil–water) reservoir model which is solved by semi-implicit Euler discretization and consider two different scenarios to evaluate the predictive capability of POD and KPOD methods. The example demonstrates that even though the difference of inputs of testing and training process is larger, the results of KPOD are in close agreement with the full-order simulation, while the accuracy of POD becomes very poor. And because the number of base vector for KPOD is less, the KPOD is able to approximately reduce the simulation time by 3 times compared with the full-order reservoir model. The KPOD method outperforms POD method in computational efficiency and accuracy.

Energy efficiency resource allocation for cell-edge users with social-aware based grouping D2D

Cao Jing,Song Xin,Si Fangyuan 한국통신학회 2023 ICT Express Vol.9 No.5

With the emergence and popularization of multi-homing intelligent terminals, multi-receiver D2D communication has become a hot research issue. Based on the characteristic that D2D communication can work in licensed and unlicensed spectrum, a new grouping D2D (GD2D) model contains two transmitters (one works in the licensed spectrum and the other works in the unlicensed spectrum) and one receiver is constructed in this paper. To improve the user’s quality-of-service (QoS) at the edge of the cell, we develop a novel relay selection scheme based on a social tie that considers both physical and social constraints. Furthermore, we formulate a resource allocation problem that aims to maximize the system’s energy efficiency (EE). We derive the optimal closed solutions of the expressions by the fractional programming method and the Lagrangian dual approach. Numerical results show that the proposed grouping D2D scheme can yield significant EE performance gain over the traditional cell-edge user scheme.

Reservoir automatic history matching method using ensemble Kalman filter based on shrinkage covariance matrix estimation

Jing Cao 한국자원공학회 2023 Geosystem engineering Vol.26 No.2

Because the geological conditions of the reservoir are complicated and involve many factors, the inversion of reservoir parameters is realized by using numerical simulation technology and history matching method. At present, Ensemble Kalman Filter method is widely used in history matching. But in the fact, the Ensemble Kalman Filter has problem such as inaccurate gradient calculation and pseudo correlation. In this paper, the Ensemble Kalman Filter based on shrinkage covariance matrix estimation is used to construct the localization matrix. By gradually matching production performance, the gradient of data assimilation method is corrected, the pseudo correlation is weakened, the reservoir model is updated, and the optimal estimate is obtained. By an example, we compare the Ensemble Kalman Filter and Ensemble Kalman Filter based on shrinkage covariance matrix estimation. The results show that Ensemble Kalman Filter based on shrinkage covariance matrix estimation is superior to Ensemble Kalman Filter in the accuracy of model production dynamic matching.

New media installation art in the music field

Jing Yu Cao,Jin Wan Park 중앙대학교 영상콘텐츠융합연구소 2020 TechArt :Journal of Arts and Imaging Science Vol.7 No.1