Narrating 9/11 in a “Graphic” Way: Amazing Spider Man, and In the Shadow of No Towers

Chung Hwan Joe(Chung Hwan Joe) 한국아메리카학회 2023 美國學論集 Vol.55 No.1

The Pursuit of Alternative Voices in Billy Budd: Polyphony, Femininity and Speechlessness

( Chung Hwan Joe ) 한국근대영미소설학회 2019 근대 영미소설 Vol.26 No.2

This paper explores Herman Melville’s Billy Budd in terms of the pursuit of alternative voices. Billy Budd, a multi-layered text with a complex discourse by a self-ironic narrator, can be successfully reinterpreted beyond its traditional dichotomous interpretation. Three different strategies―multi-layered endings, a feminine voice within a male voice, and ambiguity through speechlessness―are addressed. First, different voices that challenge the dominant voice are examined from the perspective of polyphony. Three different endings to the same event encourage readers to contemplate the implications of Billy Budd’s death from various perspectives, and media such as newspaper articles and poetry offer alternatives to a unified and authoritative interpretation. Second, I shed light on the femininity in a male character by examining the angelic character of the protagonist, Billy Budd. Through this examination, I discover a different voice within the dominant voice while delving into its implications and limitations. Third, a voice without a voice is introduced to show the role of the ambiguity of speechlessness in the novel. The ambiguity comes not only from Billy Budd’s speech impediment but also from the narrator’s strategy of using indirection and taking advantage of the effect of space between lines. This strategy extends the possibility of reinterpretation by evoking readers’ imagination instead of narrating a fixed meaning of the text.

The Guys as a Cinematic 9/11 Eulogy: Erasing Spectacle, Showing Text, and Engaging Non-visual Senses

Chung Hwan Joe 한국아메리카학회 2019 美國學論集 Vol.51 No.1

9/11 was a “live on television” event, which completely changed the concept of terror and war in an unprecedented way. 9/11’s spectacular visual images prevented people from considering and reflecting on the event’s historical implications. The issue of portraying historical events in art is in how to represent the truth and show what happened, but 9/11’s issue is in how to avoid overvisualization. Visual overrepresentation is 9/11’s dilemma, and this is especially the case for feature movies, which must provide immersion and spectacle for the audience. The Guys attempts to find alternative ways to represent 9/11 by escaping from the visual spectacle of the fall of the Twin Towers. The film emphasizes writing instead of showing and attempts to engage the other senses—sound, taste, smell, and touch. Because it was an alternative to the mainstream Hollywood representations of disaster, The Guys was commercially unsuccessful, but for the same reason, it is a very meaningful attempt to represent 9/11 sincerely.

9·11 소설의 도전과 한계 : 소설의 매체성과 서사의 다원성

조충환 ( Joe Chung Hwan ) 영미문학연구회 2019 안과 밖 Vol.0 No.47

Novelists who narrate 9/11 have often struggled with two different issues. The first is a common dilemma of writing about real events. The writer must keep in mind their moral responsibility to portray the disaster, which resulted in the sacrifice of innocent lives, in such a way that does not re-traumatize those who survived and respects those who are deceased. The second is 9/11’s unique characteristics as a visual event which was broadcast live all over the world. Novelists need to overcome the visual spectacle of the event while trying to adopt visual elements and while temporality highlighting everyday life at the same time. To begin, novelists adopted experimental methods and alternative narrative strategies to portray Americans’ trauma from 9/11. Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close takes advantage of visual elements such as pictures, editing style and numbers. Windows on the World describes the victims who were trapped in the World Trade Center in chapters which each represent a minute. Falling Man narrates the survivor’s story in the form of twisted timeline like the Mobius strip. In addition to that, the novels such as A Disorder Peculiar to the Country, The Writing on the Wall and Self Storage portray individuals who didn’t experience 9/11 directly but have been affected by the aftermath of 9/11 with a detailed description about their everyday life. However, these novels were criticized because they mainly reflected the perspective of white Americans. Conversely, novels such as The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Home Boy, Netherland and Once in a Promised Land all narrate 9/11 from the point of view of non-white American immigrants and shows how 9/11 has affected minority immigrants’ everyday lives. Another example is The Submission which portrays diverse and complicated responses to 9/11 by describing various characters from different races, classes and genders. All of these novels shed light on the aftermath of 9/11 through the eyes of immigrants. As fifteen years have passed since 9/11, the tragedy has changed from a contemporary event to a historical one. American young adult fiction has provided interpretations of 9/11 for its target audience that doesn’t recall 9/11 as a personal experience, either because they were not yet born or too young to remember their own experience.

