쌀가루와 감자를 농후제로 사용한 크림스프의 품질 특성

고승정,박홍현,이경희 한국조리과학회 2004 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.20 No.6

In order to seek the possibility of using rice flour and potato as thickening agent instead of roux, sensory evaluations of cream soups manufactured from 3 different thickening agents were conducted. The viscosity, moisture and lipid contents, and the color affecting the quality of the soup were investigated. The results were as follows: 1. As thickening agents for 200g of the cream soups, rice flour and potatoes at 20.5 and 90g, respectively, were needed in order to make soup with a similar concentration to that manufactured using 20g of roux. 2. In the sensory tests, the soup made with rice flour had the most preferred overall acceptability, with a significantly preferable taste. The soup made with rice flour had the strongest whiteness and savory taste, but that made with roux had the strongest viscosity and smooth feeling in the mouth feel. There was no difference between the samples with regard to nutty flavor. The whiteness, palatability, viscosity and smooth feel sensory properties were positively correlated with the overall acceptability. Among these properties, the palatability showed the highest correlation (r=0.538) with overall preference. 3. The cream soup made using potatoes as the thickening agent had a 76.20% water content, whereas those made with rice flour and roux had 73.00 and 64.00% respectively. The fat content of the cream soup made with roux was 10.24%, which was twice as high as those of the rice flour and potato soups. 4. Among the 3 kinds of cream soup, the one made with rice flour had the whitest color

까우띨리-야(Kautilya)의 국내통치 사상에 대한 연구 : 쁘라끄리띠(Prakrti)를 중심으로

고홍근 釜山外國語大學校 1999 外大論叢 Vol.19 No.5

As used in Arthshastra generally and by Kautilys, artha has a much significnce than merely 'wealth'. The material well-being of individuals is a part of it. As Kautilya says in the concluding section of his book: 'The source of the livlihood of men is wealth'. He then draws the corollary that the wealth of a nation is both the territory a state and its inhabitants who may follow a variety of occupations. The sate or government has a crucial role to play in maintaining the well-being of the nation and its people. Therefore, an important part of Arthshastra is 'the science of economics', including starting productive enterprises, taxation, revenue collection, budget and accounts. Kautilya thought that the elements which constitute a state are king, councillors, the territory of the state along with the population inhabiting it, the fortified towns and cities, the treasury, the forces, the allies. The king should have qualities of leadership, qualities of intellect and energetic, good personal attitude. The councillors or ministers of the highest rank should be a native of the state, born in a high family and controllable. The territory should not only be capable of sustaining the population but also outsiders in times of calamities. The treasury shall be one acquired lawfully euther by inheritance or by the king's own efforts. It shall consist of gold, silver, precious gems and gold coins. The forces shall consist mostly of men of tested loyalth having come down from the king's father and grandfater. The soldiers should be strong, obedient, not averse to a long expeditions, skill in handling all weapons and experience of many battles. The ideal ally is one who has the following qualities: a friend of the family for a long time, constant, amenable to control, powerful in his support, sharing a common interest, able to mobilize quickly and not a man who double-crosses.

조선업 도장작업자의 유사노출군과 노출변이; 크실렌 노출을 중심으로

고상백,노영만,임현우,신용철,김수근,최홍열,김재용,장성훈 大韓産業醫學會 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.4

