17세기초 사행록에 나타난 명나라 말기의 위기 상황

윤세형(Yoon, Se-Hyung) 숭실대학교 한국문학과예술연구소 2015 한국문학과 예술 Vol.15 No.-

17세기는 역사상 명청교체기에 해당한다. 요동에서 일어난 후금은 세력이 점차 강성해져 중원을 장악하게 되었다. 1621년부터 1637년까지는 육로사행길이 막혀 해로사행으로 바뀌었다. 명은 1644년 결국 망하였지만 명의 말기적 증세는 17세기 초반의 사행록 곳곳에서 확인할 수 있다. 본고는 명나라 말기의 위기상황을 최현의 <朝天日錄>(1608년)을 중심으로 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 이 이외에도 보충자료로 김중청의 <朝天日錄>(1614년), 조즙의 <癸亥水路朝天錄>(1623년), 이덕형의 <朝天錄>과 홍익한의 <朝天航海錄>(1624년), 김육의 <朝京日錄>(1637년) 등을 활용하였다. 2에서는 ‘中華秩序의 당위성과 기대’에 대해 살폈다. 중화질서는 중국 중심의 세계관, 즉 華夷觀을 바탕으로 ‘책봉-조공’ 관계가 이루어지는 상태이다. 중화질서는 무력이 아니라 禮敎를 매개로 유지되는 질서이다. 17세기 명이 현실적으로 기울어가고 있었지만 조선 성리학자들은 중화질서를 신봉하고 이에 대한 기대의 끈을 놓지 않았다. 3에서는 17세기 사행록에 나타난 ‘명나라 말기의 위기 상황’을 구체적으로 살폈다. 살펴본 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 禮敎가 쇠퇴하고 異敎가 성행하였다. 둘째, 大小官員의 貪風이 성행하였고 환관이 국정을 전횡하였다. 셋째, 군사방비가 허술하였고 잦은 오랑캐의 침입이 있었다. 넷째, 당파싸움이 심했고 국고탕갈로 재정이 바닥난 상태였다. Historically, the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century corresponds to the changing period from Ming to Qing Dynasty. Hugeum that appeared in Yodong became gradually stronger and eventually took hold of Jungwon. From 1621 to 1637, land route for envoys visit to China was blocked and it was changed to sea route. Although Ming Dynasty eventually perished in 1944, its symptoms of decadence could be confirmed in various parts of envoy’s visit record in the beginning of the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century. This paper is to examine the critical situations of the late Ming Dynasty specifically centering on CHOI, HYUN’s 〈Jocheon Ilrok〉(‘1608). In addition, as supplementary data, the researcher also used KIM, JUNG CHEONG’s 〈Jocheon Ilrok〉(‘1614), CHO, JEUB’s 〈Gyehaesuro Jocheonrok〉(‘1623), LEE, DEOK HYUNG’s <Jocheonrok>, HONG, IK HAN’s 〈Jocheon Hanghaerok〉(‘1624) and KIM, YUK’s 〈Jokyung Ilrok〉(‘1637), etc. In II, the researcher examined ‘appropriateness and expectations of Chinese world order system’. In Chinese world order system, ‘appointment- tribute’ relationship was made based on China centric view. Chinese world order system was maintained through courtesy education not through power. Although in the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century, Ming Dynasty was actually falling into a decline, Joseon’s Confucian scholars adhered to Chinese world order system and did not let go of the expectations of it. In Ⅲ, the researcher specifically examined ‘critical situations of Ming Dynasty’ appearing in the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century envoy’s visit record as follows. First, courtesy education fell into decline and heathenism was prevalent. Second, indulgence of great and small government officials was prevalent and eunuchs tyrannized state affairs. Third, military defense was poor and there were frequent invasion of the barbarians. Fourth, partisanship was severe and national finance was depleted because of waste of state coffers.

