鄕吏制度의 變遷과 腐敗에 關한 一考察 : A Study on the Change and Corruption of Hyang-Ree System

李鍾恒 慶北大學校 1963 論文集 Vol.7 No.1

Ⅰ. Here I considered the cause of Corruption of the Hyang-Ri (The Local Officers in Lee Dynasty), which was said that the main reason of decline and fall of the Lee Dynasty. I concluded the cause of corruption of the Local Officers into three: 1. Under Lee's regime, the government did not paid the salary to the local officers for keeping their living at all. In Silla and Koryo period all local officers were paid the salary though was not so much but still enough to keep their living, while in Lee Dynasty government did not care for the local officers living through her all period. So we can easily imagine that this was a main cause to the local officers to run quickly be corrupted. 2. In Lee dynasty all high ranking officers, who were mainly chosen by very strict national examination, were quite unacquainted with the loca1 business because these high ranking officers were selected among the small size of high class, and also they were forced to study from their childhood only confucian classics and poems, which was the course of the national examination. Usually the county chief. who is appointed from central government, is amateur in dealing with the local business while local officers who are well trained to be low ranking officers from their childhood were very skilful to managing all their daily duteis. This let them took the power to handle the business and gave them the chance to be corrupted endlessly 3. Usually the term of high ranking officers were very short so they did not had the time to accustomed to their duties. This also offer the chance to the local officers to be powerful in dealing the county business and the local officers could do anything they wish. Ⅱ. I traced to the origin of this kind of local officers in the middle part of Silla Period, According to the Samkuk-Yusa(unauthorized three countries history)we can find an anecdote of one local officer whose name is An-Kil(安吉), and this is only prove that there were Hyang-Ri in Silla also, but except this example there are no records on the local officers. And at the end of Silla Period most of local provinces and counties were apart from the central governmental control and became a kind of automonous body. Then we can imagine that in that most of loc포1 officers were also absorbed by these automonous body. After Koryo founded there arose a new local officers which was a ill treated low class and it continued through the Lee Dynasty. So I concluded the direct ancestor of the Hyang-Ri in Lee Dynasty is in the early part of Koryo though its origin is in Silla. Conclusion : The corruption of the Hyang-Ri in Lee period was a main cause of the decline and fall of the Lee dynasty. Seeing this example in the modern time the corruption of low rank officers will be a cause of hampering the progress of the democratic state, because even in now the low ranking officers are huge in number and is doing very important duties to earring out the democratic state.

<明善錄>의 반주자학적 논거의 李濟馬의 四象人臟理論과의 관련성에 대하여

이항재,최승훈 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.2 No.1

This study are performed to reveal the origin of the Sasang constitutional theory made by Lee-jae-ma(李濟馬), confucianist as well as famous oriental doctor, who succeeded to Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism. Han wrote a book named Myung-Suen-Lock(明善錄) which criticized Neo-Confucianism formed at times of Song dynasty in China and proposed a new doctrine i.e Anti-Neo-Confucianism. He asserted that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature, and that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. These two assertions clearly contrasted with pre-existing Neo-Confucianism led Lee-jae-ma to successively organize Sasang constitutional theory. This study is aimed to illuminate this point : How under the effects of Han's new doctrine Lee-jae-ma could find four general constitutions due to the variation of the four organs. At first, Lee indicated four organs as the very general basement providing human nature for all men including The Sacred. In consequence, he justified one of the Han's assertions that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature. Secondly, Lee indicated the Mind as the actual center which bring forth the individual spontaneity. As far as this individual spontaneity is rightly aimed, which means harmonize his own's with the actual process of the Universe, all men could be The Sacred. So he come to justify the other of Han's assertions that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. Therefore, it is clearly verified that the Lee-jae-ma's Sasang doctrine is the successive achievement origined from Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism abundantly represented in his own book, Myung-Suen-Lock.

