《東國通鑑》 史論에 대한 硏究 : 中世의 政治思想 political thoughts of medieval age

馬宗樂 인제대학교 1993 仁濟論叢 Vol.9 No.2

This study looks at political characteristics of medieval confucianism through 'theory of interpretation of history(史論)' of 'Dong-guk-tong-gam(東國通鑑)' is one of the representative history book punished by the state of early Chosun dynasty. The outcomes of prior compilation of history and 'theory of interpretation of history(史論)'are recorded in 'Dong-guk-tong-gam(東國通鑑)'. Dong-guk-tong-gam(東國通鑑)' contains 382 items of'theory of interpretation of history(史論)' Representative confucian scholar of the day who participated in compiling hlstory book wrote the 'theory of interpretation of history(史論)'on the basis of confucian norm, therby giving political lessons to statesmen, Through such theory of interpretation of history(史論)', we can identify how confuciannorm, which philosophical grounds for confucian scholar, charged over time, and political objectives which confucian norm had sought after. Medieval confucianism was a frame work of political thoughts. Confucianism told about ideal politics and trial to teach statesmen about its means to achieve the formen. By asserting that it is possible to have ideal politics by following confucian political norm, confucianism attempted to enlarge its political influences. Political influences of confucianism differd according to historical periods. Confucianism of Koryo dynasty could not exercise universal influence over political affairs. Instead, confucian scholar of Kcryo dynasty tried to develop political influence by showing political rationalism and practicality which could be obtains through confucianism. Confucianism of early Chosun dynasty became a universal norm of politics. As a result of systematization of confucian thoughts after the latter part of Koryo dynasty, orthodoxy was distinguished from heresy. All the political behaviors which did not follow confucian norm were regarded as heresy. Confucian scholars' ceaseless efforts to establish the system of orthodoxy and to enlarge political influence of confucianism bore fruits through the process of political revolution, i.e. a change of dynasty. Political influence of confucianism had insparable relationship with system of confucian thoughts. It was possible to discern how the relationship had changed over medieval periods through the 'theory of interpretation of history(史論)' of 'Dong-guk-tong-gam(東國通鑑)'. It is due to the fact that the level and the method of the attempt to enlarge political influence of confucianism differed according to its varying degree of political influence over ages, though the 'theory of interpretation of history(史論)', which asserts the legitimacy of confucian norm through historical cases, commonly sought after enlarging political influence of confucianism.

Polarization Maintaining Dichroic Beam-splitter and Its Surface Shape Control by Back Side AR Coating

Chong Ma,Gang Chen,Dingquan Liu,Rong-Jun Zhang,Junbo He,Xudan Zhu,Daqi Li 한국광학회 2021 Current Optics and Photonics Vol.5 No.5

Dichroic beam-splitter (DBS) with polarization-maintaining took an important role in the free space quantum telecommunication tests on the Micius satellite of China. In this presentation, we designed and prepared a 50 layer polarization-maintaining DBS coating by a dual ion beam sputtering deposition (Dual-IBS) method. In order to solve a stress problem, an 18 layer special anti-reflection (AR) coating with similar physical thickness ratio was deposited on the backside. By stress compensation, the surface flatness RMS value of the DBS sample decreased from 0.341 λ (@632.8 nm) to 0.103 λ while beam splitting and polarization maintaining properties were almost kept unchanged. Further, we discussed the mechanism of film stress and stress compensation by equation deduction and found that total stress had a strong relationship with the total physical thickness and the ratio of layer materials.

Effects of Acid–Base Properties of Ammonium Salt Electrolyte on Electrochemical Surface Activation of Carbon Fibers

Chong‑pan Ma,Yang Zhang,Heng Zhang,Ai‑jun Gao,Yu Wang 한국섬유공학회 2023 Fibers and polymers Vol.24 No.10

Surface activation is an essential process in carbon fiber preparation for surface inertness of carbon fibers. In this study, X-ray photoelectron, Raman spectroscopies, dynamic contact angle, monofilament tensile strength and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) measurements were used to investigate the activation effects of NH4HCO3, NH4H2PO4, and NH4HSO4 electrolytes on carbon fiber surfaces under the same conductivity conditions. The results showed that the surface structures and properties of carbon fibers after treatment with different ammonium salts differed significantly. Oxidation by active oxygen [O] was stronger under acidic conditions, i.e., with NH4H2PO4 and NH4HSO4, than that under alkaline conditions, i.e., with NH4HCO3. However, when the acidity was too high, oxidation by active oxygen [O] was weakened by the effect of H+ concentration. The surface graphitization degree (R) of carbon fibers decreased slightly after treatment with the three ammonium salts because of the effects of active oxygen [O] and anionic etching or stripping. As the electrolyte acidity increased, the R decreased more significantly, and the monofilament tensile strength increased more significantly. The dynamic contact angle between the activated carbon fibers and deionized water after treatment with NH4H2PO4 was the lowest. The IFSS was the largest and was 52.3% higher than that before treatment.

Simulating Strength Parameters and Size Effect of Stochastic Jointed Rock Mass using DEM Method

Chong Ma,Wenmin Yao,Yuan Yao,Jun Li 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.22 No.12

The strength parameters and the size effect of stochastic jointed limestone rock mass is investigated in this paper. Based on extensive statistics of joint parameters of rock mass in the research region, the probable distribution of geometric characteristic parameters of discontinuities are obtained by the probability graph method. Then the Monte-Carlo method is used for discontinuities network modeling. In addition, 3DEC software and its built-in FISH programming language are used to establish the stochastic jointed rock mass network model based on discrete element method. Triaxial numerical simulation tests under variable confining pressure are conducted with different model sizes and dip angles of bedding planes. The numerical simulation results indicate that the jointed rock mass exhibits weak anisotropy property and significant size effect when it is cut by stochastic discontinuities; the mechanical strength parameters of rock mass begins to fluctuate distinctly as the model size increases, and tend to be stable once the model size reaches or exceeds 4 m × 4 m × 8 m. Besides, the comprehensive mechanical parameters of rock mass in the research region are determined and failure modes of rock mass are analyzed as well based on the numerical simulation results.