아침형-저녁형의 측정을 위한 한국어판 조합척도의 교차 타당화

이형영,윤진상,국승희 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.2

연구목적 : 일주기 리듬의 유형을 분류하는 설문지는 일주기 리듬을 연구하고, 교대근무의 적응력을 예측하기 위해 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 Smith 등 (1989)의 조합척도를 한국어판으로 표준화한 윤진상 등(1997)의 한국어판 조합척도(Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)를 실제 직장인들에게 적용할 수 있는 지를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 간호사 115명(순환교대 근무자 85명, 주간고정 근무자 70명)과 여대생 247명을 대상으로 KtCS와 생활습관 설문지(Life Habit Questionnaire : LHQ)를 배포하였다. 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각에 대해 KtCS 점수의 분포도를 검증하고 백분위 10이하의 점수를 받은 군을 저녁형, 백분위 90이상의 점수를 받은 군을 아침형, 그 중간의 점수를 받은 군을 중간형으로 정의하였다. 두 군 각각에서 KtCS 점수의 내적 일치도를 구하고, 요인 분석을 하였으며, 일주기 리듬의 유형에 따른 생활습관의 차이를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 KtCS 점수는 부적으로 편포되어 있었으나 유의하지는 않았고, KtCS의 평균점수에서도 유의한 차이가 없었다. 간호사 군에서 Cronbach alpha는 .836이었으며, “취침과 가상의 선호시간”, “아침의 각성”, “기상시간”의 세 요인이 추출되었는데, 문항 11이 요인 1에 추가적으로 부하된 경우 외에는 본 연구의 여대생 군 및 윤진상 등 (1997)의 요인분석 결과와 거의 동일하였다. 여대생 군에서 KtCS의 내적 일치도는 Cronbach alpha .787이었고, “취침과 기상의 선호시각”, “기상시각”, “아침의 각성” 세 요인이 추출되었다. 또한 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 생활습관에서도 일주기 리듬간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 즉 각성, 수행, 업무 혹은 학습효과가 최고조에 이르는 시간대는 저녁형이 가장 늦고, 다음이 중간형, 아침형 순이었으며, 오전 학습효과는 아침형이, 저녁의 학습효과는 저녁형이 가장 높았으나, 오후의 학습효과에서는 저녁형과 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 취침시각과 기상시각은 저녁형이 가장 늦었지만, 총 수면시간에서는 저녁형, 중간형, 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 간호사에서 KtCS의 심리측정 속성은 여대생에서의 분포도, 내적 일치도, 타당도가 매우 유사하였고, 윤진상 등(1997)의 연구결과와도 유사하여서, KtCS 활용의 일반화 가능성이 시사된다. Objectives : It is necessary to develop a questionnaire to classify the circadian rhythm for studying circadian rhythms and predicting shift work adaptability. This study attempted to confirm the general applicability of “Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)” by Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997), a Korean version of Composite Scale(CS) by Smith et al(1989). Methods : KtCS and Life Questionnaire(LHQ) were administered to 155 nurses(65 rotating shift nurses,, 70 nurses on a fixed day schedule) and 247 female university students. We tested the distribution of KtCS scores and then subjects were categorized on the basis of their KtCS scores into evening(E), intermediate(I), and morning(M) types. Cut-off points for these categories were set at the 10th and 90th percentiles. We obtained the results of the internal consistency and the structure of factors of KtCS. We also compared the difference of life habits according to the circadian rhythm types. Results : In both groups, nurses and female university students, the distributions of KtCS score were negatively skewed but not significantly and the KtCS mean score was not significantly different. In nurses, Cronbach's alpha was 0.836, and three extracted factors were ‘preferred times of performance and going to bed’, ‘rising time’ and ‘morning alertness’. In female university students, Cronbach's alpha was 0.787, and the same three factors as nurses were confirmed. However, only item 11 was loaded to factor 1 for the nurse group, whereas it was loaded to factor 2 for the student group. Life habits significantly differed among the three circadian rhythm types. The time of perceived peak alertness(mental and physical) was the latest in the E-type. The quality of academic performance during the morning was the highest in the M-type, and during the evening it was the highest in the E-type, but during the afternoon there was no significant differences among the three types. The bedtime and the rising time were latest in E-type, but the sleep lengths were not significantly different among the three types in both groups. Conclusion : The psychometric properties of KtCS in nurses were very similar to those of female university students and the previous findings of Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997). This result supports that KtCS can be generally applied.

호텔 기업의 직원가치의제(EVP:Employee Value Proposition)가 직무만족, 조직몰입에 미치는 영향 연구

윤석형(Sug-Hyung·Yoon),변정우(Jung-Woo·BYun) 한국관광레저학회 2017 한국관광레저학회 학술발표대회 Vol.2017 No.6

The purpose of this study, based on theories and previous studies, are to analyze the effects EVP, how they influence their job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The results of this study, Firstly, subordinate elements of EVP, great company, interesting works, self-development, wealth and compensation had meaningful effects on job satisfaction. Secondly, subordinate elements of EVP, great company, interesting works, self-development, wealth and compensation had meaningful effects on organizational commitment. Finally, In the relationship between EVP, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment, POS showed a moderating effect.