목적 : 조선업 도장 작업자의 크실렌 노출을 평가하기 위하여, 수행직무 및 밀폐특성에 따라 유사노출군으로 구분하여 노출 변이 및 동질성을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 3회 이상 반복측정이 이루어진 근로자 중동일공정에서 직무상 변동이 없는 근로자 총 28명을 대상으로 하였다. 노출농도 값을 대수전환(lOgtransformation)하여 근로자간, 근로자내 노출 분산요소을 추정하기 위하여, nested randomeffects ANOVA model을 활용하였다. 선정된 유사노출군 내 구성원의 측정 평균이 동일하다고 할수 있는지를 검정하기 위하여 분산요인(9f)을 산출하였고, 쿨즈0.031일 경우 동일하다고 생각하였다.또한 노출 값을 대수전환하여 95 %의 근로자(b-R9s)가 2배수 범위 내에 측정값을 가질 경우 동일하다고 생각하였다. bwRSS의 값을 유사노출군내의 근로자들간(between worker)의 기하표준편차(bwsy)를 구한 후 exp(3.92 bwsy)로 계산하여 산출하였고, 그 값이 2이하이면 동일하다고 생각하였다. 결과 : 일반적으로 유사노출군은 노출농도가 비슷한 것이라는 생각과는 달리, 직무에 근거한 유사노출군은 동질성 검정상 이질적이었다. 분무도장과 붓도장 모두 bwRss은 2를 초과하였고, 룰 또한 0.031를 초과하여 변이 폭이 컸다. 그러나 밀폐특성에 따른 노출 분포의 변이성은 직무만으로 구분했을 때의 변이지표 보다 그 수치가 낮아 밀폐특성으로 직무의 변이성을 설명 할 수 있었다. 결론 : 직무에 근거한 유사노출군이 동질적이지알다는 결과는 유사노출군으로 구분된 근로자의 업무특성이 하나의 유사노출군으로 설정할 수 없다는 점을 시사한다. 따라서 향후 작업환경 측정 시 직무뿐만 아니라 특정 업무(specific task) 또는 세부작업현황까지 파악할 필요성을 제시하고 있다. Objectives : This study was conducted to assess the concentration of xylene exposure and exposure variability of a similar exposure group (SEG) in accordance with job title and confined space. Method : The study subjects included 28 workers working in the painting process in the ship-building industry. Measurement of subjects were repeated three times. Within and between-worker exposure valiance components were estimated from log-transformed exposure concentrations employing a one-way nested random effects analysis of variance model. A uniformly exposed group was defined as one where the between-worker variance(σB2) was less than or equal to 0.031 or bwR95 ≤2, where bwR95 =exp(3.92 bwSy) , representing the radio of the mean exposures of the 97.5th and 2.5th percentile groups of the workers sampled. Result : The results indicated that, contrary to popular belief, similar exposed groups based on job title were heterogeneous. The between-worker variance(σB2) is large(≥0.031) and the ratios of the 97.5th and 2.5th percentile workers of the log normally distributed exposures of each group of worriers was more than 2. However dividing job title into confined space (in-block, out-block, in/out-block) decreased the between-worker exposure variability. Conclusion : This study focused on the quantitative aspects of exposure in painters in the ship-building industry. We cannot accept the assumption that SEG are uniformly exposed, as a major component of variation in exposure relates to differences in tacks or other factors. Therefore, the observational schemes can be improved by investigating Job-specific task and practice.

일부 조선업 근로자의 직업성 요통 발생실태 및 위험요인에 관한 연구

고상백,김형식,최홍렬,김지희,송인혁,박준한,박종구,장세진,차봉석 大韓産業醫學會 2000 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.12 No.1

목적 : 이 연구에서는 한 사업장의 동일한 코호트내에서 직업성 요통의 발생 및 발생원인에 대해 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 연구대상은 1995년 12월 현재 한 조선업체에 종사하는 근로자 중에서 1995년 12월 31일 까지 요통이 이미 발생한 근로자와 1995년 당시 검진 미수검자를 제외한 9,784명을 연구대상으로 하였다. 요통 발생군은 1996년부터 1998년까지 3년간 추적 관찰하여 요통으로 4일 이상 통원 또는 입원치료를 받은 근로자로 하였다. 발생률은 요통발생 당시 연도를 기준으로 하여 해당 연도의 4일 이상 신규치료를 받은 중등도 이상의 요통근로자를 분자로 하였고, 해당년도 사업장의 종사하는 근로자 총수(과거 요통자 제외)를 분모로 간주하였다. 요통 발생군은 외상성 요통과 직업관련성 요통으로 대별하였으며, 위험요인과 질병 발생간의 관련성을 보기 위한 Cox모형에서 그 위험도를 파악하고자 할 때에는 직업성 요통만을 환자군으로 선정하였다. 결과 및 결론 . 요통 발생률은 근로자 천명당 1998년 3.1명, 1997년 8.8명, 1996년 7.8명이었다. 요통점유율의 범위는 10.99∼25.66이었다. 연령별 요통 발생률은 30대, 40대에서 높은 발생률을 보였다. 진단명에 따른 발생률은 추간판 탈출증, 염좌, 척추골절, 척추분리증, 척추협착증 순이었다 직업성 요통 발생자들의 직업적 요인을 알아보기 위하여 요통 발생 당시 작업형태를 알아본 결과, 물건을 들다가 66명(35.3%)이 발생하여 가장 큰 빈도를 차지하였고, 물건을 옮기는 과정에서 19명(10.2%)이 발생하여 2위를 차지하였고, 넘어지거나(8.6%), 물건을 당기는 자세(8.0%), 값자기 일어서다(7.5%) 순으로 요통이 발생하였다. 직업성 요통에 영향을 주는 일반적 특성 및 직업적 특성에 판한 상대위험도 및 95% 신뢰구간를 구한 결과, 요통발생에 영향을 주는 유의한 변수로는 체질량 지수(비만도), 교대여부, 중량물 취급여부였다. Objectives : This study was conducted to estimate the incidence rate, and to identify the risk factors for the occupational low back pain among shipyard workers. Methods : The study subjects consisted of 9,784 workers who were employed in a ship-building industry (excluded workers who had a history of low pack pain before 1995 or did not take periodic health examination in 1995) . The cases were 220 people who experienced back pain from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998. To assess risk factors for occupational low back pain, Cox propotional hazard model was used. Results : During the recent three years from 1996 to 1998, the incidence rate per 1,000 persons was 7.8 in 1996, 8.8 in 1997, and 3.1 in 1998. The main causes of work-related low back pawn were sprain, strain and disc herniation. Lifting was the most common cause of back pain (35.3%) , and carrying (10.2%) and pulling (8.0%) were followed. In Cox proportional harzard model, independent risk factors for back pain were body mass index(R.R. ; 1.54, 95% C.1. : 1.06-2.25), shift work(R.R. ; 1.65, 95% C.1. : 1.19-2.28), and lifting heavy material(R. R., 3.95, 95% C.1. : 2.29-6.82). Conclusions . This study suggests that the risk factors of back pawn In shipyard work-ers were body mass index, shift work and lifting.