고려시대(高麗時代)의 유교(儒敎) -연구동향(硏究動向)과 쟁점(爭點)

마종락 ( Chong Rak Ma ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 2009 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.44

이 논문은 고려시대의 유교에 대한 연구 성과를 개괄적으로 살펴보고자 작성한 것이다. 관련 연구 성과는 상당히 방대하지만 그것을 전반적으로 검토한 연구사 논문이 없어서 그럴 필요성이 있다고 생각했기 때문이다. 접근 방식은 주제별 혹은 시기별 검토가 가능하고 주요 논저 중심의 검토도 가능하다고 생각하지만 망라하여 다루기 좋은 방식을 취하였다. 개설로 정리된 논저를 중심으로 검토한 것은, 거기에는 개별적인 연구 성과가 일정하게 반영되고 있어서 대체적인 추이를 소개하고자 했을 때 보다 유리한 점이 있다고 판단했기 때문이다. 본문의 실제 검토 작업은 몇 개의 장으로 나누어 진행하였는데, 먼저 초창기의 연구 부분에서는 고려시대 유교에 대한 연구가 활성화되기 이전 주로 일제 강점기에 이루어진 선행적인 정리성과를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 1970년대 이후의 연구 성과에 대한 검토는 한국철학자와 국사학자의 연구를 나누어 살펴보는 것으로 진행하였는데, 정리의 방식에 서로 다른 점이 있다고 판단했기 때문이다. 다시 말해 한국철학자의 연구가 자료의 정리와 해석을 중시하고 있다면 국사학자의 연구는 역사적 배경과 사상의 역사적 기능을 이해하는 것을 중시하는 차이가 있었기 때문이다. 각 장에 대한 정리는 주요 논지를 소개하고 간단하게 논평을 가하는 방식을 취하였다. 마지막으로 문제의 소재와 전망이라는 제목으로 앞 서 살펴 본 연구의 전반적인 문제점을 찾아보고 나름의 해결책을 제시하고자 하였다. 대체로 이상과 같은 내용으로 구성된 이 논문은 연구사에 대한 것인 만큼 이후 연구에 어느 정도 참고가 될 수 있으리라 여겨지며, 한편 미진하거나 빠진 부분에 대한 것은 후속 정리를 통해 보완되어야 할 것이다. This paper is written for investigating the research of Confucianism during the Koryo Dynasty generally. I thought doing it necessary because in spite of related writings are good many, the research going over them was none. Researching method can be by dividing subject or era and by analyzing important writings. But I select the method which can be the better for going over related writings. So I introduce around summarizing papers and writings, for in them personal research output was reflected and by it expansive review of topic can be better. Writing a text, I divide four chapters. At first I will survey the early writings written in the colonial era mostly when the research of Confucianism began. After 1970, a lot of the researches of Confucianism during the Koryo Dynasty were written. I survey them by dividing the researches of scholars of Korea philosophy and Korea history. Because few methods of their writings were different each other. In other words, scholars of Korea philosophy layed stress on the arrangement and interpretation of materials, on the other hand scholars of Korea history valued above the histoical background and function. At every chapter, I introduce the summary of related writings and point out some problems. And at last chapter, by the title of where the problems is and prospect, I look around some problems of searching writings generally and pay attention to find a solution. This paper which deal with history of research can be a guide for future research and I wish following study will make up for some problems that I cannot survey.

논문 / 원 천섭기 익제 이제현의 유학사상

마종락(Chong Rak Ma) 한국중세사학회 2000 한국중세사연구 Vol.- No.8

고려전기 정치권력과 유학사상 - 현종대의 (顯宗代) 김훈 , 최질 등의 군인란을 (軍人亂) 중심으로 -

마종락 ( Chong Rak Ma ) 진단학회 1995 진단학보 Vol.- No.80

고려시대 토지소유관계 연구서설

마종락 ( Chong Nak Ma ) 진단학회 1985 진단학보 Vol.- No.59

고려시대 유교사의 추이와 개성

마종락 ( Chong Rak Ma ) 한국중세사학회 2005 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.18

In this paper, I devide Goryeo Dynasty into two period-prior and later period-for researching confucian thoughts. Later period is divided three time-military officers controlling period, Yuan interfering period, and the ending period. Dividing in like this, we understand Goryeo politics and stream of the history of confucian thoughts more well. Because in Goryeo Dynasty politics and stream of the history of confucian thoughts are closed together. And confucian thoughts is extended for politics power. I will look for some problems in those periods. In prior time, noble`s literary learning is pervaded. I research it`s character and how it can be. In military officers controlling period, confucian thoughts power is weak. But literary intellectuals act eagerly. I research it`s value and background. In Yuan interfering period, neoconfucianism is received. I research it`s character and how it can be. In ending period, confucian learners pursued reformation eagerly. I research their political actions and thoughts tendency. At that results, I can understand that confucian thoughts is extended for politics power during Goryeo Dynasty. Generally confucian learners is responsible for politics and act so. They think confucian thoughts to be weighty for politics. And they accepted neoconfucianism for more politics power. Now neoconfucianism can be general power discourse and it will be finished to construct Chosun Dynasty.

한국 중세 풍수도참사상의 재조명 고려시대 풍수도참(風水圖讖)과 유교의 교섭

마종락 ( Chong Rak Ma ) 한국중세사학회 2006 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.21