두경부 편평상피암에서의 MIB-1, p53, bcl-2와 apoptosis의 발현 및 상호 연관성

손용준,한지용,윤형기,장수원,윤혜경,김우형,이희철 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.4

Objective : Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck represents approximately 2.0∼4.0% of all malignant tumors, with an etiology closely associated with smoking, drinking and various genetic alterations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of MIB-1, p53, bcl-2 and apoptosis according to degree of differentitation of squamous cell carcinoma. Methods and Material : forty-eight cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were selected for this study. MIB-1, p53, bc1-2 expression rate were studied by iromunogistochemical staining and the number of apoptosis observed by TUNEL method. Results : The expressioins of MIB-1, p53, bcl-2 and apoptosis were found in 56.3%, 50.0%, 14.6%, 85.4%, of 48 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The expression of MIB-1, p53 and apoptosis were more higher in poorly differentiated cases than well differentiated cases. MIB-1 expression was related with p53 mutation (p<0.05) and apoptosis rate(p<0.05). Conclusion : From these results. the expressions of MIB-1, bcl-2 and apoptosis were related with degree of differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma and correlation among these parameters.

치성 낭종의 임상-병리학적 소견과 TGF-α 및 TGF-β 발현

한경민,김용환,박진혁,윤형기,윤혜경,김우형,이희철 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.4

Objective : Periapical cyst is a relatively common disease but heterogenous in histogenesis, and inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of varying degree are associated in the cystic wall. The aim of thes study is to evaluate the clinico-pathologic characteristics such as patient's age, ses, location, and the degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of periapical cyst and the role of TGF-α and TGF-β cytokines in the inflammed periapical cyst. Methods and Material : The materials were 43 cases of periapical cyst and clinical information with age, sex, location(maxilla vs mandible, right vs left, region involved) were recorded. Histopathological examination on the degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis and immunohistochemical stining for TGF-α and TGF-β were perfomed. Satistical analyses between clinical parameters, the degree of inflammation and fibrosis and expressions for TGF-α and TGF-β were followed. Results : 1. Thirt(69.8%) of 43 cases were older than 20 year-old. and no significant differences of incidence according to patient's sex was noted. In 25(58.1%) out of 43 case. 20(54.1%) out of 37 cases, and 20(48.8%) of 41cases, the cyst was located on the maxilla. in right side and in premolar region respectively. 2. The cysts of developmental and inflammatory origin were 24(55.8%) and 19(44.2%) of 43 cases, respectively and there were no siginificant differences of patient's age, sex, and location of cysts according to the origin of cysts. 3. Fibrosis was more conspicuous in cases older than 20 year-old. (p=0.0179), but no significant difference in the degree of inflammatory reaction according to patient's age and in the degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis according to sex and location of the cysts were seen. 4. Inflammatory reaction was slightly more in cysts of inflammatory origin, but no significant defferences in degree of inflammation and fibrosis according to origin of the cysts. 5. The degree of inflammatory reaction and TGF-α and TGF-β expressions showed a tendency of positive correlation(p=0.1563), but there were no statistically significant relationships between the degree of inflammation and fibrosis and TGF-α and TGF-β expressions. 6. In the cysts of developmental origin, TGF-α expression in the epithelial cells was significantly increased than inflammatory origin, but TGF-α and TGF-β expressions in the inflammatory cells and stromal cells showed no significant difference according to the origin Conclusion : The degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of periapical cysts was different according to patient's age and location of the cyst. TGF-α and TGF-β cystokines seemed to be involved in the inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of periapical cyst, however, TGF-α and TGF-β expressions was not parallel to the degree of inflammatory reaction and fibrosis. These results suggest that other cytokines in addition to TGF-α and TGF-β may also be involved in the inflammatory reaction and fibrosis of periapical cyst. Increased TGF-expression in the epithelial cells of the cysts of developmental origin could be a helpful finding to defferentiate the origin of the periapical cyst.