<명선록(明善錄)>의 반주자학적 논거의 이제마(李濟馬)의 사상인장이론(四象人臟理論)과의 관련성에 대하여

이항재,최승훈,Lee, Hang-Jae,Choi, Seung-Hoon 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국 한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.2 No.1

This study are performed to reveal the origin of the Sasang constitutional theory made by Lee-jae-ma(李濟馬), confucianist as well as famous oriental doctor, who succeeded to Han- suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism. Han wrote a book na mod Myung-Suen-Lock(明善錄) which criticized Neo-Confucianism formed at times of Song dynasty in China and proposed a new doctrine i.e Anti-Neo-Confucianism. He asserted that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature, and that The Acatul Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately These two assertions cleary contrasted with pre-existing Neo-confucianism led Lee-jae-ma to successively organize Sasang constitutional theoy. This study is aimed to illuminate this point : How under the effects of Han's new doctrine Lee-jae-ma could find four general constitutions due to the functional variation of the four organs. At first, Lee indicated four organs as the very general basement providing human nature for all men including The Sacred. In consequence, he justified one of the Han's assertions that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature. Secondly, Lee indicated the Mind as the actual center which bring forth the individual spontaneity. As far as this individual spontaneity is rightly aimed, which means harmonize his own's with the actual process of the Universe, all men could be The Sacred. So he come to justify the other of Han's assertions that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. Therefore, it is clearly verified that the Lee-jae-ma's Sasang doctrine is the successive achievement origined from Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism abundantly represented in his own book, Myung-Suen-Lock.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

Occurrence of Off-type Plants in japonica/indica Hybrid Rice Cultivars

Lee,Jeom-Ho,Jeon,Yong-Hee,Hwang,Hung-Goo 한국자원식물학회 2004 Plant Resources Vol.7 No.2

Frequent occurrence of off-type plants in a given cultivar has been a serious problem in both breeder s and farmer s fields. An experiment was designed to examine the differences in rate of occurrence of off-type plants among Tongil-type cultivars (high yielding cultivars derived from indica/japonica hybridization) from which the possible cause of higher occurrence of off-type plant in a specific cultivar was deduced. Among five Tongil-type cultivars examined for morphological variant in the field, only one cultivar, Dasanbyeo, had off-type plants. When analyzed with SSR markers, off-type plants showed different band patterns from original cultivar, having several extra bands in addition to cultivar-specific band, suggesting that off-type plants were originated from Dasanbyeo, rather than originated from mixing or mishandling of seed materials with other cultivars. The possible cause of off-type occurrence seems to be natural pollination with other cuItivars adjacent to the original cultivar during seed multiplication. This was supported from the observation that self-crossed progeny of the off type plants showed a wide range of variation of agronomic traits which could not be observed when there was a smaller introduction of genes to the fixed germplasm as happened in the case of cultivar mutation. Another evidence supported this idea that Dasanbyeo showed much of difference in floral organ and behavior to other cultivar to be subjected to higher out-crossing than other cultivars examined.

과학 실험 평가 도구 개발을 통한 탐구 능력 평가의 타당화에 관한 연구

우종옥,이항로,김승훈 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 1997 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument, applicable to high school Earth Science class experiment. In advance of developing items, I was selected 14 inquiry process skills and specified evaluative objectives for each of them to develop scales and criteria for them. I developed 28 evaluation items for 5 experiment subjects among those of high school Earth Science class. The first field trial was performed a sample of 5 high school students, and the second one using a sample of 25 high school students. The results are as follows. (1) The content validity and reliability(Cronbach α) of the developed items were 82.7% and .86, respectively, the developed instrument in this study is considered valid and reliable. (2) The average difficulty index was .69 and the discrimination index was .30. (3) Answer sheets based on the reported results were rated 5 teachers and Inter-rater Reliabilitiy and Inter-rater Consistency were analyzed, its indices were .80 and .76, respectively. (4) The developed items show a low coefficient of .45 with TESIS, a set of paper-and-pencil test items developed by Lee, Hang-Ro(1991). That the experiment assessment is solely subject to the rater's viewpoint has been one of the major problems raised concerning the matter. This research, however, shows that a set of more specified scales and criteria for the evaluation will make it more valid, reliable and efficient.

