한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

고농도의 연폭로근로자들에서 혈중연량과 Dithiothreitio로 처리된 δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 활성비(ALAD Ratio)와의 상관관계

김형아,이원철,이광묵 가톨릭대학산업의학센타 산업의학연구소 1992 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.31 No.4

The ??-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity(??-ALAD) and the ratio of activated to inactivated ??-ALAD treated with dithiothreitol of whole blood was measured to evaluate the correlation between the ratio and blood lead level. Zinc protoporphyrin(ZPP), the indices most widely used in screening of lead absorption and blood lead were also measured. These parameters indicative of lead exposure were measured in whole blood from 57 highly lead exposed workers(most of them, ZPP was higher than 100ug/100ml), and from a group of 15 control subjects not exposed to undue environmental lead. We found that the correlation coefficient between the ratio and the blood lead level(r=0.58) was slightly greater than the correlation cofficient between the log inactivated ??-ALAD and the blood lead level(r=-0.51) among 57 highly lead exposed workers.

소음부서 근로자 특수건강진단 실태 및 문제점

김현욱,정치경,김형아,노영만,장성실 大韓産業醫學會 1994 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.6 No.2

Occupational hearing loss became the leading occupational disease by constituting 56% of all work-related diseases in Korea. However, the prevalence rates showed wide variations among the specific medical examination providers (SMEPs) and were very low(0.8-1.4%) compared with those of 8.4% in Japan. This study was designed to identify of those variations by investigating current audimetric testing methods and the diagnostic criteria utilized by the SMEPs. A questionnaire was distributed to each of 27 SMEPs selected from total 70 SMEPs. Among them, 20 SMEPs were interviewed and the rest of them were given the questionnaire form by mail. Included in the survey form were questions concerning audiometric testing methods and procedures, equipment, facility, personnel and criteria utilized. The results were as follows: 1. Employee audiometric testings were primarily conducted by nurses and nurse-aids who had no formal training for audiometry because no training program had been established. No requirement about the Quality of audiometric testing personnel was specified in the regulation. 2. Although audiometric testing equipment used by the SMEPs should be periodically calibrated, a significant number of them were not properly calibrated. Most of the calibration services were provided by the outside contractors and were done with no uniformly established periods. No SMEPs conducted the daily functional calibration. Most of the SMEPs did not keep their calibration records. 3. Initial audiometric testings were conducted at any available spaces in the workplace or at the testing room without considering noise level in that place. Follow-up audiometric testings were also provided without considering the worker's noise exposure. Although audiometric booths were used during the follow-up testings, most of them did not meet the ANSI noise requirement for audiometric booths. 4. Although a standard diagnostic criterion was promulgated in the law, the criterion was not used uniformly by the SMEPs. In addition, some SMEPs were applying age corrections which were not incorporated into the regulation yet. Therefore wide range of prevalence in NIHL among SMEPs could have possibly been caused by variable audiometric testing procedures and methods. In conclusion, it was recommended that systematical and general measures, such as formal and establishment of standard diagnostic criteria, be established for solving current problems and assuring equity among SMEPs in diagnosing occupational hearing losses.

제조업체 광물성분진의 총분진, 흡입성분진, 흉곽성분진과 호흡성분진의 농도

김용우,피영규,김현욱,김형아 가톨릭대학교 산업의학센터 2000 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.39 No.2

This study was designed to estimate particle size distribution of airborne dust by an 8-stage cascade impactor, to compare concentrations of total dust by 37mm closed-face cassette with total dust, thoracic particle mass(TPM), inhalable particle mass(IPM) concentrations by an 8-stage cascade impactor and to estimate concentrations of respirable dust collected by cyclone in manufacturing factories. Total 85 sites in 44 factories were sampled from August 1, 1996 to December 31, 1997. The results were as follows: 1.The geometric mean concentration of total dust collected by 37mm closed-face cassette were 0.27-1.44 mg/㎥. The GM concentrations of total dust by impactor were 0.82-2.85 mg/㎥, of inhalable dust 0.63-2.24 mg/㎥, and of thoracic dust were 0.31-1.40 mg/㎥, respectively. 2.The analysis of particle size distribution showed bimodal patterns for almost all sampling sites studied. Geometric mean(GSD) diameters of the small mode were 0.515(1.577) ㎛ - 3.032(13.698) ㎛, while the large mode were 11.873(2.460) ㎛ - 19.774(2.606) ㎛, respectively. 3.The geometric mean(GSD) concentrations of respirable dust collected by cyclone were 0.08-0.46 mg/㎥. To evaluate health hazards from mineral dusts occurring in manufacturing industries, these results suggest the necessity of promulgating particle size-selective limit values and sampling methods such as IPM, TPM, and RPM.

