대한방사선종양학회지 게재 논문의 통계적 오류 현황

박희철(Hee Chul Park),최두호(Doo Ho Choi),안성복(Song-Vogue Ahn),강진오(Jin Oh Kang),김은석(Eun-Seog Kim),박원(Won Park),안승도(Seung Do Ahn),양대식(Dae Sik Yang),윤형근(Hyong Geun Yun),정은지(Eun Ji Chung),지의규(Eui Kyu Chie),표홍렬( 대한방사선종양학회 2008 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.26 No.4

목 적: 본 연구는 대한방사선종양학회지 게재 논문의 통계 오류 현황을 파악하고 이에 근거한 문제 제기를 통해 학회지의 학술적 발전에 기여하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2006∼2007년 사이에 대한방사선종양학회지에 게재된 총 77편의 논문을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 각각의 논문에 적용된 통계 방법론의 적정성 평가는 통계점검표를 활용하였다. 통계점검표에는 연구의 종류, 통계기법의 사용 범위, 각 논문에 적용된 통계 기법의 종류, 통계적 기법 적용의 타당성 항목이 포함되었다. 통계 오류는 ‘생략의 잘못’과 ‘시행의 잘못’ 항목으로 나누었다. 한 논문에서 서로 다른 항목이 여러 가지 관찰된 경우 각각 횟수로 측정하였다. 같은 항목이 2회 이상 측정된 경우 1회로 횟수를 측정하였다. 통계 전문가가 개별 논문을 대상으로 통계점검표를 작성하였다. 일차 평가자가 방사선종양학 전문가가 아닌 것에서 올 수 있는 평가 오류가 있을 수 있으므로 개별 통계점검표는 간행위원회에서 한 차례 더 세부 점검을 하였다. 작성된 통계점검표의 통계 분석은 SAS (version 9.0, SAS Institute, NC, USA) 소프트웨어를 이용하였고 빈도분석을 시행하여 각 항목의 빈도와 백분율을 산출하였다. 결 과: 총 77편 중 원문을 다운로드 할 수 없었던 4편을 제외한 73편의 게재 논문을 대상으로 평가하였다. 증례보고는 5편, 원저 논문은 68편이었다. 대상 논문 중 46편의 논문에서 통계적 추론을 사용하였고, 16편의 논문에서 단순한 기술통계를 사용했으며, 11편의 논문에서는 통계적 기법을 사용하지 않았다. 추론통계를 사용한 46편의논문에서 사용된 추론통계의 횟수는 각각 분할표분석 17회(37.0%), 비교통계분석 23회(50.0%), 회귀분석 7회(15.2%), 상관분석 5회(10.9%), 생존분석이 27회(58.7%)였다. 통계 기법을 활용하여 연구 결과를 분석할 때 통계적용의 오류가 없는 논문은 19%였다. ‘생략의 잘못’은 34편(50.0%)의 논문에서 총 50회 관찰되었다. ‘시행의 잘못’은 35편(51.5%)의 논문에서 총 47회 관찰되었다. ‘생략의 잘못’과 ‘시행의 잘못’이 모두 발견된 논문은 21편 (30.9%)이었다.결 론: 대한방사선종양학회지에 게재된 논문에서 통계 분석 과정의 다양한 영역에 걸쳐 크고 작은 통계적 오류가 있음을 확인하였다. 향후 대한방사선종양학회지 투고 논문의 심사 과정에서 통계 오류에 관한 적절한 심사를 추가하는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다. Purpose: To improve the quality of the statistical analysis of papers published in the Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (JKOSTRO) by evaluating commonly encountered errors. Materials and Methods: Papers published in the JKOSTRO from January 2006 to December 2007 were reviewed for methodological and statistical validity using a modified version of Ahn’s checklist. A statistician reviewed individual papers and evaluated the list items in the checklist for each paper. To avoid the potential assessment error by the statistician who lacks expertise in the field of radiation oncology; the editorial board of the JKOSTRO reviewed each checklist for individual articles. A frequency analysis of the list items was performed using SAS (version 9.0, SAS Institute, NC, USA) software. Results: A total of 73 papers including 5 case reports and 68 original articles were reviewed. Inferential statistics was used in 46 papers. The most commonly adopted statistical methodology was a survival analysis (58.7%). Only 19% of papers were free of statistical errors. Errors of omission were encountered in 34 (50.0%) papers. Errors of commission were encountered in 35 (51.5%) papers. Twenty-one papers (30.9%) had both errors of omission and commission. Conclusion: A variety of statistical errors were encountered in papers published in the JKOSTRO. The current study suggests that a more thorough review of the statistical analysis is needed for manuscripts submitted in the JKOSTRO.