Expression, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of peptide deformylase from Acinetobacter baumanii

Thien-Hoang Ho,Kyoungho Jung,Inho Lee,Kim-Hung Huynh,Diem-Quynh Nguyen,Hyunjae Park,Sang Hee Lee,Lin-Woo Kang 한국구조생물학회 2017 Biodesign Vol.5 No.1

The emergences of multi-drug resistant bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumanni have emphasized the necessity of new antibiotics. Peptidyl deformylase (PDF) catalyzes the removal of the formyl group from the N-terminal formylated methionine residue present in all nascent polypeptides in bacteria. In this study, the PDF gene from Acinetobacter baumannii K0420859 was cloned and its protein was overexpressed in E. coli, purified, and crystallized. The purified protein was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method and the crystal diffracted to 2.4 Å resolution. The crystal belonged to the trigonal space group P3 2 with unit cell parameters of a = b= 39.4 Å and c = 187.9 Å. Two protomers were presented in the asymmetric unit with a corresponding V M of 2.10 Å 3 Da -1 and a solvent content of 41.5%.

유기체 Organism/ clay, 90x60cm, 2014

이항렬 서울여자대학교 조형연구소 2014 조형연구 Vol.20 No.-

Cellulose에 對한 Cellulase의 吸着特性에 關한 硏究

이홍,김흥두 圓光大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.24 No.2

The first step in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is the adsorption of the enzyme on the surface of cellulose. A more detailed understanding of this process, therefore, might give new insights into the mechanisms of enzymatic degradation of cellulose as well as the derivation of kinetic model. In this paper, the adsorption cellulase from Trichoderma Viride on the native cellulose was investigated and the effects of pH, temperature and the relative crtstallinity of substrate on the adsorption characteristics were also discussed. The adsorption of protein from the solution under the exterimetal conditions was largely independent of pH but the enzyme activity was highest at pH 4.8. Generally, an increase in temperature and the relative crystallinity of substrate resulted in a decrease in protein adsorption. The adsorption of cellulase obeyed apparently the Langmuir isotherm. with an increase relative crystallinity, the values of Wmax increased and its of K decreased, respectively. Therefore, the number of adsorption sites is predicted to decrease for CMCase and increase for Avicelase with an increase in the crystalline portion of cellulose. The value of Wmax was decreased with the increase in temperature Partially owing to higher degree of hydrolysis at higher temperature, the available surface area decreased.

社會變動에 대한 國家論的 理解

李恒東 건국대학교 1989 論文集 Vol.29 No.2

The third world states experienced the rapid sociatal change over the post four decades Especially, the newly industrializing countries of East Asia (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hongking) have very rapid industrial growth over a two-decade period. This growth has been parelled by a fovorable pattern of income equality, low unemployment, and the near elimination of the grinding poverty that debillitates the poorest sociatal strata in other third World states. How do we explain this societal change, especially, how do we understand the cause, process, consequence of NICs development ? In general, the societal change in the third world has been explained by the modernization theory and the dependency theory during the last four decades. However, both theories are limited in their ability to explain Societal change, becausee both of them neglect the active role of the state in its change process. That is, even though modernization and dependency theories try to answer third world change problem, they can't explain what role the state plays in its chance process because their theoritical foci are "society-centered" or "international system -centered". The major theoritical basis of this study derives from current statist theory. The major assumption of the statists theory is that the state holds the key to societal change. This study adopt the Neo-weberian perspective in the statist theory, because the Neo-Weberian perspective emphasizes the state as an actor in its own right as either an exogerous or an intervening variable This study consists with three parts, The first part describes discussion background of statist theory in Korea. The second part analyzes the three statist perspectives, pluralist, Neo-Marxist, Neo-Weberian, about societal change. Part three examines the relation between societal change and state capacity with the Neo-Weberidn perspective. According to this frame work of this study, I understand that the state capacity and developement strategies are the major variables in the societal change of the third world, especially in the NIC change. State capacity is influenced by state apparatus, state dominated Coalition, policy network. The overall content of this study is summarized in the following ficture. ◁그림삽입▷(원본참조)