하청 근로자들의 건강수준 평가

최홍열,고상백,장세진,차봉석,임형준,이상윤,김재용,강동묵,조수헌 大韓産業醫學會 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.1

목 적 : 하청노동을 이용한 노동 유연화 전략은 근로자들의 고용을 불안정시키고, 근로자들의 삶에 부정적 영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 하청업체 근로자들의 고용현황을 조사하고, 기존의 업체중심의 건강평가의 문제점을 지적하고자 하였다. 또한 하청업체 근로자들의 건강평가의 현재적 의미와 사회적 배제의 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 모기업과 하청업체 근로자들의 건강수준을 비교하기 위하여, 정기건강진단(일반, 특수)과 채용건강진단 자료를 이용하고자 하였다. 건강진단에서 누락된 비정규직을 포괄하기 위하여 SF-36을 이용하여 건강설문조사를 시행하였다.결 과 : 조선업 하청업체 근로자들의 고용기간은 짧고, 빈번한 노동이동 현상을 보였다. 3년간 건강진단 수검 현황을 통해 살펴볼 때, 1998년 수검자중 2000년까지 연속해서 검진 받은 수검자는 40.3%였다. 건강진단 결과 유소견자 규모를 통해 모기업과 하청업체간의 건강수준을 비교해 보았다. 모기업은 일반질병 요관찰자와 질병자를 포함한 유소견자가 1,011명으로 약 10 %의 유소견율을 보이고 있고, 질병자의 경우 596명으로 유병률이 5 %를 상회하고 있다. 반면 하청업체의 경우 1,967명의 수검자중 유소견자가 115명으로 6 %의 유소견율을 보이고있고, 질병자는 82명으로 4 %의 유병률을 보이고있다 채용건강진단을 받은 수검자는 6,260명 이었으며, 이 중 유소견자 수는 2,373명으로 전체 수검자의 37.9 %를 차지하였다. 건강설문지의 경우는 전체 건강수준의 총합은 하청보다 원청 근로자가 높았고 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결 론' 정기건강검진 결과는 하청근로자들이 고용형태에 따라 검진을 받지 못한 경우가 많아, 건강 근로자 효과로 표현될 가능성이 있다. 따라서 채용건강진단 결과는 다른 측면에서 하청업체 근로자들의 건강수준의 현실적 반영이라고 할 수 있다. 향후 하청업체 근로자들의 건강문제를 감시하고 개선하려면 기존의 업체 중심의 접근으로는 하청 근로자의 건강문제를 제대로 다룰 수 없고, 업종과 지역을 동시에 고려하여 접근할 필요가 있다. 또한 단기 고용 근로자 및 비정규직 근로자를 사회보장의 확충과 모기업의 연대책임 강화 및 기업복지 차원에서 포괄하는 방안이 모색되어야 하겠다. Objectives : The strategy for the labor flexibility through subcontracted labor have brought a negative effect on the lives of the workers, such as the increase of the unstable employment. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the employment of subcontracted firms and the health status of them, and to find out some problems which have been caused in the process of health evaluation and the characteristics of social exclusion. Methods : We reviewed the periodical health examination and preemployment health examination in order to compare health status of the subcontracted workers with those of the parent firm workers. The SF-36 questionnaire was administered to assess the self-perceived health status. Results : The result shows that compared to the working duration of the parent firm workers, those of the subcontracted workers were shorter, and the job transfer rate was higher. In the periodical health examination, the prevalence of occupational and general disease was higher in the parent firm(10%) than in the subcontracted firms(6%). Preemployment health examination plays an important role in worker's health manage- ment. Among 6,260 workers who received preemployment health examination, the prevalence of disease was 37.9%. Mean scores of health status measured by SF-36 were lower in the subcontracted firm than in the parent firm. Conclusions : Due to social exclusion of the subcontracted workers from the periodical health examination, there is a possibility that the periodical health examination have the healthy worker effect. These results suggests that the preemployment health examination could be a more appropriate indicator which is able to assess the health status of the subcontracted workers than the periodical health examination.