토당귀 종자의 형태적 특성과 발아와 입모율에 대한 저장방법,생장조절제 및 프라이밍 처리 효과

안희정,안복주,·김도현,·안영섭,·김영국,박춘근,이상원,·박충범·차선우,·송범헌, 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2015 農業科學硏究 Vol.31 No.1

This study was conducted to have basic and applied informations to establish the cultivation method and to improve the cultivation techniques of Angelica gigas Nakai through investigating the rates of germination and seedling establishment with treatment of plant growth regulator and seed priming. The germination rates of round shape seed were about 0.3~12% higher than those of parallel shape. The germination rates with different storage durations were increased at the level of 25oC and 4oC with the storage days, while they were clearly higher at -20oC compared to those at 4oC and 25oC without the storage durations. With the results of germination rates with treating of plant growth regulator and seed priming, their rates with the round shape seeds were comparatively higher about 6% than those with parallel shape seed and they were increased with increasing of the storage durations. The germination rates were generally appeared higher with GA3 than did those with seed priming. The highest germination rate was appeared at 50 ppm GA3 of plant growth regulator and at -0.5 MPa PEG6000 of seed priming. The germination rates?ㅤ ?ㅤ of Angelica gigas were different with different temperature, storage durations and the treatments of plant growth regulator and seed priming. These results could be used according to different cultivating conditions.

4-vessel occlusion으로 誘發한 흰쥐 前腦虛血의 神經細胞 損傷에 대한 大黃의 防禦效果

安德均,元道喜,金鍾虎 대한본초학회 1999 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.14 No.1

Neuroprotective and prophylatic neuroprotective effects of the Rhei Rhizoma on the rat's transient forebrain ischemia caused by 4-vessel-occlusion are concluded as following. 1. The neuroprotective effects of i.p. injection and oral administration on the neuronal density of hypothermic rats in the CA1 region of the hippocampus 7 days after 10-minute 4-BO. provided significant neuroprotection at the dose of 500 and 1000 ㎎/㎏. 2. The neuroprotective effects of Rhei Rhizoma extracts i.p. injection and oral administration on the neuronal density of normothermic rats in the CA1 region of the hippocampus 7 days after 10-minute 4-VO. provided significant neuroprotection at the dose of 500 and 1000 ㎎/㎏ against the ischemia-induced cell death when i.p injection and administration was initiated immediately after occlusion. 3. The prophylactic neuroprotective effects of Rhei Rhizoma extracts i.p. injection and oral administration pretreatment on the neuronal density of hypothermic rats in the CA1 region of the hippocampus 7 days after 10-minute 4-VO, provided significant prophylactic neuroprotection at the dosage of 500 and 1000 ㎎/㎏ against the ischemia-induced cell death when i.p. injection administration was initiated immediately after occlusion. 4. The prophylactic neuroprotective effects of Rhei Rhizoma extracts i.p. injection and oral administration pretreatment on the neuronal densith of normothermic rats in the CA1 region of the hippocampus 7 days after 10-minute 4-VO. provided significant prophylactic neuroprotection at the dosage of 1000 ㎎/㎏ against the ischemia-induced cell death when i.p. injection and administration was initiated immediately after occlution. According to the above results, Rhei Rhizoma has showed neruoprotective and prophylatic neuroprotective effects on the rats' transient forebrain ischemia caused by 4-vessel-occlusion. Therefore Rhei Rhizoma is recommended to be used for the prevention and curing of ischamia diseases.