최소이론에서의 주격자질 점검

윤희수,김형덕 金烏工科大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

In this paper, I have presented Chomsky's(1992) Minimaalist theory and provided solutions to its problems. The Minimalist takes the interface levels,PF and LF, to be the only significant linguistic levels : hence D-and S-structures are eliminated.If an array of items is selected from the lexicon by select-α,then SATISFY presents it ina format satisfying the conditions of the X-bar theory. SATISFY can apply at different positions in a derivation. Computation selects from the lexicon freely at any point. We have assumed that weak features of an inflectional element cannot attract a heavy element such as a main verb. though it attract a light element such as an auxiliary. while strong features attract any element. I have seen that Wh-movement and I to C raising are two separate operations. he motivation for I to C is to check the 〔+ Q 〕feature. while Wh-movement is triggered by 〔+Op 〕. Our basic assumption is that no feature can move alone without being supported by an overt element. If there is no modal or auxiliary. do must be inserted under T in order to bear the features of T. One of the major characteristics of Minimalist theory is that it is a morphological feature-centered theory. Therefore, we can say that all grammatical operations must be driven only to satisfy the requirements of the morphological properties of functional heads or lexical items.

머리염색이 인체에 미치는 영향

윤형식,황성호,이현륭,김수호,박연석,권낙현,정호진,김동훈,노현주,홍성호,박병찬,이관,정해관 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2002 東國醫學 Vol.9 No.1

일상생활에서 모발염색은 흔히 접할 수 있는 미용의 한 종류로 특히 젊은층을 중심으로 폭발적으로 유행하고 있다. 염색을 위항 사용하는 약제는 표백제와 발색제 등 각종 화학약품이 사용되고 있으나 이로 인한 건강장해에 대한 연구는 그리 많지 않다. 저자들은 염색이 인체의 모발건강에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 염색과 관련된 주관적 증상과 모발의 변화에 대한 실험적 연구를 시행하였다. 동국대학교 경주 캠퍼스 재학생 80명을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하여 염색 유 ·무 및 염색 후에 경험한 증상에 대해 설문 조사하였고, 의과대학 재학생 46명을 대상으로 피부 반응 테스트를 실시하였다. 또한 염색 전후의 모발 탄성도를 측정하였고 모발의 상태를 파악하기 위해 전자 현미경검사를 실시하였다. 설문조사 결과 염색 전에 비하여 염색 후 안구혼탁, 안구건조, 시력저하, 발진 및 접촉성 피부염, 모발손상, 모근손상 등의 증상을 더 많이 경험한다고 호소하였다(p<0.05). 모발손상과 모근손상은 헤어드라이어 사용 빈도에 따라 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.05). 피부반응검사에서 가려움증이 가장 많은 증상이었으며 이는 여성보다는 남성에서 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 염색 전후의 모발장력은 염색 전 134.5±10.37g, 염색 128.0±30.69g, 염색 이틀 후 112.5±19.69g으로 나타났다. 염색 전후의 모발의 전자현미경 케라틴 층이 현저히 감소하고 모발이 가늘어지는 차이를 보였다. 염색은 모발손상, 모발 케라틴 손상 및 모근 손상, 발진 및 접촉성 피부반응, 안구혼탁, 안구건조, 시력 저하를 유발한다. 따라서 염색약으로 인한 손상에 대한 주의와 예방이 필요하다고 생각한다. 예방대책으로 염색 전 피부테스트를 통한 적합성 여부를 판단하는 것이 필요하며 가급적 염색을 피하는 것이 좋을 것이다. 염색약에 발암물질이 포함되어있다는 보고도 있어 염색 제조사의 철저한 실험과 염색 물질의 선별이 염색으로 인한 부작용을 최소화하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. Hair coloring has became one of the most popular cosmetic activities to younger generations during last decade. However, there are few studies on the health effect of widespread use of chemical dyes. This study was conducted to study the effects of hair coloring dye on hair and other systems. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 80 persons in Kyongju campus, Dongguk University. We have done open patch skin test on 46 medical students. We also conducted scanning electron microscopy to examine the hair strength and structure before and after hair coloring process. Injury of hair and hair bulb, contact dermatitis, turbid eyes, xerophthalmia, and poor visual acuity were the main symptoms complained after hair coloring (p<0.05). Injury of hair and hair bulb were increased by frequency of hair-dryer use(p<0.05). In open patch test, pruritus was complanined by more than half of the subjects. Mean strength of hairs before and after hair coloring was as follows; 134.5 (SD 10.37)g before hair coloring, 128.0 (SD 30.69)g immediately after hair coloring, and 112.5 (SD 19.69)g after two days. The scanning electron microscopic findings of hair surface before and after hair coloring showed decreased keratin layer and thinning of the hair. Hair coloring induces injury to hair, its keratin layer, and hair bulb as well as contact dermatitis, turbid eyes, xerophthalmia, and poor visual acuity. Therefore, we think that precaution is needed in use of hair coloring dye. To prevent complications induced by hair coloring dye, it is necessary, especially to those with allergy or skin disorders, to perform skin test before action and avoid hair coloring whenever possible. Longterm health effects of hairdye should be studied and manufacturing companies should try to minimize complications induced by hair coloring dye.