삽목시기, 삽상온도 및 생장조절제처리가 낙우송의 발근에 미치는 영향

김홍열,박정주,이영주,고재철 대구효성가톨릭대학교 응용과학연구소 1997 응용과학연구논문집 Vol.6 No.1

낙우송의 경삽시 발근 및 캘루스형성에 미치는 삽수채취시기, 삽상온도 및 여러 가지 생장조절물질의 효과에 대하여 조사하였다. 4월 3일, 4월10일, 4월 17일, 5월 22월에 삽수를 채취하여 발근 및 캘루스형성에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 발근은 4월 17일이 가장 좋았으며 그 다음이 4월 10일 이였다. 캘루스형성율의 경우 4월 17일이 가장 좋았으며 다음이 5월 22일 이였다. 삽상온도는 삽수채취시기에 관계없이 20℃가 발근 및 캘루스 형성에 가장 효과적이었다. NAA, IAA, S-07처리에 의해서 캘루스형성이 촉진되었다. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of cutting date, bed temperature and growth regulators on the rooting of stem cuttings of Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. As a result of investigation for the rooting and callus formation of stem cuttings which were cutted at 3, 10, 17 April and 22 May respectively, rooting cutted at 17 April was best and 10 April in the next. And callus formation rate was highest at 17 April and 22 May in the next. Under 20℃ bed temperature, rooting and callus formation were better than 30℃ regardless of cutting dates. Callus formation was promoted by NAA, IAA, and uniconazole treatments.

SIIM 퍼지 PID 제어기를 이용한 3축 푸마 로봇의 경로 제어에 관한 연구

석홍성,채창현,고택범,김희년 금오공과대학교 산업기술개발연구원 2000 産業技術開發硏究 Vol.16 No.-

This paper describes the design of the Fuzzy PID controller using simplified indirect inference method. First, the fuzzy digital PID controller are derived from the conventional continuous time linear ones. Then the fuzzification, control-rule base, and defuzzification using SIIM in the design of the fuzzy digital controller are discussed in detail. The resulting controller is a discrete time fuzzy version of the conventional digital PID controller, which has the same linear structure, but are nonlinear functions of the input signals. The proposed controller enhances the self-tuning control capability, particularly when the process to be controlled is nonlinear. When the SIIM is applied, the fuzzy inference results can be calculated with splitting fuzzy variables into each action component and are determined as the functional form of corresponding variables. So the proposed method has the capability of the high speed inference and adapting with increasing the number of the fuzzy input variables easily. Computer simulation results have demonstrated the superior to the control performance of the conventional digital PID controller. Lastly, it is applied to the trajectory control of the PUMA robot with three-axis.