상용 소수성 백금촉매의 제조비용 절감

안도희,백승우,강희석,최희주,정흥석 한국공업화학회 2003 응용화학 Vol.7 No.2

Wolsong Tritium Removal Facility(WTRF) is being constructed at Wolsong Nuclear Power Plant for reduction of the radiation hazards from tritium. The Liqiud Phase Catalytic Exchange (LPCE) process developed by KAERI and KEPRI was selected for the transfer process in WTRF. Approximately 2,000 litres of the hydrophobic platinum catalyst will be charged in the LPCE column. It was estimated that more than half of material cost for the catalyst preparation arised from H₂PtCl-(6) as a platinum precursor and high purity hydrogen gas as a reducing agent. In order to reduce material costs for the catalyst preparation, various catalysts were prepared and characterized using three kinds of H-(2)PtCl-(6) and two kinds of high purity hydrogen gas. It appears from the experiment that characteristics of the catalyst does not depend on both a kind of H₂PtCl_(6) and purity of hydrogen in the experimental conditions.

蜂毒藥鍼이 脊髓內 痛症關聯 神經細胞의 活性에 미치는 影響

鄭善喜,李栽東,高炯均,安秉哲,崔道永,朴東錫 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 2001 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2000 No.-

In spite of the use of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture in the clinics, the scientific evaluation of effects is not enough. Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture is used according to the stimulation of acupuncture point and the chemical effects of Bee Venom. The aims of this study is to investigate the analgegic effects of the Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture, through the change of writhing reflex and the change of c-fos in secondary neurons in the spinal cord. Materials and Methods : Pain animal model was used acetic acid method. The changes of writhing reflex of the mice which were derived pain by injecting acetic acid into the abdomen, after stimulating Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture on Chungwan(CV12) were measured. We used Fos immunohistochemical technique to study the neuronal activity in the spinal cord. Results : 1.Expression of c-fos in superficial dosal horn(SDH), nucleus proprius(NP) and neck of dorsal horn(N) on 6~9th thoracic spine decreased significantly at 2.5×10-4g/kg Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture, compared with saline-acetic acid group. 2.The numeral change of Fos-LI neurons on the NP, N, and ventral gray(V) on 6~9th thoracic spine, SDH on 9~11th thoracic spine, and SDH and V on 11~13th thoracic spine decreased significantly at Chungwan(CV12) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture, compared with saline-acetic acid group. 3.The correlation between the numbers of writhing reflex and Fos-LI neurons in T6-13 segment was statistically statistically significant at Chungwan(CV12) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture. Conclusion : This study shows that the Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture on Chungwan(CV12) decreases the numbers of Fos-LI neurons. As the analgegic effects of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture is recognized. Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture treatment is expected for pain modulation. In order to use it in many ways. more researches are needed for the dose and stability of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture.

전체 뇌 상호작용 접근에 따른 읽기 장애의 진단과 개입

류희진,박혜성,안혜진,도경수 釜山大學校 2000 심리과학연구 Vol.1 No.-

In this paper, diagnosis and intervention methods of reading disability in the whole brain interactive approach were briefly introduced. In the second section, language processing stages, ie., visual word recognition, syntactic processing, and discourse processing, and possible causes of individual differences were briefly reviewed. In the third section, diagnosis procedures in the whole brain interactive approach were briefly described. In the final section, various intervention methods were introduced. Three kinds of training based on task analysis, reading instructions, and intervention methods of whole brain interactive approach were introduced. 본 논문에서는 읽기와 관련된 언어처리과정과 언어장애의 유형에 대해 간략하게 개관한 다음, 전체 뇌 상호작용접근(whole brain interactive approach)에 입각한 읽기 장애의 평가법과 개입에 대해 서술하였다. 읽기와 관련된 언어처리과정으로 시각 단어재인, 문장처리, 글의 처리 과정을 살펴보았는데, 이 논문에서는 특히 단어 재인과정에 초점을 두어 읽기장애를 살펴보았다. 이어서 Fryburg의 전체 뇌상호작용접근에 근거한 읽기장애의 평가절차와 개입법에 대해 간략하게 소개하였다.