할리우드 금융위기 서사와밀레니얼 ‘반(反)영웅’의 탄생

조충환 ( Joe Chung-hwan ) 영미문학연구회 2021 안과 밖 Vol.- No.51

The September 11 attacks as well as The Great Recession (which resulted from the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007) has affected the collective identity of Millennials in America. While The September 11 attacks have influenced millennials’ political perspective, the Great Repression has too often determined the economic condition of many millennials through a vicious of bankruptcy, to unemployment, and to increasing pressure to pay back student’s loan, and to bankruptcy again. This article analyzes Hollywood films portraying the financial crisis, subprime mortgage crisis, and financial workers through an antihero lens: Limitless (2011), Cosmopolis (2012), The Big Short (2015) and Buffaloed (2019). Millennials, who were frustrated at the unsuccessful result of Occupy Wall Street, which tried to subvert the financial system, resonated with these films. These films appeal to millennials with an anti-elitism sentiment, particularly against Wall Street, by showing the way that they can appropriate and take advantage of the flaws instead of changing the corrupt system. For example, The Big Short and Buffaloed introduce financial literacy, the ability to understand and effectively manage various financial skills including saving, investing and debt to the audience by characters breaking the fourth wall and talking to the audience directly like an economy tutor. The audience can understand how the financial system works and where it fails and follow how the characters in these films successfully beat the system. The GameStop incident proves a real-life example where minority shareholders manipulated the stock price of GameStop by discussing it on an online forum. This incident (resulting from discussion on subreddit called “Wall Street Bets”) has become an iconic event showing millennials fighting back against Wall Street controlled hedge funds. This event has been also currently being developed into a movie which will portray antihero millennials while the stock price of AMC entertainment, the only film theater stock listed on US stock market skyrocketed and touched more than 20 times in five months by “Wall Street Bets.”

Carbon monoxide attenuates amyloidogenesis via down‐regulation of NF‐κB‐mediated BACE1 gene expression

Kim, Hyo Jeong,Joe, Yeonsoo,Chen, Yingqing,Park, Gyu Hwan,Kim, Uh‐,Hyun,Chung, Hun Taeg John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2019 Aging cell Vol.18 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides, the major constituent of plaques, are generated by sequential proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) via β‐secretase (BACE1) and the γ‐secretase complex. It has been proposed that the abnormal secretion and accumulation of Aβ are the initial causative events in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Drugs modulating this pathway could be used for AD treatment. Previous studies indicated that carbon monoxide (CO), a product of heme oxygenase (HO)‐1, protects against Aβ‐induced toxicity and promotes neuroprotection. However, the mechanism underlying the mitigative effect of CO on Aβ levels and BACE1 expression is unclear. Here, we show that CO modulates cleavage of APP and Aβ production by decreasing BACE1 expression in vivo and in vitro. CO reduces Aβ levels and improves memory deficits in AD transgenic mice. The regulation of BACE1 expression by CO is dependent on nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB). Consistent with the negative role of SIRT1 in the NF‐κB activity, CO fails to evoke significant decrease in BACE1 expression in the presence of the SIRT1 inhibitor. Furthermore, CO attenuates elevation of BACE1 level in brains of 3xTg‐AD mouse model as well as mice fed high‐fat, high‐cholesterol diets. CO reduces the NF‐κB‐mediated transcription of BACE1 induced by the cholesterol oxidation product 27‐hydroxycholesterol or hydrogen peroxide. These data suggest that CO reduces the NF‐κB‐mediated BACE1 transcription and consequently decreases Aβ production. Our study provides novel mechanisms by which CO reduces BACE1 expression and Aβ production and may be an effective agent for AD treatment.</P>

Prothrombin kringle-2 induces death of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in vivo and in vitro via microglial activation

Kim, Sang Ryong,Chung, Eun Sook,Bok, Eugene,Baik, Hyung Hwan,Chung, Young Cheul,Won, So Yoon,Joe, Eunhye,Kim, Tae Hyong,Kim, Soung Soo,Jin, Min Young,Choi, Sang Ho,Jin, Byung Kwan Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2010 JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH - Vol.88 No.7