대학생의 기본 심폐소생술 교육 평가 : 간호과와 비간호과를 대상으로

이정은,고봉연,이인모,최근명,박신일,안홍기 한국응급구조학회 2003 한국응급구조학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of CPR skills and the satisfaction of CPR Training targeted for college students. Also, this study made comparative study of nursing students and non-nursing students. The sample consisted of 248 students(132 nursing students, 116 non-nursing students). CPR Training was designed by two components which were a lecture and demonstration by one professor and individual practice 표 instructors. As tool of measurement estimation satisfaction of CPR Training questionnaires were developed based on educated contents. The accuracy of CPR skills were checked by SkillReporter CPR training manikin. Collected data were computerized and analyzed by SPSS-WIN program. The results were as follows : 1. The skills of CPR were cardiac compression 92.79 times/min, correct cardiac compression rate 90.85%, ventilation 9.93 times/min. correct ventilation rate 79.34%. 2. The mean of the accuracy of CPR skills were 2.94(SD .87). 3. When errors were analyzed, the highest item was stomach distension(51.2%) of ventilation skills and too little(70.6%) of cardiac compression skills. 4. The mean of the satisfaction of CPR training were 2.87(SD .17), the highest item of the satisfaction of CPR Training was practice. 5. We found significant statistical differences based on the accuracy and the error, non-nursing students were high in correct cardiac compression per minute(t=3.615, p=0...) and ventilation too much(t=4.292, p=.000), nursing students were high in correct ventilation rate(t=-3.885, p=.000) and cardiac compression too shallow) t=-2.842, p=.005).

벼 雜種品種의 開發硏究 現況과 展望

許文會,金弘烈,高熙宗 서울大學校農科大學 農業開發硏究所 1991 서울대농학연구지 Vol.16 No.1

벼에서 雜種强勢 이용 育種法은 中國에서의 성공적인 實用化와 더불어 現在의 收量 水準을 한 段階 올릴 수 있는 획기적인 育種法으로 평가되고 있다. 이에 本 稿에서는 雜種品種 硏究의 進行狀況과 今後의 展望 等을 벼에서의 雜種强勢 정도, 雄性不稔 및 稔性回復 體系, 雜種種子 生産 및 經濟性 等으로 구분하여 考察하였다. 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. 1. 지금까지 보고된 바로 벼에서의 收量 雜種强勢는 40% 정도를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 보이며, 收量構成要素 中에는 粒數의 增加가 收量 雜種强勢에 가장 크게 寄與하는 것으로 나타났다. 장차 Indica와 Japonica의 hybrid는 雜種强勢 水準을 크게 높일 것으로 보인다. 2. 細胞質 雄性不稔의 種類와 稔性回復因子 等을 검토하였고, 雜種品種 育成 體系를 單純化시킬 수 있는 方案들을 論議하였다. 3. 雜種品種 實用化의 관건이 되는 雜種種子 生産 現況과 自然交雜率 提高方案 等을 고찰하였고, 經濟性은 中國의 例를 검토하였다. Utilization of hybrid vigor in rice has been evaluated as an innovative breeding method to elevate the current yield-level, with the success in China. In this study, Current achievements and future outlook on hybrid rice were reviewed and discussed with the topics of extent of heterosis-level, the system of male sterility and fertility restoration, hybrid seed production, and the economical aspects. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The practical yield advantage over the best commercial cultivars might be 40%, and number of grains out of yield components was mainly responsible for the yield heterosis from the reports. It was expected that hybrids between Indica and Japonica might level up the heterosis extensively. 2. The system and genetics of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration reported in rice were reviewed. The feasible methods to simplify the system of breeding hybrid rice were estimated. 3. The status of hybrid seed production and the strategy for the improvement of natural outcrossing were summarized, and the economics of hybrid rice in China was discussed.

SST를 이용한 전기강판의 회전자계 특성 측정

음영환,김홍정,고창섭 충북대학교 컴퓨터정보통신 연구소 2006 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.14 No.1

전기강판으로 제작된 전기기기의 보다 정확한 수치적인 해석을 위해서는 회전자계(Rotating magnetic field)에 따른 전기강판의 자계특성을 정확하게 측정할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 2방향 자계인가 형 SST(single sheet tester)를 이용하여 회전자계 인가에 따른 등방성 및 이방성 전기강판의 자계 특성을 측정하였다. 실험을 통하여 등방성 시료와 이방성 시료에 대하여 각각 회전자계 및 교번/회전 자계의 혼합형 자계를 인가하여 1.6[T]와 1.2[T]까지 측정할 수 있었으며, 교번자계 하에서의 철손(Alternating Iron Loss)외에 회전자계의 인가로 인한 B와 H의 위상 차이를 발생하는 회전자계 손실을 측정하였다. It is necessary to measure precisely the magnetic characteristics of electrical steel sheets under rotating magnetic fields, for the accurate numerical performance analysis of electric machines made of electrical steel sheets. In this paper, the magnetic characteristics of electrical steel sheet is measured under rotating magnetic fields using a double-excitation type single sheet tester. Through experiments, The rotating magnetic properties of a Non-oriented and Grain-oriented electrical steel sheet are measured up to 1.6[T] and 1.2[T] respectively. In addition, the iron losses due to not only the alternating magnetic fields, but also the rotating magnetic fields are measured.