수소동위원소 저장을 위한 티타늄 스폰지 금속의 활성화 특성

백승우,안도희,김광락,임성팔,이성호,이민수,정홍석 한국공업화학회 2003 응용화학 Vol.7 No.2

Titanium sponge has been selected as a suitable material for tritium immobilization. The purpose of this paper describes the experimental data which supplies the imformation for the activation process of the titanium sponge for the storage of tritium. The influences of the different variables, such as activation temperature, time, and pressure, on the hydriding properties of the titanium sponge were investigated. From the experimental results, it was found that 400℃ was the minimum activation temperature of the titanium sponge gor the hydriding reaction. However, 500℃ was selected as the activation temperature of the titanium sponge and the activation procedure, which is now being used for other experiments, which is heating for two hours at 500℃ while maintaining a minimum cacuum of 1.0x10 EXP (6) torr.

갯벌조업 효율화를 위한 운반기 개발(Ⅰ)

백신영,안병원,김도희 木浦海洋大學校 2005 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

육상이나 수상과는 달리 이질 함량이 높은 갯벌이나 늪지에서의 이동수단으로는 항공엔진이나, 프로펠러구동에 의한 호퍼크래프트가 있으나, 고가의 장비이며 조작이 곤란하고 어촌에서 조업하는 사람이 고령화 추세와 부녀자중심으로 되어 있을 뿐 아니라 젊은 사람들이 계속 도시로 유출되고 있어 실제 작업 노동력이 감소되고 있는 추세에서 갯벌작업에서의 운반기로 도입하는 것은 부적절하다. 따라서 효율적인 주행 조건에 맞는 추진체 채택을 위한 국내갯벌의 생태물리학적 지도를 조사 작성하고 현지 조업현장의 설문조사를 통해 각 지역별 갯벌 어획물에 적합한 갯벌운반기와 관련어구 최적설계와, 부녀자 중심 갯벌어업종사자와 평균연령 60대를 감안한 이동과 조작이 간편하며 기동성이 좋은 운반기 및 조업시 밀물 실종사고가 잦은 점과 해풍, 해수에 노출되는 점을 감안한 기동성과 내구성을 지닌 운반기 개발에 대하여 연구하였다. It is very important to development of transportation machinery in mud-zone. Although the transportation systems were developed for sea or shore area, such as the water jet, hovercraft etc. they were can't applicable in mud-zone due high viscosity of mud. In this study, the transportation system was developed on the basis of low purchasing cost, easy handling method and high corrosion resistant material.

트리튬 저장용기의 성능평가

백승우,안도희,김광락,임성팔,이성호,이민수,정홍석 한국공업화학회 2002 응용화학 Vol.6 No.2

A TRF(Tritium Removal Facility) will be constructed at Wolsong Plant to remove thetritium from heavy water. This facility will reduce operator exposure and tritiumemissions from operating reactors. The recovered tritium must be safely packaged forlong-term storage. Packaging tritium as a solid metal tritide is preferred over gaseoustritium due to the concem for gas leakage. Titanium sponge has been selected assuitable material for tritium product immobilization. This study describes theinformation on practical use of prototype tritium storage vessel. Experimental works were conducted to determine procedures for preparation of titanium tritides and to evaluate capacity of titanium sponge in tritium storage.

Titanium 금속의 수소화 반응 특성

백승우,안도희,김광락,임성팔,이성호,이민수,정홍석 한국공업화학회 2003 응용화학 Vol.7 No.1

A TRF(Tritium Removal Fcaility) will be constructed at Wolsong Plant to remove the tritium from heavy water. Titanium sponge tas been selected as suitable material for tritium product immobilization. This study between titanium sponge and hydrogen isotopes. The activation temperature required for hydriding of titanium was determined 500˚C The hydriding reaction between hydrogen and titanium was very fast with rapid increasing of temperature and reached to the saturated state within 10 minutes. There was no significant isotopic effect in the reaction of hydrogen and deuterium and the hydriding rates were prevented by helium content in reacting hydrogen gas.