독일과 이탈리아의 산업의(産業醫) 제도

김형아,정치경 가톨릭대학 산업의학 센타 산업의학연구소 1995 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.34 No.2

화학 공정에서의 오염방지

김형아 가톨릭대학산업의학센타 산업의학연구소 1999 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.38 No.2

이 부분에서는 가능한 폐기물 발생 및 처리 자료의 이해를 돕고자 하였다. 여러 가지 자료원을 사용하여 산업 폐기물 발생과 처리 패턴에 관한 구성이 제시되었다. 현재의 자료 형태로는 폐기물 방출 자료로 오염 방지를 측정하기에는 완전하지 않지만, 이들 자료의 한계를 인지하고 사용하면 오염 방지 측정을 위한 정책 논의에 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

톨루엔 노출 근로자에서 요중마뇨산 배설농도로 평가한 호흡보호구 착용효과에 관한 연구

김범석,박정일,임현우,김형아,오상용 大韓産業醫學會 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.4

목적 : 보호구 착용 효과에 대한 실제적, 구체적자료를 제시함으로서 예방목적의 보호구 사용에 대한 근로자들의 인식을 제고시키기 위함이다. 방법 : 서울시내에 소재한 일부 그라비아 인쇄소에서 톨루엔이 함유된 잉크 및 희석제를 취급하는근로자 26명을 대상으로 본 연구를 수행하였다. 유기가스용 방독마스크 미착용 상태와 유기가스용 방독마스크 착용후 작업환경 중 톨루엔 개인노출농도와 요중 마뇨산 시간별 농도를 측정, 비교하였다. 결과 : 그라비아 인쇄소의 공기중 톨루엔 개인노출농도는 유기가스용 방독마스크 미착용일과 착용일에서 각각 147.52+57.34 ppm 및 134.55+52.44ppm으로 통계학적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 방독마스크 미착용일파 착몽일의 작업종료 후 요중 마뇨산 농도의 기하평균값은 각각 1.5) 10.33:1 g/L 및0.49(0.14) 하였으며 두 일간에 유의한 차이를 보였단. 방독마스크 미착용일에서 요중 마뇨산 농도는 근무시작 4시간 후(오후 작업시작전, 13:00)부터 유의하게 증가하기 시작하였으며, 착용일에서는 근무종료시까지 유의한 증가를 보이지 않았다. 유기가스용 방독마스크 착용 효과를 톨루엔 대사산물인 요중마뇨산 농도로 평가하면 착용시 농도가 미착용시에비하여 89.3% 감소하였다. 보호구 미착용일에 있어서 공기중 톨루엔 개인노출농도와 요중 마뇨산 농도는 유의한 상관성을 나타났으며 회귀방정식은 Y(요중 마뇨산, g/L) =0. OO7x (공기중 톨루엔, ppm)+0.665로 계산되었다. 결론 : Fit Test등 올바른 보호구 착용 교육을 통한 전 작업시간에 걸친 유기가스용 방독마스크 보호구 착용은 직업적인 톨루엔 노출의 호흡기 흡수를거의 대부분 차단하였다. Objectives : This study was carried out in order to raise workers' recognition of the effects of respirator use by providing concrete and practical data. Methods : Twenty-six workers who dealt with toluene based ink and diluents at a gravure printing office in Seoul were investigated. The toluene exposure level and urinary hippuric acid level were monitored under respirator non-wearing (RNW) and under respiratory wearing (RW) conditions. Results : The mean concentrations of toluene exposed to each worker through the air of gravure printing office were 147.52±57.34 and 134.55±52.44 ppm on respirator non-wearing day and respirator wearing day, respectively. There was no significant difference in toluene exposure concentration for the two days. The mean concentration of urinary hippuric acid in RNW and RW groups were 1.51 (0.53) g/L and 0.49 (0.14) g/L, respectively, as measured at the end of the workday. There was a significant difference seen in urinary hippuric acid concentration between the two days. The urinary hippuric acid concentration began to increase at 4 hours after the start of the workday (13:00) in RNW. However, there was no significant increase until the end of the workday in the case of RW. The urinary hippuric acid concentration in RW reduced 89.3% as compared with the concentration seen in RNW. There was a significant correlation between the toluene concentration and the urinary hippuric acid concentration in RNW. The regression equation was Y (urinary hippuric acid concentration, g/L) = 0.007 ×χ(toluene concentration in the air, ppm) + 0.665. Conclusions : Our results indicate that the respirator intercepted most toluene that may have been absorbed Into the respiratory organs, and suggested that properly wearing a respiratory such as wearing the respirator during the entire workday and performing a proper fit test played an important role in the protection from toluene exposure

화학물질 폭로에 대한 생물학적 모니터링(Ⅰ)

김형아 가톨릭대학산업의학쎈타 산업의학연구소 1990 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.29 No.3

항공우주 구조물 건전성 모니터링 시스템의 최근 연구동향

김인걸,이홍영,김진원,이경아,김형임 충남대학교 산업기술연구소 2004 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.19 No.1

화학물질 폭로에 대한 생물학적 모니터링(Ⅱ)

김형아 카톨릭대학 산업의학 센타 산업의학연구소 1990 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.29 No.4