<P>We have shown that prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2), a domain of human prothrombin distinct from thrombin could activate cultured rat brain microglia in vitro. However, little is known whether pKr-2-induced microglial activation could cause neurotoxicity on dopaminergic (DA) neurons in vivo. To address this question, pKr-2 was injected into the rat substantia nigra (SN). Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrate significant loss of DA neurons seven days after injection of pKr-2. In parallel, pKr-2-activated microglia were detected in the SN with OX-42 and OX-6 immunohistochemistry. Reverse transcription PCR and double-label immunohistochemistry revealed that activated microglia in vivo exhibit early and transient expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and several proinflammatory cytokines. The pKr-2-induced loss of SN DA neurons was partially inhibited by the NOS inhibitor N<SUP>G</SUP>-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, and the COX-2 inhibitor DuP-697. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase were activated in the SN as early as 1 hr after pKr-2 injection, and localized within microglia. Inhibition of these kinases led to attenuation of mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2 and several proinflammatory cytokines, and rescue of DA neurons in the SN. Intriguingly, following treatment with pKr-2 in vitro, neurotoxicity was detected exclusively in co-cultures of mesencephalic neurons and microglia, but not microglia-free neuron-enriched mesencephalic cultures, indicating that microglia are required for pKr-2 neurotoxicity. Our results strongly suggest that microglia activated by endogenous compound(s), such as pKr-2, are implicated in the DA neuronal cell death in the SN. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>

반복계산을 이용한 시간영역의 견실동정

이동철(Dong-Cheol Lee),조철제(Cheol-Je Joe),배종일(Jong-Il Bae),정형환(Hwung-Hwan Chung),조봉관(Bong-Kwan Jo) 대한전기학회 2001 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2001 No.7

유방암 환자에서 타목시펜 사용 후 자궁내막에 발생한 암육종 1 예

이임순(Im Soon Lee),이윤희(Yun Hee Lee),정집광(Jib Kwang Chung),이석민(Seok Min Lee),안준모(Jun Mo Ahn),김신아(Shin Ah Kim),김대원(Dae Won Kim),김성욱(Seong Uk Kim),조환성(Hwan Sung Joe),김동원(Dong Won Kim) 대한산부인과학회 2002 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.45 No.7

Tamoxifen, which is often used in breast cancer therapy, has also been used in the treatment of patients with advanced and recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Tamoxifen has been shown to have significant benificial effects in the treatment of breast cancer patients as hormonal therapy. However, there is evidence that tamoxifen may affect other hormone sensitive organs, including the uterus and ovaries. An increased risk of endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer has been reported in tamoxifen treated women. We are able to make this report because we have experienced uterine endometrial carcinosarcoma which is developed in a patient treated with tamoxifen for five years following a modified radical mastectomy due to breast cancer in our hospital.

두경부 악성종양 환자에서 유리조직이식 후 시행한 혈류장애 구제술

장용준,정철훈,이종욱,조우성,김진환,노영수,Chang, Yong-Joon,Chung, Chul-Hoon,Lee, Jong-Wook,Joe, Woo-Sung,Kim, Jin-Hwan,Rho, Young-Soo 대한미세수술학회 2008 Archives of reconstructive microsurgery Vol.17 No.1

Purpose: Microvascular reconstructive surgery has become an integral part of the treatment of head and neck cancer patients. This review of 121 free flaps for head and neck cancer patients performed over the last 11 years was done to evaluate circulatory crisis, salvage, and secondary reconstruction and to investigate which factors may contribute to these rates. Method: Nine emergent explorations among 121 head and neck reconstruction with free flaps were reviewed to analyze detection of vascular crisis, the time interval from detection of circulatory crisis to exploration, operation procedures and results, and secondary reconstructions. Emergent exploration was done with our protocol. Result: Nine free flaps exhibited signs of vascular problems between 1 day and 6 days postoperatively. The emergent exploration rate of this series was 7.4% (9/121). The salvage rate was 55.6% (5/9), giving an overall flap viability of 96.7% (117/121). In our study, preoperative radiation therapy, positive smoking history, alcohol consumption history, combined disease such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, recipient vessels and types of vascular anastomosis were not related to the causes of circulatory crisis. The mean time interval between the onset of clinical recognition of impaired flap perfusion and re-exploration of the salvaged 5 flaps was 3.2 hours, that of failed 4 flaps was 11.25 hours. Conclusion: Despite high overall success rate, relatively low salvage rate may be attributed to late detection of circulatory crisis and in long time interval between detection and exploration. We conclude that early detection of circulatory crisis and expeditious re-exploration are a matter of great importance for the success of salvage operation.