대학운동선수들의 일상 의식과 태도에 대한 질적 분석

윤여탁,이형일 연세대학교 체육연구소 2002 체육연구논문집 Vol.9 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 대학교에 재학중인 운동선수들의 일상활동인 학습과 운동훈련 속에서 선수개인이 느끼는 의식과 태도를 분석함으로써, 지도자들에게 운동선수들의 학업관리와 훈련지도에 기초자료를 제공하기 위한 것이다. 또한 선수 개인들에게도 반성을 통한 삶의 과정을 자각케 함으로써 대학생활 기간 중 자아정체성 확립에 도움을 주는 데 있다. 이 같은 연구목적을 수행하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 대학운동선수들이 직접 경험한 사실들을 후기 실증주의적 방법론을 사용하여 분석하였다. 이 분석 방법은 운동선수 자신들의 관점으로부터 개인의 삶의 형태와 사회, 그리고 대학교육을 인식하는 방식을 분석 가능케 한다. 운동선수들의 일산의식에 대한 연구는 선수개인이 자신의 역할을 어떻게 내면화하고 자신에게 주어지는 의무를 어떻게 해석하느냐를 분석하는 것이다. 다시 말해, 운동선수의 주관적 경험에 대한 해석을 현상학적으로 밝혀내는 작업이다. 이러한 관점에서, 선수 개인들이 자신의 경험을 스스로 구성하는 심층 면접법이 적합하다고 보며, 이를 통해, 선수들이 바라보는 사회와 교육의 전반적 현상을 구체적으로 범주화시킬 수 있었다. 논의의 결과 대학운동선수들의 일상의식과 태도에 대한 범주화로 훈련에 대한 부담과 집착, 진로에 대한 기대, 통제에 대한 순응, 학사관리의 부담, 인간적인 소외감 등의 하위영역으로 분류되었다. 대학 운동선수들은 학교생활 속에서 과도한 운동연습으로 인한 학습할 권리의 침해와 다른 학생들과의 교류 부족으로 인한 정체성에 갈등을 느끼고 있었다. 그러나, 자신의 진로를 위해 개인운동능력 향상을 목적으로 개인훈련을 꾸준히 하고 있었다. 또한, 운동과 학습의 병행에 따라 개인의 인간적 삶을 제약받고 있고, 통제된 환경에 대해서는 운동선수를 스스로 선택한 만큼 자율적 문제로 인정하며, 수업관리에는 큰 고충을 느끼고 있었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate elite student-athletes recognize self-identity and self-awareness, provide an university of the athletes' policy for university manager and coaches being responsibility of athletes' training and management with the voice of athletes directly. Data collection included mainly in-depth interviews and participation observation. This study explored the development of such critical using elite student-athletes as the experiential base. I argue that they must be conceived of as a unity in understanding the social construction of elite student-athletes, as well as in developing and embodying critical perspectives. The results were divided into five categorization which were attachment on practice, expectation on the job, docility on control, hardness on the participation of classes, and ailenation, they were life-consciousness and attitude of elite student-athletes in university.

생애사를 통해 본 여성 정체성

윤형숙 목포대학교 여성문제연구소 1998 여성연구 Vol.6 No.-

상업스포츠센터 고객의 서비스 품질과 서비스가치 및 재이용의도에 관한 연구

윤형기 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.4

It is the commercial sports centers that has been most popularized among other sectors of sport service industry, end it has worked as a pivot of participation in sports. The purpose of the study was to examine the casula relationship of perception of servquality of service value, and reintention of consumer in participating sports centers. Participants for this study were 350 of 20 overaged adults, Of participations valid data were 297, They completed a modified inventory of the perception of servquality, service value and reintention of consumer's participation in sports center, More details, perception of servquality Scale modified by Patrick, McCleary & Swan, (1996), and service value by Lee et al.,(1999), and reintention of consumer scale by Jung(1999) were using after remodifing scale to investigate the purpose of this study, Results were analyzed in quantitative approaches, Data were collected through self-administered survey, The most three meaningful results of the study were as follows; There was influenced to casual relationship between perception of servquality and service value. There was influenced to casual relationship between perception of servquality and reintention of consumer. There was influenced to casual relationship between value of service and reintention of consumer.